156
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abe S, Sato Y, Inoue S, et al. Anti-Candida albicans activity of essential oils
including Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) oil and its component, citral.
Nippon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi 2003; 44: 285-91.
Abeywardena M, Runnie I, Nizar M, et al. Polyphenol-enriched extract of oil palm
fronds (Elaeis guineensis) promotes vascular relaxation via endothelium-
dependent mechanisms, Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2002; 11: S467-72.
Abuja PM, Esterbauer H. Stimulation of lipid peroxidation in low-density lipoprotein
by a basic 'skeleton' of reactions. Chem Res Toxicol 1995; 8: 753-63.
Acworth IN, McCabe DR, Maher TJ. The analysis of free radicals, their reaction
products, and antioxidants, in oxidants, antioxidants and free radicals. Baskin
SI, Salem H, editors. Oxidants, antioxidants, and free radicals. Washington
(DC): Taylor and Francis Publishers, 1997; P 23-77.
Adejuwon AA, Esther OA, Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of fresh leaf
aqueous extract of Cymbopogon citratus Stapf. in rats, J Ethnopharmacol
2007; 112: 440–4.
Ademoglu E, Gokkusu C, Palanduz S. Vitamin E and ATPases: protection of ATPase
activities by vitamin E supplementation in various tissues of
hypercholesterolemic rats. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2000; 70: 3–7.
Ahmad N, Bhopal R. Is coronary heart disease rising in India? A systematic review
based on ECG defined coronary heart disease. Heart 2005; 91: 719-25.
Ahmed I, Multi elemental analysis of lemongrass by inductively coupled plasma
spectrometry, J Chem Soc Pak (1989): 11 : 251 – 255.
157
Ahmed KKM, Rana AC, Dixit VK. Effect of Calotropis procera latex on
isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in albino rats. Phytomedicine
2004; 11: 327–30.
Alexei T, Bertil G, Ulf TB. The lysosomal–mitochondrial axis theory of postmitotic
aging and cell death. Chem Biol Interact 2006; 163: 29–37.
Antman EM. Overview of medical therapy in RM Califf (ed). Acute myocardial
infarction and other acute ischemic syndromesin E Braunwald series (ed).
Atlas of heart disease. Vol 8. Philadelphia. Current Medicine. 1996. P 124..
AOAC. Official Methods of Analysis 20th Edition. Washington DC by Association of
Official Analytical Chemist. 1999; P 35-60.
Arias RJ, Schmeda-Hirschmann G, Falcao A. Feeding deterrence and insecticidal
effects of plant extracts on Lutzomyia longipalpis. Phytother Res 1992; 6: 64-
7.
Arnaldo P, Silvio T, Livio T, et al. Isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in
rabbits: Protection by propranolol or labetalol: a proposed non-invasive
procedure. Eur J Pharm Sci 2004; 23: 277-85.
Arts IC, Hollman PC. Polyphenols and disease risk in epidemiologic studies. Am J
Clin Nutr 2005; 81: 317S–25S.
Avery KE. Serum protein measurements and the diagnosis of acute myocardial
infarction. Circulation 1991; 83: 1107-9.
Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia. 2004. The ayurvedic pharmacopoeia of India. Vol.IV.
NISCAIR-CSIR publication, New Delhi-India, P.158-165.
158
Baker H, Frank O, De Angelis B, et al. Plasma tocopherol in man at various times
after ingesting free or acetylated tocopherol. Nutri Rep Int 1980; 21: 531-6.
Barbara MS, David MR, Ilya R. Revisiting the ancient concept of botanical
therapeutics. Nat Chem Biol 2007; 3: 360-6.
Belchenko DI, Sopka NV, Kalinkin MN, et al. The metabolic changes in myocardial
subcellular fractions in the pathogenesis of ischemic heart disease. Patol Fiziol
Eksp Ter 1990; 2: 16–20.
Berenice BL, Glória EPS, Sílvio JS, et al. Myrcene mimics the peripheral analgesic
activity of lemongrass tea. J Ethnopharmacol,1991; 34: 43-8.
Bergendi L, Benes L, Durackova Z, et al. Chemistry, physiology and pathology of
free radicals. Life Sciences 1999; 65: 1865–74.
Betoni JE, Mantovani RP, Barbosa LN, et al. Synergism between plant extract and
antimicrobial drugs used on Staphylococcus aureus diseases. Mem Inst
Oswaldo Cruz 2006; 101: 387-90.
Bhushan P, Malcolm H. Ayurveda and Future Drug Development. Int J Alt Comp
Med 1992; 10: 9-11.
Bhusita W, Siripen J, Thammathad S, et al. Antibacterial properties of essential oils
from Thai medicinal plants. Fitoterapia 2005; 76: 233-6.
Blumenthal M, ed. The complete German Commision E Monographs. American
Botanical council, Austin TX 1998; P 341-2.
Bonting SL. Membrane and ion transport. In: Presence of enzyme systems in
mammalian tissues. Wiley Interscience. London. 1970; P 257–63.
159
Bosetti C, Spertini L, Parpinel M, et al. Flavonoids and breast cancer risk in Italy.
Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14: 805–8.
Brown GC. Control of respiration and ATP synthesis in mammalian mitochondria
and cells. Biochem J 1992; 284: 1–13.
Brunk UT, Neuzil J, Eaton JW. Lysosomal involvement in apoptosis. Redox Rep
2001; 6: 91–7.
