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Appendices

Appendices

Page 219

ANNEXURE-A

List of Rural Development Programmes (1950-2013)

S.

No

.

Schemes/projects/Programm

es

Year of

introductio

n

Target Area/

Group Purpose

1

The community

Development Programme

(CDP)

1952 All Blocks

Development of

villages through

agriculture.

2 National Extension Service

(NES) 1952

Block (Lesser

coverage than

CDP)

To provide

scientific and

technical

assistance for

increasing

productivity

3 Applied Nutrition

Programme (ANP) 1960

All states

Mothers/Childre

n

To improve the

health and

nutritional status of

people, particularly

mothers and

children in rural

areas.

4 Intensive Agricultural

District Programme (IADP) 1960-61

Selected (13)

Districts

To provide

package of inputs

including credit to

farmers for

increasing

production through

intensive

cultivation.

5 Rural Industries Project

(RIP) 1962-63

Area covering 3

to 5 Blocks

To provide a

package of inputs

to the rural

artisians.

6 Intensive Agriculture Area

Programme (IAAP) 1964-65

Selected Districts

in all states-

Farmers

To increase

agricultural

production and

induce the farmers

to apply improved

techniques.

Appendices

Page 220

7 High Yielding Variety

Programme (HYVP) 1965 All states

To increase

agriculture

production and

induce farmers to

use high yielding

variety seeds and

apply improved

techniques.

8 Multiple Cropping

Programme (MCP) 1965 Selected Districts

Special programme

for development of

selected crops.

9 Lead Bank Scheme (LBS) 1969

All Districts

(except

metropolitan

cities and urban

centres).

Banking

development

through

BRANCHexpansio

n and development

banking through

implementation of

district credit plan.

Blockwise,

scheme-wise credit

estimation, being

implemented by

public sector

banks.

10 Small Farmers Development

Agency (SFDA) 1969-70

All states (in

selected districts)

small farmers

To enable small

farmers to

participate in the

process of

development and

share its benefits.

11

Marginal Farmers And

Agricultural

Labourers(MFAL)

Programme

1969-70

All states (in

selected districts)

marginal farmers

To enable marginal

farmers and

agricultural

labourers to

participate in the

process of

development and

share Its benefits.

12 Crash Rural Employment

Programme (CREP) 1969-70

All states-

landless

labourers & other

rural un-

To provide

employment

opportunities in

cultivable barren

Appendices

Page 221

employed, lands and other

public works

projects which do

not required skilled

labour.

13 Export Oriented Programme

(EOP) 1970 Selected crops

Special programme

for the

development of

selected crops.

14 Drought Prone Area

Programme (DPAP) 1970-71

554 blocks in 73

districts of 13

states.

To ensure that

rural works taken

up under the

programme are of

a lasting nature and

to provide

employment

through

construction work.

15 Backward Area

Development 1971

Backward

Districts

1.Special scheme

with central

outright

grant/subsidy for

setting up

industrial units in

such areas.

2.Concessional

finance scheme for

the projects in less

developed areas.

16 Rural Artisians Programme

(RAP) 1971-72 41 RIP Districts

To provide all-

round training to

village artisans in

different trades.

17 Differential Interest Rate

Scheme (DIR) 1972

Weaker section

(Family income

not exceeding

Rs. 7200 in uban

areas, in rural

areas Rs. 6400.

To provide

concessional credit

at 4% Rate of

interest to weaker

sections for their

upliftment.

18 Employment Guarantee 1972 Rural

unemployment

To guarantee

employment to all

Appendices

Page 222

Scheme (EGS) and landless

labourers.

able bodied

persons in the rural

areas, willing to

work in manual

and unskilled jobs.

19 Tribal Development

Projects (TDP) 1972-73

Andhara

Pradesh, Bihar,

U.P & Orissa.

Tribal and semi-

tribals.

Integrated

development of

tribes and the areas

occupied by them.

20 Intensive Rural

Employment Projects 1972-73

All states rural

un-employed and

landless

labourers.

To provide

employment in

public work project

which do not

require skill of a

high order.

21

Half-a-Million Job

Programme/Employment

Promotion Programme

(HMJP/EPP).

1973-74 Educated

unemployed

To assist educated

unemployed in

self-employment

ventures.

22 Hill Area Development

Projects (HADP) 1973-74

Kangra in

Himachal

Pradesh, Nilgiris

in Tamil Nadu

Tribal and semi-

Tribals,

Agricultural

labourers and

farmers.

To maximize

agricultural

production through

multiple cropping,

HYV, horticulture

etc.

23

Command Area

Development Agency

(CAD).

1974-75

Selected area

farmers falling

under the

command area of

selected

irrigation

projects.

To realise optimum

utilisation of

irrigation potential

created by major

irrigation projects.

24 Special Live Stock

Programme 1974-75

21 staes & 4

union territories

(weaker sections

of the rural

population).

To provide

employment

opportunities to the

weaker sections of

the rural

Appendices

Page 223

population.

25

Integrated Rural

Development Programme

(IRDP)(Revised in Vi Five

Year Plan (1978-83).

1976-77

Selected blocks

rural

poor(subsequentl

y covered in all

blocks)

SFDA & MFDA

were merged into

district rural

development

agency (DRDA) to

implement IRDP.

To cover 600

families in every

block.

26 Minimum Needs

Programme (MNP) 1976-77

All states

landless

labourers.

To improve rural

health, water

supply etc.

27 Food For Work Programme

(FWP) 1977

All states un-

employed and

under-employed

in rural areas.

To provide

employment

opportunities for

the target group in

rural areas.

28 Village Adoption (VAS)

Schemes 1977

Selected villages

in the command

area of the bank

branches.

To meet the credit

needs of the

villages adopted,

by the commercial

banks.

29 Antyoda 1977

Jaipur, Jodhpur,

kota & chittor

districts of

rajasthan SC/ST

people.

To provide

employment

opportunities to the

poorest of the poor

in rural areas.

30 Rural Health: People’s

Hand 1977

5000

administrative

blocks in the

entire country-

rural people

Imparting training

to the community

health workers.

31 Village Health Scheme 1977 All states/rural

poor

To strengthen

health care &

family welfare

services in rural

areas.

32 Desert Development

Programme 1977-78 Desert area in

Rajasthan,

To check further

desertification of

Appendices

Page 224

Gujarat,

Kashmir,

Himachal

Pradesh people

in desert areas.

the desert areas &

to raise the

productivity of

local resources of

these areas.

33 Fish Farmers Development

Agency (FFDA) 1977-78

All states fish

farmers

To assist fish

farmers for

promoting inland

fishing.

34 Preventive Voluntary Health

Organisation Programme. 1977 All states

To provide

community based

health service in

tribal and rural

areas and to

expand and

improve basic and

preventive health

services.

35 Environmental Slums

Scheme 1977

All states-poor in

slums

To improve the

living conditions of

the people living in

slums.

36

Integrated Child

Development Services

(ICDS) Programme.

1977-78

Union

territories/childre

n

To provide

improved living

conditions in

slums.

37 Rehabilitation of the

Bonded Labour Programme. 1977-78

Selected states,

Karnataka, M.P.,

Orissa, Tamil

nadu, U.P ,

Bonded labourers

To improve the

living condition for

children.

38 National Adult Education

Programme. 1978

All states adults

in rural areas

To extend

educational

facilities to adults

in rural areas.

39 District Industries Centre

Programme (DIC) 1978 All states

To give a thrust for

industrial

development in

rural areas.

40 Training for Rural Youth for 1979 Rural youth To assist rural

Appendices

Page 225

Self-Employment

(TRYSEM)

youth in self

employment

41 Self Sufficiency Scheme

(SSS) 1979-80

Tamil Nadu-rural

poor

To provide basic

infrastructure in

rural areas

42 Special Animal Husbandary

Programme (SAHP) 1980

Selected

districts/blocks

To develop

supplementary

sources of income

for the rural people

& to increase milk

production.

43 National Rural Employment

Programme (NREP) 1980

Rural and semi-

urban areas

To provide short

term relief through

employment to

uneducated in rural

& semi -urban

areas.

44

Rural Labour Employment

Guarantee Programme

(RLEGP)

1980

Rural areas-

Landless labour

household

To assure

guaranteed

employment to at

least one person

for every landless

labour household

in rural areas.

45

Development of Women

and Children in Rural Areas

(DWCRA)

1982-83 Women &

children

Assistance for the

upliftment of

women & children

in rural areas.