Burton KP, Morris AC, Massey KD, et al. Free radicals alter ionic calcium levels and
membrane phospholipids in cultured rat ventricular myocytes. : J Mol Cell
Cardiol 1990; 22: 1035-47.
Butler MS. The role of natural product chemistry in drug discovery. J Nat Prod 2004;
67: 2141– 53.
Byong WL, Jin HL, Sang WG, et al. Selective ABTS radical scavenging activity of
prenylated flavonoids from Cudrania tricuspidata. Biosci Biotechnol
Biochem 2006; 70: 427–32.
Carbajal D, Casaco A, Arruzazabala L, et al. Pharmacological study of Cymbopogon
citratus leaves. J Ethnopharmacol 1989; 25(1): 103-7.
Carlini EA, Contar JDP, Silva-Filho AR, et al. Pharmacology of lemongrass
(Cymbopogon citratus Stapf).I. Effects of teas prepared from the leaves on
laboratory animals. J Ethnopharmacol 1986; 17: 37-54.
Carmena R, Ascaso JF, Camejo G, et al. Effect of olive and sunflower oils on low
density lipoprotein level, composition, size, oxidation and interaction with
arterial proteoglycans. Atherosclerosis 1996; 125: 243-55.
160
Chang CC, Yang MY, Wen HM, et al. 2002. Estimation of total flavonoid content in
propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. J Food and Drug Anal
2002; 10: 178-82.
Chansouria JPN, Ray AB, Hemalatha S. Medicinal plants, Hypolipidemic,
Hypocholesterolemic and anti-atherosclerotic properties. 1st ed, International
book distributing company, Lucknow, U.P. India. 2005; P 1-120.
Chen H, Azuma M, Maeda K, Kajimoto N, Higashino H. Imapired heart function and
noradrenaline release after ischemia in stroke prone spontaneously
hypertensive rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2000; 27: 664-70.
Cimanga K, Kambu K, Tona L, et al. Correlation between chemical composition and
antibacterial activity of essential oils of some aromatic medicinal plants
growing in the Democratic Republic of Congo. J Ethnopharmacol 2002; 79:
213-20.
Cimanga K, Kambu K, Tona L, et al. Correlation between chemical composition and
antibacterial activity of essential oils of some aromatic medicinal plants
growing in the Democratic Republic of Congo. J Ethnopharmacol 2002; 79:
213-20.
Comerford SC, Medicinal plants of two Mayan healers from San Andres. Peten
Guatemala Econ Bot 1996; 50: 327-36.
Conchie J, Gelman AL, Levy GA. Inhibition of glycosidases by aldonolactones of
corresponding configuration. The C-4 and C-6 specificity of β-glucosidase
and β-galactosidase. Biochem J 1967; 103: 609–15.
161
Da Silva VA, DE Freitas JC, Mattos AP, et al. Neurobehavioral study of the effect of
beta-Myrcene on rodents. Braz J Med Biol Res 1991; 24: 827-31.
Dargie HJ. Effect of carvedilol on outcome after myocardial infarction in patients
with left-ventricular dysfunction: the CAPRICORN randomised trial. Lancet
2001; 357: 1385-90.
Das DK, Maulik N. Resveratrol in Cardioprotection: A Therapeutic Promise of Alt
Med. Mol Intervent 2006; 6: 36-47.
De Matouschek. Phytochemical studies on non-volatile constituents of Cymbopogon
citratus (DC) stapf) grown in Morocco. Pharm Acta Helv 1991; 66: 242-5.
Decker RS, Poole AR, Dingle JT, et al. Lysosomal alterations in autolysing rabbit
heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1979; 11: 189-96.
De-Oliveira ACAX, Ribeiro-Pinto LF, Otto SS, et al. Induction of liver
monooxygenase by beta-myrcene. Toxicology 1997; 124: 134-40.
Dhalla NS, Yates JC, Naimark B, et al. In: Daniel Acosta J (eds). Cardiotoxicity of
catecholamines and related agents. In: Cardiovascular Toxicity. Raven Press
New York.1992; P 239–81.
Dhawan BN, Patnaik GK, Rastogi RP. et al. Screening of Indian plants for Biological
activity: Part VI, Indian J Exp Biol 1977: 15: 208-19.
Dikshit A, Hussain A. Antifungal activities of some essential oils against animal
pathogens. Fitoterapia 1984; 55: 171-6.
162
Dubey NK, Takeya K, Itokawa H. Citral: a cytotoxic principle isolated from the
essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus against P388 Leukemia cells. Curr Sci
1997; 73(1): 22-4.
Dudai N, Weinstein Y, Krup M, et al. Citral is a new inducer of caspase-3 in tumor
cell lines. Planta Med 2005; 71(5): 484-8.
Ebenezar KK, Sathish V, Devaki T. Effect of arginine and cystine on mitochondrial
function during isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in rats. Nutr Res
2003; 23: 1277–96.
Ellman GL. Tissue sulfydril groups. Arch Biochem Biophys 1959; 82: 70-71.
Fandohan P, Gnonlonfin B, Laleye A, et al. Toxicity and gastric tolerance of essential
oils from Cymbopogon citratus, Ocimum gratissimum and Ocimum basilicum
in Wistar rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46: 2493–7.
Farvin KHS, Anandan R, Kumar SHS, et al. Effect of squalene on tissue defense
system in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats. Pharmacol Res
2004; 50: 231–6.
Ferrari R, Ceconi C, Curello S, Cargnoni A, Alfieri O, Pardini A, Marzollo P, Visioli
O. Oxygen free radicals and myocardial damage: Protective role of thiol
containing agents. Am J Med 1991; 91: 95S – 105S.
Ferreira MSC, Fonteles MC. Aspectos etnobotinicos e farmacologicos do
Cymbopogon citratus Stapf (Capim limao). Rev Bras Farm 1989; 70: 94-7.
Fiske CH, Subbarow Y. The colorimetric determination of phosphorus. J Biol Chem
1925; 66: 375-400.
163
Flemming K. Increase of phagocytosis activity by Maytenus laevis leaves and
Scholler–Tornesch lignine (Porlisan). Naturwissenschaften 1965; 52(12): 346-
47.
Folch J, Lees M, Stanley GHS. A simple method for the isolation and purification of
total lipids from animal tissues. J Biol Chem 1957; 226: 497–509.
Frei B, Stocker R, Ames BN. Antioxidant defenses and lipid peroxidation in human
blood plasma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85: 9748–52.
Geetha A, Sankar R, Thankamani M, et al. α-Tocopherol reduces dexorubicin
induced toxicity in rats histological and biochemical evidence. Indian J
Pharmacol 1990; 34: 94–100.
Gianni S, Silvia M, Mariavittoria M, et al. Comparative evaluation of 11 essential oils
of different origin as functional antioxidants, antiradicals and antimicrobials in
foods. Food Chem 2005; 91(4): 621-32.
Giron LM, Freire V, Alonzo A, et al. Ethnobotanical survey of the medicinal flora
used by the caribs of Guatemala. J Ethnopharmacol 1991; 34(2-3): 173-87.
Grimm D, Elsner D, Schunkert H, et al. Development of heart failure following
isoproterenol administration in the rat: role of the renninangiotensin system.
Cardiovasc Res 1998; 37: 91–100.
Habig WH, Jakoby WB. Assays for differentiation of glutathione-S-transferases.
Methods Enzymol 1981; 77: 398–405.
Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC, Cross CE. Free radicals, antioxidants and human
disease: Where are we now?. J Lab Clin Med 1992; 119: 598–620.
164
Halliwell B. Reactive oxygen species in living systems. Source, biochemistry, and
role in human disease. Am J Med 1991; 91: 14-22.
Hammer KA, Carson CF and Riley TV. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and
other plant extracts. J Appl Microbiol 1999; 86: 985-90.
Harada K, Fukata Y, Miwa A, et al. Effect of KRN2391, a novel vasodilator, on
various experimental anginal models in rats. Jpn J Pharmacol 1993; 63: 35-39.
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics - 2006 Update, American Heart Association.
Hedge JE, Hofrreiter BT. In: Carbohydrate chemistry, 17 Academic press, New york;
1962.
Heinecke JW. Oxidants and antioxidants in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis:
implications for the oxidized low-density lipoprotein hypothesis.
Atherosclerosis 1998; 141: 1–15.
Herman MP, Sukhova GK, Libby P et al., Expression of neutrophil collagenase
(Matrix metalloproteinase 8) in human atheroma: A novel collagenolytic
pathway suggested by transcriptional ptofiling, Circulation 2001; 104: 1899-
994.
Hicham H, Nour el HB, Mohammed A, et al. The hypolipidaemic activity of aqueous
Erica multiflora flowers extract in Triton WR-1339 induced hyperlipidaemic
rats: A comparison with fenofibrate. J Ethnopharmacol 2007; 109: 156–60.
Hjerten S, Pan H. Purification and characterization of two forms of low affinity Ca2+-
ATPase from erythrocyte membrane. Biochim Biophys Acta 1983; 728: 281–
8.
165
Hosseinimehr SJ, Tavokoli H, Pourheidari G, et al. Radioprotective effects of citrus
extract against gamma-irradiation in mouse bone marrow cells. J Radiat Res
2003; 44: 237-41.
http://emcrit.org/065-132/073-coronary.html
Hurst W. The Heart, Arteries and Veins.10th ed. New York, NY. McGraw-Hill. 2002;
P 20.
Indrayan AK, Sharma S, Durgapal D, et al. Determination of nutritive value and
anlysis of mineral elements for some medicinally valued plants from
Uttaranchal. Curr Sci 2005; 89(7): 1252–5.
Jarrod W, Antioxidants In Prevention of Reperfusion Damage of Vascular
Endothelium. TSMJ 2000; 1: 67-71.
Jewett SL, Eddy LJ, Hochstein P. Is the autoxidation of catecholamines involved in
ischemia-reperfusion injury? Free Radic Biol Med 1989; 6: 185-8.
Jiang ZY, Hunt JV, Wolff SP. Ferrous ion oxidation in the presence of xylenol orange
for detection of lipid hydroperoxide in low-density lipoprotein. Anal Biochem
1992; 202: 384-9.
Julia L, The Encyclopedia of Essential Oils, Element Shaftesbury, 1992; V: 149-150.
Kakkar P, Das B, Viswanathan PN. A modified spectrophotometric assay of SOD.
Indian J Biochem Biophys 1984; 21: 130–2.
Kalra J, Prasad K. Oxygen free radicals and cardiac depression. Clin Biochem 1994;
27(3): 163–8.
166
Kauderer B, Zamith H, Paumgartten FJ, et al. Evaluation of the utagenicity of fl-
myrcene in mammalian cells in vitro. Environ Mol Mutagen 1991; 18: 28-34.
Kawai Y, Anno K. Mucopolysaccharide-degrading enzymes from the liver of the
squid, Ommastrephes sloani pacificus. I. Hyaluronidase. Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta 1971; 242: 428–36.