46

Self-employment Scheme

for Educated Youth

(SEEUY)

1983

Un-employed

youth in all areas

except cities with

a population of

more than 10

lakhs

To assist educated

un-employed youth

in self-employment

ventures.

47

Massive Assistance for

Increasing Agricultural

Production Programme

(MAPP)

1983-84

Small &

Marginal

Farmers

To assist small &

marginal farmers

through minor

irrigation schemes.

48 Self-Employment

Programme for Urban Poor 1986 Urban poor To provide self-

employment

Appendices

Page 226

(SEPUP) opportunity for

urban poor.

49 Service Area Approach

(SAA) 1989

All the villages

in India

To prepare a credit

plan & implement

the same for the

development of

allotted villages by

the commercial

banks.

50 Nehru Rojgar Yojna (NRY) 1989 Urban poor

To provide wage

employment to

urban poor

51 Jawhar Rozgar Yojna (JRY) 1989 Rural poor

To provide wage

employment to

rural poor

52 Scheme of Urban Micro

Enterprises (SUME) 1990 Urban poor

To provide support

for urban poor for

setting up the

urban micro-

enterprises to

augment self-

employment

opportunities.

53

Prime Ministers Rozgar

Yojana (PMRY)

(SUBSUMING seeuy)

1993

Educated

unemployed

youth

To provide

assistance to

educated

unemployed to

start self-

employment

ventures.

54 Swami Jayanti Shahari

Rozgar Yojana (STSRY) Dec 1997 Urban poor

Self-employment

& wage

employment

55 Swaranjayanti Gram

Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) 01-04-1999 Poor families Self-employment

56 Idira Awaas Yojana (IAY) 1985-86

1999-2000

People living

below the

poverty level

Shelter to people

Appendices

Page 227

57 Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak

Yojana (PMGSY) 25-12-2000 Rural roads

Roads in rural

areas

58 Sampoorna Grameen

Rozgar Yojana (SGRY) 25-09-2001 Rural areas Wage employment

59 Provision Of Urban

Amenities in Rural Areas. 15-08-2003 Rural India Social upliftment

60 National Food For Work

Programme (NFWP) 14-11-2004 Rural poor Wage employment

61

National Rural Employment

Guarantee Scheme

(NREGS)

07-09-2005 All India rural

areas

Better livelihood

security,

Guaranteed 100

days employment

Source: Rural Development in India, Vasant Desai, Himalaya Publication House, New

Delhi, 2012.

Appendices

Page 228

ANNEXURE-B

List of Rural Wage Employment Programmes

1980

National Rural

Employment

Programme (NREP)

launched to use

unemployed and

underemployed workers

to build community

assets

1983

Rural Landless

Employment Guarantee

Programme (RLEGP)

launched to provide 100

days of guaranteed

employment to one

member from each rural,

landless household.

1989

Jawahar Rozgar Yojana

Launched, combining

NREP and RLEGP.

1993

Employment Assurance

Scheme (EAS) launched

to provide employment

during the lean

agriculture season

1999

Jawhar Gram Samridhi

Yojana (JGSY)

launched; dedicated to

development of demand

driven rural

infrastructure

2001

Sampoorna Grameen

Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)

launched merging EAS

and JGSY

2004

National Food for Work

programme (NFFWP)

launched to generate

additional

supplementary wage

employment and create

assets

2006

National Rural

Employment Guarantee

scheme (NREGS)

launched to provide 100

days of guaranteed

employment to one

member from each rural

household and create

community assets. In

2009 NREGA has been

renamed as

MGNREGA.

Source: NREGA opportunities and challenges, Centre for science and environment, New Delhi, 2000