Kee Chang Huang. The pharmacology of Chinese herbs. 2nd ed, CRC press, Boca
Raton, London. New York. Washington DC. 2000; P 3.
Khattak S, Saeed UR, Shah HU, et al. In vitro enzyme inhibition activities of crude
ethanolic extracts derived from medicinal plants of Pakistan. Nat Prod Res
2005; 19(6): 567-71.
King J. Isocitrate dehydrogenase. In: King, J.C, Van, D. (Eds.), Practical Clinical
Enzymology. Nostrand Co., London. 1965b; P 363.
King J. The dehydrogenase or oxidoreductatse. Lactate dehydrogenase. In: Practical
Clinical Enzymology. Nostrand Co., London. 1965a; P 106.
King, J. The hydrolases-acid and alkaline phosphatases. In: Van, D. (Ed.), Practical
Clinical Enzymology. Nostrand Co, London. 1965c; P 191–208.
Kishore N, Mishra AK, Chunsouria JP. Fungi toxicity of essential oils against
Dermatophytes. Mycoses 1993; 36: 211-5.
Kokate CK, Purohit AP, Gokhale SB. 2003. Practical pharmacognosy, Nirali
prakasan, New Delhi – India. P 449.
167
Kris-Etherton PM, Hecker KD, Bonanome A, et al. Bioactive compounds in foods:
their role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Am J Med
2002; 113: 71S– 88S.
Krishnaswami S. Prevalence of Coronary artery disease in India. Indian Heart J 2002;
54: 103-9.
Kushi LH, Folsom AR, Prineas RJ, et al. Dietary antioxidant vitamins and death from
coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 1996; 334:
1156–62.
Lau K, He Z, Dong H, et al. Antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and hepato-protective
effects of Ligustrum robustum. J Ethnopharmacol 2002; 83: 63-71.
Lawless J. The illustrated Encyclopedia of Essential oils. Element Books. Inc
Rockport MA, 1995; P 132.
Lee SM, Koh HJ, Park DC, et al. Cytosolic NADP(+)-dependent isocitrate
dehydrogenase status modulates oxidative damage to cells. Free Radic Biol
Med 2002; 32: 1185–96.
Leung A. Encyclopedia of common Natural ingredients used in food, drugs and
cosmetics. New York. J Wiley and Sons 1980. P 185.
Li D, Chen H, Romeo F, Sawamura T, et al. Statins modulate oxidized low-density
lipoprotein-mediated adhesion molecule expression in human coronary artery
endothelial cells: role of LOX-1. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 302: 601–5.
Lidia MG, Virginia F, Aida A, et al. Ethnobotanical survey of the medicinal flora
used by the Caribs of Guatemala. J Ethnopharmacol 1991; 34: 173-87.
168
Lima EO, Gompertz OF, Giesbrecht AM, et al. In-vitro antifungal activity of essential
oils obtain from officinal plants against dermatophytes. Mycoses 1993; 36:
333-6.
Liu F, Ooi VEC, Chang ST. Free radical scavenging activity of mushroom
polysaccharide extracts. Life Science 1997; 60: 763–71.
Lokhande PD, Jagadale SC, Chabukswar AR. Natural remedies for heart disease.
Indian J Traditional Knowledge 2006; 5: 420– 7.
Lorenzetti BB, Souza GEP, Sarti SJ, et al. Myrcene mimics the peripheral analgesic
activity of lemongrass tea. J Ethnopharmacol 1991; 34(1): 43-8.
Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, et al. Protein Mesurement with the Folin
Phenol Reagent. J Biol Chem 1951; 193: 265-75.
Majithiya JB, Parmar AN, Balaraman R. Effect of curcumin on Triton WR – 1339
induced hypercholesterolemia in mice. Indian J Pharmacol 2004; 36: 382–3.
Malecki EA, Lo H, Yang H, et al. Tissue Manganese Concentrations and Antioxidant
Enzyme Activities in Rats given Total Parenteral Nutrition With and Without
Supplemental Manganese. J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 1995; 19: 222-6.
Mascolo M, Jain R, Jain SC, et al. Ethnopharmacologic investigation of ginger
(Zingiber officinale). J Ethnopharmacol 1989; 27: 129-40.
Mehler AH, Kornberg A, Crisolia S, et al. The enzymatic mechanism of oxidation
reductions between malate or isocitrate or pyruvate. J Biol Chem 1948; 174:
961–77.
169
Menut C, Bessière JM, Sámate D, et al. Aromatic plants of tropical west Africa, XI,
Chemical composition, antioxidant, antiradical properties of the essential oils
of three Cymbopogon species from Burkina Faso. J Essent Oil Res 2000; 12:
207–12.
Minakami S, Ringler RL, Singer TP. Studies on the respiratory chainlinked
dihydrodiphosphopyridine nucleotide dehydrogenase. I. Assay of the enzyme
in particulate and insoluble preparations. J Biol Chem 1962; 237: 569–76.
Mitropoulos KA, Miller GJ, Howarth DJ, et al. The effects of intravenous triton WR-
1339 on factor VII coagulant activity and plasma lipoproteins in
normochoesterolaemic and hypercholesterolaemic rabbits. Blood Coagul
Fibrinolysis 1994; 5: 583-91.
Mohan V, Deepa R, Shanthi Rani S, et al. Prevalence of coronary artery disease and
its relationship to lipids in a selected population in South India- The Chennai
Urban Population Study (CUPS No. 5). J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 38: 682-7.