Appendices

Page 229

ANNEXURE-C

Block Panchayats Villages

Block Sundarbani

Bhajwal 1. Bakhar

Balshama 2. Balshama

Channi 3. Bhajwal

Kangri 4. Chak tawela

Prat 5. Channi

Siot 6. Dhok Banyard

Thandapani 7. Kangri

Bakhar 8. Marchola

Marcholla 9. Prat

Thangriote 10. Siot

Thanda pani 11. Thanda pani

Kagri Lower 12. Thichka

Block Doongi

Agrati 1. Agrati

Chingus 2. Chingus

Danwa 3. Chityar/Danwa

Lowerkote 4. Chityari/lowerkote

Danwa 5. Danwa

Deriya 6. Deriya

Naria 7. Hidayatpur

Kaller 8. Kaller

Publications

Priya P. Sharma, Chandrakant Navdeti IJSRE Volume 2 Issue 7 July 2014 Page 1

ISSN No.- 2321-7545

Impact Factor (SJIF)-3.599

International Journal of Scientific Research and Education

An Official Publication of IJSAE publication

Certificate of Publication

Author/Coauthor’s By

Prof. S.K Gupta , Fearooz Ahmad

Title

MGNREGA & Financial Inclusion- A Case Study

Has been Published in Volume 2 Issue 10 October 2014

In

International Journal of Scientific Research and Education

The Mentioned Research paper is measured up to the required standard

09/I-10/V-2

International Journal Of Scientific Research And Education ||Volume||2||Issue||10||Pages-2062-2070||October-2014|| ISSN (e): 2321-7545

Website: http://ijsae.in

Prof. S.K Gupta , Fearooz Ahmad IJSRE Volume 2 Issue 10 October 2014 Page 2062

MGNREGA & Financial Inclusion- A Case Study

Authors

Prof. S.K Gupta1, Fearooz Ahmad

2

1Head, School of Management Studies & Economics,

2 Research Scholar Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri (J&K), India

ABSTRACT

Financial inclusion is the key to empowerment of poor & underprivileged rural households as they constitute 70

percentage of the total Indian population. Financial Inclusion can help the down trodden to improve their financial

condition and the standard of living. To provide greater financial inclusion, the Government of India in 2008 declared

that wage payments, under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee scheme be made through banks

and post offices. It is in this context, the present study has been conducted to know how the scheme is helping in

promoting financial inclusion in J&K. It will also highlight some of the constraints being faced by banks and post offices

in accelerating the speed of financial inclusion. Besides these, the study also makes few recommendations to overcome the

various constraints and problems.

Keywords: Financial inclusion, MGNREGA workers, Wage payments.

INTRODUCTION

It is true that the banking industry has shown tremendous growth in volume and complexity during the last few

decades. Despite making significant improvement in all areas including financial viability, profitability and

competitiveness, still these institutions have not been able to include vast portion of the population especially

the poor and underprivileged sections of the society into the fold of basic banking services. It is also true that

around 51% of the population has remained outside the preview of the banking industry for providing basic

banking services. It was in this context that Reserve bank of India in consultation with Government of India

brought the concept of financial inclusion. To improve the economic condition of poor people, banking and

financial services through financial inclusion are to be made in a more simple and fluently manner. In case,

people remain outside the financial inclusion, it may lead to higher incidence of crime, general decline in

investment, getting credit from informal sources at high rates including increased unemployment etc. So much

so financial inclusion can lead to social exclusion. It is in this background the study has been undertaken to


make proper analysis/ X-ray of the problem and to make more efforts for providing greater financial inclusion

through MGNREGA to the unreached segment of the population in block Doongi of district Rajouri in J&K

state.

Table 1: Banking/Financial Sector Profile of J&K State.

Banking

profile of

the state

Public

sector

Private

sector

RRBs Cooperative

banks

Others Total

Banks 22 7 2 10 1 42

Branches 392 672 325 253 14 1656 Branch Network (in

Nos.)

Rural Semi-urban Urban Total

874 352 430 1656

Banking Parameters

(Amount in Rs. Crores)

Total

Deposits

Total Advances C.D. Ratio

64626.83 25461.11 39.40

Source: 93RD

SLBC J&K

A look at the table 1 indicates the profile of different banks branches in J&K state. It is clear from the table that

there are 1656 branches, which can prove helpful in providing greater financial inclusion through MGNREGA

as all payments are to be made through bank accounts. Besides above, Table 2 explains the total number of

banks branches in Rajouri District.

Table 2: Banking/Financial Sector Profile of Rajouri District.

Banking

profile of the

district

Public

sector

Private sector RRBs Cooperative

banks

Total

Banks 3 2 1 1 7

Branches 8 19 23 10 60

Banking

Parameters

(Amount in

thousands)

Total

Deposits

Total

Advances

C.D. Ratio Advances

to priority

sector

Percentage of Priority

Sector advances to

total advances

18636313 4239990 22.75 1390979 32.80%

Source: Annual credit plan, District Rajouri (2013-14)

So far as the study area is concerned there are only two branches of J&K Grameen bank viz at Chingus &

Doongi. These branches are at a distance of around 20-25 kms from district head quarter Rajouri.

What is Financial Inclusion?

Financial inclusion is the delivery of financial services to all the people in a fair, transparent and equitable

manner at an affordable cost. Financial inclusion has the potential to improve the standard of living of the poor

and the disadvantaged. It is essential to make available the basic banking services to the entire population

without any discrimination. Each and every person to be invited and assisted in opening of a zero balance


account. Besides zero balance account, micro finance (General credit card up to Rs 25000) money transfer and

micro insurance to be provided to the neglected sector in unreached areas for total rural financial inclusion.

MGNREGA-Its role in Financial Inclusion

To fasten the pace of financial inclusion, the Government of India in 2008 declared that wage payments, under

the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, would be made through banks and post

offices. This led to the omission of the provision of part payment in kind and payment on daily basis though not

ruling out cash payments entirely. Since then, nearly ten crore bank/ post office accounts have been opened and

around 80 per cent of MGNREGA payments have been made through this route. As the MGNREGA has

mandated payments through formal financial institutions, it is expected to have resulted in enhancing the

financial inclusion of poor and marginalized sections of the society. This programme was launched in the study

area i.e. Doongi block of Rajouri district in the year 2010.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1. To study the level of financial inclusion through MGNREGA in the study area.

2. To find out various constraints being faced by block agencies and banks in providing greater financial

inclusion.

3. To make few recommendations to bring greater financial inclusion in the study area.

PROFILE OF THE STUDY AREA

The study has been carried out in Block Doongi in which MGNREGA was notified in the Year 2010. As per

2011 census the block is having 35 villages with 18 Panchayats and with a total population of 40155 in which

4900 is SC population and 17212 is ST population and 18043 are others. There are total no. of 6596 families in

the block as per 2011 census in which 2038 families are BPL which comprises of about 30.89%. There are 6687

number of beneficiaries/ workers working under MGNREGA scheme in the year 2012-13. The number of

people who have been connected to banks & post offices in relation to MGNREGA payments has been 3767 in

the year 2013-14 which is 56%.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The study is based on the secondary data, which has been collected from various reports, journals and also from

the various websites of MGNREGA and branches of J&K Grameen bank. So far as the primary data and

information is concerned, to have an insights in the various problems being faced MGNREGA workers from

banks and block agencies, the researchers have interviewed 50 MGNREGA workers from five villages (10

workers from each village) of Chingus and Doongi branches namely Nadyala, Kalar, Narian, Doongi Brahmana

and Sasal kote selected through random sampling.


ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

The study aims to know the level of financial inclusion in Doongi block of Rajouri district under MGNREGA.

State Level

Table 3: Number of MGNREGA bank and post office accounts and amount disbursed in J&K.

2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14

No. of bank and post office

account opened

348662 456674 623431 177766

37766

Total Amount Disbursed

through Bank and Post Office

(Rs.in lakhs)

8380 18513 24902 9033 1512

Source: www.nrega.ac.in

After, when it was made mandatory that all MGNREGA payments are to be made through banks & post offices.

There has been tremendous growth in opening of bank accounts in the state. A look at table 3 indicates that a

good no. of accounts stands opened every year under the MGNREGA which is a positive sign of spread of

financial inclusion.

District Level

Table 4: Total number of bank and post office account opened under MGNREGA in District Rajouri and

annual average growth rate during 20010-14.

Block 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 Annual average growth

Budhal 6735 13923 14315 15341 38

Darhal 931 2276 3523 4014 71

Doongi 1609 3374 4538 4759 49

Kalakote 5969 7632 8021 8230 11

Manjakote 970 3794 5546 7445 123

Nowshera 1746 5714 7473 9776 96

Rajouri 2145 5208 8250 9329 70

Sundarbani 3838 4947 6048 6685 20

Thanamandi 1297 5013 10162 10241 129

Source: www.nrega.ac.in

So far as district Rajouri is concerned, the above table 4 speaks about the role of MGNREGA in financial

inclusion by opening of accounts in banks and post offices.