Mohanty I, Singh AD, Dinda A, et al. Protective effects of Curcuma longa on
ischemia-reperfusion induced myocardial injuries and their mechanisms. Life
Sciences 2004; 75(14): 1701-11.
Mohun AF, Cook P. Simple methods for measuring serum levels of the glutamate
oxaloacetate and glutamic pyruvate transaminase in the routine laboratory. J
Clin Pathol 1957; 10: 337–9.
Molyneux P. The use of the stable free radical diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) for
estimating antioxidant activity. J Sci Technol 2004; 26: 211-9.
170
Monahan KD, Eskurza I, Seals DR. Ascorbic acid increases cardiovagal baroreflex
sensitivity in healthy older men. AmJ Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 286:
H2113–7.
Moore JC, Morris JE. A simple automated colorimetric method for determination of
N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase. Ann Clin Biochem 1982; 9: 157–9.
Nayak D, Karmen C, Frishman W, et al. Antioxidant vitamins and enzymatic and
synthetic oxygen-derived free radical scavengers in the prevention and
treatment of cardiovascular disease. Heart Dis 2001; 3: 28–45.
Negrelle RRB, Gomes EC. Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf: chemical composition
and biological activities. Rev Bras Pl Med Botucatu 2007; 9: 80-92.
Newman DJ, Cragg GM. Natural products as sources of new drugs over the last 25
years. J Nat Prod 2007; 70: 461–77.
Nguefack J, Leth V, Amvam Zollo PH, et al. Evaluation of five essential oils from
aromatic plants of Cameroon for controlling food spoilage and mycotoxin
producing fungi. Int J Food Microbiol 2004; 94: 329-4.
Nichans WG, Samuelson D. Formation of malondial-dehyde from phospholipids
arrachidonate during microsomal lipid peroxidation. Eur J Biochem1968; 6:
126-30.
Niebes P, Ponard G. Stabilization of rat liver lysosomes by (+)- cyanidanol-3 Invivo.
Biochem Pharmacol 1975; 24: 905–9.
Noack H., Kube U., Augustin W. Relations between tocopherol depletion and
coenzyme Q during lipid peroxidation in rat liver mitochondria. Free Radic.
Res. 1994; 20: 375-86.
171
Noel R, Marina A. Autoimmunity: busting the atherosclerotic plaque. Nature
Medicine 2003; 9: 641-2.
Ochoa JJ, Huertas JR, Quiles JL, et al. Relative importance of the saponified and
unsaponified fractions of dietary olive oil on mitochondrial lipid peroxidation
in rabbit heart. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 1999; 9: 284–8.
Ogunlana EO, Höglund S, Onawunmi G, et al. Effects of lemongrass oil on the
morphological characteristics and peptidoglycan synthesis of Escherichia coli
cells. Microbios 1987; 50: 43-59.
Ohnishi T, Suzuki T, Suzuki Y, et al. A comparative study of plasma membrane
Mg2+-ATPase activities in normal, regenerating and malignant cells. Biochim
Biophys Acta 1982; 684: 67–74.
Ohno T, Kita M, Yamaoka Y, et al. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils against
Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter 2003; 8: 207-15.
Okinaka S, Kumagai H, Ebashi SH, et al. Serum creatine phosphokinase. Activity in
progressive muscular dystrophy and neuromuscular diseases. Arch.
Neurol1961; 4: 520-5.
Okwu DE. Phytochemicals, vitamins and mineral content of two Nigerian medicinal
plants. Int J Mol Med Adv Sci 2005; 1: 375-81.
Olaniyi AA, Sofowora EA, Oguntimehin BO. Phytochemcial investigations of some
Nigerian plants used against fevers. II Cymbopogon citratus. Planta Med
1975; 28: 186-89.
172
Omaye ST, Turnbull JD, Sauberlich HE. Selected methods for the determination of
ascorbic acid in animal cells, tissues and fluids. In: Mehtods Enzymol,
McCormick, DB, Wright DL, (eds). Academic Press. New York. 1962; P 3-
11.
Onawunmi G, Ogunlana E. A study of the antibacterial activity of the essential oil of
lemongrass. Int J Crude Drug Res 1986; 24: 64-8.
Oyaizu M. Studies on products of browning reactions: antioxidant activities of
products of browning reaction prepared from glucose amine. Jap J Nutr 1986;
44: 307-15.
Oyedele AO, Orafidiya LO, Lamikanra A, et al. Volatility and mosquito repellency of
Hemizygia welwitschii oil and its formulations. Insect Sci Appl 2000; 20: 123-
8.
Ozawa T, Hanaki A. Free radicals of tocopherol model compound, 6- hydroxy-
2,2,5,7,8-pentamethylchroman which are produced from the reaction with
superoxide ion, studies by high-performance liquid chromatography. Biochem
Biophys Res Commun 1985; 129: 461–6.
Ozturk G, Mulholland CW, Hannigan BM. Vitamin C decreases intracellular Calcium
level in human lymphoid cells. J Physiol Pharmacol 2001; 52: 285-92.
Padmanabhan M, Prince PSM. Preventive effect of S-allylcysteine on lipid peroxides
and antioxidants in normal and isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxicity in rats: A
histopathological study. Toxicology 2006; 224: 128–37.
Paranagama PA, Abevsekera KH, Abevwickrama K, et al. Fungicidal and
antiaflatoxigenic effects of the essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus stapf
(lemon grass) against Aspergillus flavus Link, isolated from stored rice. Lett
Appl Microbiol 2003; 37(1): 86-90.
173
Parthasarathy S, Santhanam N, Ramachandran S et al. Oxidants and antioxidants in
atherogenesis. An appraisal. J Lipid Res 1999; 40: 2143-57.
Pattnaik S, Subramanyam V, Bapaji M, et al. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of
aromatic constituents of essential oils. Microbios 1997; 89: 39-46.
Pattnaik S, Subramanyam V, Kole C. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of essential
oils in vitro, Microbios 1996; 86: 237-46.
Pearl W, Cancercao J, Zweifach BW. Microdetermination of cytochrome oxidase in
rat tissues by oxidation on N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine or ascorbic acid. J
Histochem Cytochem 1963; 11: 102–4.
Pereira RS, Sumita TC, Furlan MR, et al. Antibacterial activity of essential oils on
microorganisms isolated from Urinary Tract infection. Rev Saude Publica
2004; 38: 326-8.
Peter C. Cardiac diagnosis. International student edition, McGrawhill Kogakusha
Ltd., Tokyo. Japan. 1969; P 288.
Peters RJ, Mehta SR, Fox KA, et al. Clopidogrel in Unstable angina to prevent
Recurrent Events (CURE) Trial Investigators. Effects of aspirin dose when
used alone or in combination with clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary
syndromes: observations from the Clopidogrel in Unstable angina to prevent
Recurrent Events (CURE) study. Circulation 2003; 108: 1682-87.
Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moye LA, et al. Effect of captopril on mortality and
morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial
infarction. Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. The
SAVE Investigators. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 669-77.
174
Prabhu S, Jainu M, Sabitha KE, et al. Role of mangiferin on biochemical alterations
and antioxidant status in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats. J
Ethnopharmacol 2006; 107: 126-33.
Prassad C, Abhar K, Singh AK, et al. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils of some
Ocimum species and clove oil. Fitoterap 1986; 57: 429-32.
Priyadarsini KI, Khopde SM, Kumar SM, et al. Free radical studies of ellagic acid, a
natural phenolic antioxidant. J Agric Food Chem 2002; 50: 2200–6.
Puatanachokchai R, Kishida H, Denda A, et al. Inhibitory effects of lemon grass
(Cymbopogon citratus) extract on the early phase of hepatocarcinogenesis
after initiation with diethylnitrosamine in male fischer 344 rats. Canc Lett
2002; 183: 9-15.
Quality control methods for medicinal plant materials. World Health Organisation.
Geneva. 1998.
Raghavendran HRB, Sathivel A, Devaki T. Antioxidant effect of Sargassum
polycystum against acetaminophen induced changes in hepatic mitochondrial
enzymes during toxic hepatitis, Chemosphere 2005; 61: 276–81.
Rajadurai M, Prince PSM. Preventive effect of naringin on lipid peroxides and
antioxidants in isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxicity in Wistar rats:
Biochemical and histopathological evidences. Toxicology 2006; 228: 259–68.
Rao V, Ramakrishnan S. Indirect assessment of hydroxyl methyl glutaryl CoA
reductase activity in liver tissue. Clin Chem 1975; 21: 1523–7.
175
Rao VS, Menezes AM, Viana GS. Effect of Myrcene on nociception in mice. J Pharm
Pharmacol 1990; 42(12): 877-8.
Ratchada S, Takemi K, Hideki A, et al. Inhibitory effects of lemon grass
(Cymbopogon citratus Stapf) on formation of azoxymethane-induced DNA
adducts and aberrant crypt foci in the rat colon. Carcinogenesis 1997; 18:
949–55.
Rathore N, Kale M, John S, et al. Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in
isoproterenol induced oxidative stress in rat erythrocytes. Indian J Physiol
Pharmacol 2000;44: 161-6.
Ravens KG, Gudbjarnason S. Changes in the activities of lysosomal enzymes in
infarcted canine heart muscle. Circ Res 1969; 24: 851–6.
Re R, Pellegrini A, Proteggente A, et al. Antioxidant activity applying a improved
ABTS radical cation assay. Free Radic Biol Med 1999; 26: 123-9.
Rice EW. Triglycerides in serum, In Standard methods in clinical chemistry,
(Roedrick P, Mc Donald RP, Eds), Academic press. New York. 1970; P 215.
Rister M, Baehner RL. The alteration of superoxide dismutase,catalase, glutathione
peroxidase, and NAD(P)H cytochrome c reductase in guinea pig
polymorphonuclear leukocytes and alveolar macrophages during hyperoxia, J.
Clin Invest 1976; 58: 1174–84.
Rona G. Catecholamine cardiotoxicity. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1985; 17: 291–300.
Ross IA. Medicinal plant of the world. Totowa, NJ USA. Humana Press Inc 1984;
120-21.
176
Rotruck JT, Pope AL, Ganther HE, et al. Selenium: biochemical role as a component
of glutathione peroxidase. Science 1973; 179: 588–90.
Ruch RJ, Cheng SJ, Klaunig JE. Prevention of cytotoxicity and inhibition of
intracellular communication by antioxidant catechins isolated from Chinese
green tea. Carcinogen 1989; 10: 1003-8.
Rueckschloss U, Galle J, Holtz J, et al. Induction of NAD(P)H oxidase by oxidized
low-density lipoprotein in human endothelial cells: antioxidative potential of
hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor therapy. Circulation
2001; 104: 1767–72.