Besides above, the researchers have also made an endeavor to give a block wise view from 2010-2014 of total

number of bank and post office accounts opened under MGNREGA with annual average growth rate. It is

crystal clear from the block wise position that the MGNREGA has really helped in providing greater financial

inclusion in the district of Rajouri of J&K state.


As such, to find out that how MGNREGA has been helpful in the spread of greater financial inclusion in the

areae have collected the year wise position of bank accounts opened by the both branches of the J&K Grameen

bank which has been reflected in table 5.

Block Level

Table 5: Year-wise no. of accounts opened under MGNREGA in J&K Grameen bank branch Doongi &

Chingus in Block Doongi, district Rajouri.

Block Doongi J&K Grameen Bank branch Doongi

Year No. of accounts opened under MGNREGA Amount (in lakhs)

2010 338 18 lakhs

2011 400 25 lakhs

2012 360 16 lakhs

2013 300 6.17 lakhs

Up to sep 2014 57 3.65 lakhs

Total 1455 68.82

J&K Grameen Bank branch Chingus

Year No. of accounts opened under MGNREGA Amount (in lakhs)

2010 364 11 lakhs

2011 601 33 lakhs

2012 753 16 lakhs

2013 444 6.20 lakhs

Up to sep 2014 148 1.60 lakhs

Total 2310 67.80 lakhs

Grand Total 3765 136.62

From the above table it is clear that 3765 accounts were opened under MGNREGA in block Doongi in two

branches of J&K Grameen bank namely Chingus and Doongi which speaks about the spread of financial

inclusion in the study area with the help of MGNREGA which can go long way in the socio-economic growth

of the area.

Village Level

Table 6: Village-wise no. of Households & accounts opened under MGNREGA from year 2010-14 in J&K

Grameen bank Doongi & Chingus in block Doongi district Rajouri.

Villages Households Population No. of accounts under MGNREGA Nadyala 104 740 207

Rachwa 47 290 139

Rani Badetar 117 710 120

Kottari jagir 20 102 100

Khanpur chingus 90 434 230

Chatyari 86 562 200

Kalar 120 691 204

Chatyar 136 755 140

Dhanwan 138 675 170


Dasak serian 48 286 120

Narian 245 1306 148

Hidayatpur 33 176 100

Kottra jagir 26 147 90

Sangpur 231 1316 150

Dogiana 129 750 112

Kallar 40 208 80

Naghun 49 266 130

Doongi Brahmana 121 697 121

Mari Maniyalan 64 327 121

Thredwal 26 134 65

Keri Manialan 13 127 50

Shahpur manialan 68 380 111

Bonthal 38 238 147

Thathiali 65 352 80

Jandhidhara 30 140 70

Jatot 76 443 100

Sasal kote 164 873 200

Dherian 75 425 120

Trala jagir 62 355 140

Total 3765

Table 6 shows the village wise no. of accounts opened under MGNREGA in block Doongi and also the no. of

households in block with their population.

CONSTRAINTS AND PROBLEMS

During the field visits, it was observed by the researchers that MGNREGA workers are facing a no. of problems

from the banks and block agencies so far as financial inclusion is concerned. A few to mention are as under:-

1. Lack of Awareness: - Most of the people (60%) in block Doongi are illiterate and are not aware about

the various services offered by banks. Due to this, the majority of the people are not connected to the

banks.

2. Poor People: - Majority of the population in the block is living below poverty level (52%) and are not

in a position to maintain the accounts well. These people open the bank accounts only for the purposes

of realization of MGNREGA payments. They don’t operate the accounts there after. The researchers

during field survey have lot of interaction with the MGNREGA workers regarding the operations of the

accounts. The majority of the workers narrated that they are not having regular sources of income and

are leading a miserable life I.e. they don’t have regular savings and hence can’t make any operation in

the accounts. However, during discussion with the bank officials, it was made known that around 5 to

7% people have little regular operations in their accounts.


3. Not easy access: - Financial institutions are usually located at very far off centre’s from villages which

is also another constraint for opening of the bank accounts in branches and there is also a problem of

connectivity of roads.