Runnie L, Salleh MN, Mohameda S, et al. Vasorelaxation induced by common edible
tropical plant extracts in isolated rat aorta and mesenteric vascular bed. J
Ethnopharmacol 2004; 92: 311-16.
Ruth G, Denise M, Campos R, Glenan S, Mariangela MA. Lipiia alba, Mellisa
officinalis and Cymbopogon citratus, effects of the aqueous extracts on the
isolated hearts of rats, Pharmacol Res 2004; 50: 477-80.
Sapolsky AI, Altman RD, Howell DS. Cathepsin-D activity in normal and
osteoarthritic human cartilage. Feder. Proceed. 1973; 32: 1489–93.
Sargenti SR, Lanças FM. Supercritical fluid extraction of Cymbopogon citratus.
Chromatographia 1997; 46: 285–90.
Sarvotham SG, Berry JN. Prevalence of Coronary Heart Disease in an Urban
Population in Northern India. Circulation 1968; 37: 939-45.
Sathish V, Ebenezar KK, Devaki T. Synergistic effect of nicorandil and amlodipine
on lysosomal hydrolases during experimental myocardial infarction in rats.
Biomed Pharmacol 2003; 57: 309–13.
177
Scartezzini P, Speroni E. Review on some plants of Indian traditional medicine with
antioxidant activity. J Ethnopharmacol 2000; 71: 23–43.
Schwartz PJ, Vanoli E. Cardiac arrhythmias elicited by interaction between acute
myocardial ischemia and sympathetic hyperactivity: a new experimental
model for the study of anti-arrhythmic drugs. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1981;
3: 1251–9.
Scolnik MD, Servadio C, Abramovici A. Comparative study of experimentally
induced benign and atypical hyperplasia in the ventral prostrate of different rat
strains. J Andrology 1994; 15: 287-97.
Sharma PC, Yelne MB, Dennis TJ, Database on medicinal plants used in Ayurveda.
Central Council Research Ayurveda Sidd 2005; 3: 142-143
Sheela SC, Shyamaladevi CS. Protective effect of Abana a polyherbal formulation on
isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in rats. Indian J Pharmacol 2000;
l32: 198–201.
Sidibe L, Chalchat JC, Garry RP, et al, Aromatic plants of Mali (IV): Chemical
composition of essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf. and
Cymbopogon giganteus (Hochst) Chiov. J Essent Oil Res 2001; 13: 110-2.
Singh RJ. Glutathione: a marker and antioxidant for aging. J Lab Clin Med 2002;
140: 380–1.
Sinha KA. Colorimetric assay of catalase. Anal Biochem 1972; 47: 389–94.
Slater EC, Bonner WD. The effect of fluoride on the succinic oxidase system.
Biochem J 1952; 52: 185–96.
178
Souliman A, Harnafi H, Bouanani NEH, et al. Hypolipidaemic activity of aqueous
Ocimum basilicum extract in acute hyperlipidaemia induced by triton WR
1339 in rats and its antioxidant property. Phytother Res 2006; 20: 1040-5.
Spring MA, Ethnopharmacological analysis of medicinal plants used by Laotian
Hmong refugees in Minnesota. J Ethnopharmacol 1989; 26: 65-91.
Stanley G. Rapid increase in hepatic HMG CoA reductase activity and in vivo
cholesterol synthesis after Triton WR 1339 injection. J Lipid Res 1978; 19:
1450-61.
Steinberg D. Low density lipoprotein oxidation and its pathobiological significance. J
Biol Chem 1997; 272: 20963-6.
Suaeyun R, Kinouchi T, Arimochi T, et al. Inhibitory effects of lemon grass on
formation of azoxymethane-induced DNA adducts and aberrant crypt foci in
the rat colon. Carcinogenesis 1997; 18: 949-55.
Sudhahar V, Kumar SA, Sudharsan PT, et al., Protective effect of lupeol and its ester
on cardiac abnormalities in experimental hypercholesterolemia, Vasc
Pharmacol 2007; 46: 412–8.
Sudheesh S, Presannakumar G, Vijayakumar S, et al. Hypolipidemic effect of
flavonoids from Solanum melongena. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 1997; 51: 321-
30.
Suzana de FM, Scheila FS, Rogério F da C, et al. Effect of the Cymbopogon citratus,
Maytenus ilicifolia and Baccharis genistelloides extracts against the stannous
chloride oxidative damage in Escherichia coli. Mut Res 2001; 496: 33-8.
179
Syed M, Qamar S, Riaz M, et al. Essential oils of the family Gramineae with
antibacterial activity. Part 2. The antibacterial activity of local variety of
Cymbopogon citratus oil and its dependence on the duration of storage. Pak J
Sci Ind Res 1995; 38(3/4): 146-8.
Takasawa M, Hayakawa M, Sugiyama S, et al. Age-associated damage in
mitochondrial function in rat hearts. Exp Gerontol 1993; 28: 269–80.
Tchoumbougnang F, Zollo PH, Dagne E, et al. In vivo antimalarial activity of
essential oils from Cymbopogon citratus and Ocimum gratissimum on mice
infected with Plasmodium berghei. Planta Med 2005; 71: 20-3.
Tenopoulou M, Doulias PT, Barbouti A, et al. Role of compartmentalized redox-
active iron in hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA damage and apoptosis.
Biochem J 2005; 387: 703–10.
Thompson JA, Hess ML. The oxygen free radical system: a fundamental mechanism
in the production of myocardial necrosis. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1986; 28: 449-
62.
Thygesen K, Alpert JS. Myocardial infarction redefined — A consensus documentof
The Joint European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology
Committee for the Redefinition of Myocardial Infarction. Eur Heart J 2000;
21: 1502–13.
Tiziana BM, Damien DHJ, Stanley GD, et al. Antimicrobial and antioxidant
properties of some commercial essential oils. Flav Frag J 1998; 13(4): 235-44.
Todd GL, Cullan GE, Cullan GM. Isoproterenol-induced myocardial necrosis and
membrane permeability alteration in the isolated perfused rabbit heart. Exp
Mol Pathol 1980; 33: 43–54.
180
Tognolini M, Barocelli E, Ballabeni V, Bruni R, Bianchi A, Chiavarini M,
Impicciatore M, Comparative screening of plant essential oils:
Phenylpropanoid moiety as basic core for antiplatelet activity. Life Sciences
2006; 78 : 1419–32.
Torres RC, Ragadio AG. Chemical composition of the essential oil of Philippine
Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf. Phillip J Sci 1996; 125: 147-56.
Tsao R, Deng Z. Separation procedures for naturally occurring antioxidant
phytochemicals. J Chromatogr B 2004; 812: 85–99.
Tyagi BK, Shahi AK, Kaul BL. Evaluation of repellent activities of Cymbopogon
essential oils against mosquito vectors of malaria, filariasis and dengue fever
in India. Phytomedicine 1998; 5: 324-9.
Viana GSB, Vale TG, Pinhoand RSN, et al. Antinociceptive effect of the essential oil
from Cymbopogon citratus in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2000; 70: 323-7.
Vinitketkumnuen U, Puatanchokchai R, Kongtawelert P. Antimutagenicity of
lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus stapf) to various known mutagens in
salmonella mutation assay. Mut Res 1994; 341: 71-7.
Viollon C, Chaumont J. Antifungal properties of essential oil components against
Cryptococcus neoformans. Mycopathologia 1994; 128: 151-3.
Wang XD, Krinsky NI, Tang GW, et al. Retinoic acid can be produced from excentric
cleavage of beta-carotene in human intestinal mucosa. Arch Biochem
Biophysics 1992; 293: 298-304.
181
Wannissorn B, Jarikasen S, Soontorntanasart T. Antifungal activity of lemongrass
oils and lemongrass oil cream. Physiother Res 1996; 10: 551-4.
Wei EP, Kontos HA, Christman CW, et al. Superoxide generation and reversal of
acetylcholine-induced cerebral arteriolar dilation after acute hypertension.
Circ Res 1985; 57: 781–7.
Wexler BC, Greenberg BP. Protective effects of clofibrate on isoproterenol induced
myocardial infarction in arteriosclerotic and non arteriosclerotic rats.
Atherosclerosis 1978; 29: 373–95.
Wildenthal K, Wakeland JR. The role of lysosomes in the degradation of myofibrillar
and non-myofibrillar proteins in heart. Prog Clin Biol Res 1985; 180: 511-20.
Williamson JR, Schaffer SW, Ford C, et al. Protection of Ischaemic Myocardium
(Braunwald, E., ed.), American Heart Association, Dallas. 1976; P 1-3-1-14,
World Health Organization. Annex Table 2: Deaths by cause, sex and mortality
stratum in WHO regions, estimates for 2002. The world health report. 2004.
Wronska-Nofer T, Wisniewska-Knypl J, Dziubaltowska E, Wyszynska K.
Prooxidative and genotoxic effect of transition metals (cadmium, nickel,
chromium and vanadium) in mice. Trace Elem Electrolytes 1999; 16: 87–102.
Xavier D, Pais P, Devereaux PJ, et al. Treatment and outcomes of acute coronary
disease in India (CREATE): a prospective analysis of registry data. The
Lancet 2008; 371: 1422-35.
Xu XP, Meisel SR, Ong JM et al., Oxidized low-density lipoprotein regulates matrix
metalloproteinase-9 and its tissue inhibitor in human monocyte-derived
macrophages. Circulation 1999; 99: 9993-8.
182
Yates JC, Dhalla NS. Induction of necrosis and failure in the isolated perfused rat
heart with oxidized isoproterenol. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1975; 7: 807–16.
Yildirim A, Mavi A, Kara AA. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Polygonum
cognatum Meissn extracts. J Sci Food Agric 2003; 83: 64-9.
Yogeeta SK, Raghavendran HRB, Gnanapragasam A, et al. Ferulic acid with ascorbic
acid and synergistically extenuates that mitochondrial dysfunction using β-
adrenergic induced cardio-toxicity in rats. Chem Biol Inter 2006; 163: 160-9.
Young IS, McEneny J. Lipoprotein oxidation and atherosclerosis. Biochem Soc
Transacton 2001; 29: 357-62.
Zak B, Zlatkis A, Boyle GJ. A method for the determination of serum cholesterol. J
clin Med 1953; 41: 486-92.
Zhang Z, Zhan H, Lu JY, et al. Effects of repeated high +Gz exposure on several
enzyme activities in cardiomyocytes in rats and some protective measures.
Space Med Eng 2001; 14: 410–3.
Zheng GQ, Kenney PM, Lam LKT. Potential anticarcinogenic Natural products
isolated from lemongrass oil and galanga root oil. J Agric Food Chem 1993;
41: 153-6.
Zlatkis A, Zak B, Boyle AJ. A new method for the direct determination of serum
cholesterol. J Clin Med 1953; 41: 486–92.