4. More formalities: - Financial institutions are taking a no. of formalities for opening of the accounts for

the MGNREGA workers. This is also another reason for not opening of bank accounts. More over bank

account opening forms are generally in English and these illiterate workers of MGNREGA can’t

understand their contents and are reluctant to open the accounts. This was stated by around 70% of the

workers.

5. Time consuming: - Most of the processes of the banks are time consuming and labourers have to spend

a number of days to avail any service and in return they feel better not to avail the same.

6. Process delay: - According to the scheme, the payments under MGNREGA should be released within

15 days so that the workers may be available to fulfill their needs but there is delay and sometimes a

year or so to release the payments of workers by block functionaries.

7. People are reluctant to open bank accounts as they fear that bank may not return their money.

8. Even to fulfill the formalities under KYC norms, these NREGA workers even can’t complete these

formalities with the result they don’t open the bank accounts. As such, the formalities for opening of

accounts under MGNREGA should be lessened so that the poor rural people can open the bank account

without any mental tension.

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. More and more awareness camps should be organized in villages to make full awareness of basic

banking services among rural people in villages.

2. There should be online transfer of credit to the banks in case of MGNREGA I.e. they should transfer the

credit to the banks in the form of soft copy as compared to the sheets given by the block agencies so that

corruption can be minimized.

3. Transparency of account details given by block functionaries should be maintained as they sometimes

mention wrong account numbers which becomes a hurdle for the banks and delays the payments.

4. There should be no political interference. Every possible effort should be made to keep away the

pressures from local and village leaders including others to allow the banks and post offices to make the

payments in a proper way.

5. Mediators should be minimized i.e. the various block functionaries like VLW’s and Gram Rozgar

sahayak should be kept out of this process so that a direct relation may be between banks and customers.


6. Government should incorporate new types of works under MGNREGA I.e. works related to agricultural

sector so that all people may join the scheme which will result in greater financial inclusion in the rural

areas.

7. There should be easy access to get works under MGNREGA so that people may easily work under the

scheme and also may be connected to the banks for financial inclusion.

8. Wage payments under MGNREGA scheme should be increased so that more and more people are ready

to do work under the scheme which may result in greater financial inclusion.

9. It is recommended that more and more MGNREGA workers should be motivated to make regular

operations in their accounts as it will lead to inculcating of savings habits among them.

10. It is also recommended that J&K Grameen bank should open ultra small (USBs) branches in the area for

the purposes of financial inclusion.

11. In addition to above, it will be in the fittest of the things to establish a literacy centre in the area so that

MGNREGA workers can be educated properly regarding the financial matters.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, it can be said that the amendment in MGNREGA act stipulating that the wage payments under

the scheme be made to the accounts of the beneficiaries introduced a paradigm shift and has resulted in

providing greater financial inclusion to the rural poor. Access to credit at an affordable cost, for instance,

provides the poor with the means to improve their lot through investment in income generating assets. The

opening of a bank account which is of no-frills in nature and followed by provision of financial services like the

general purpose credit cards, overdraft in small amounts, micro insurance etc. are essential features of financial

inclusion. Thus MGNREGA scheme has resulted in the spread of greater financial inclusion.

REFERENCES:

1. Adhikari, A., and Bhatia, K., NREGA Wage Payments: Can We Bank on the Banks, Economic and

Political Weekly, Vol XLV NO 1, 2010, 30-37.

2. Census 2011 Data. Retrieved from http://census2011.co.in

3. Das V, NREGA –Orissa Experience struggle for wages and survival of the fittest, Catalyst, Vol VII,

no.2, 2009, 7-8, 20.

4. Department of statistics, Financial Access Survey, IMF http://fas.imf.org/

5. Gupta, S.K & Ahmad, Fearooz (2014), MGNREGA-Problems & issues, National Research Journal of

Business Economics, vol-1, Issue-1, pp 49-54.

http://census2011.co.in/

http://fas.imf.org/


6. Sharma, M. (2008, June). Index of Financial Inclusion. Indian Council for Research on International

Economic Relations (ICRIER).Retrieved 2012,From http://www.icrier.org/pdf/Working_Paper_215.pdf

7. Thapar A. A study on the effectiveness of FI program in India. VSRDIJBMR, Vol 3, June 2013: 211-

216.

8. Vanaik, A., and Siddhartha, Bank Payments: End of Corruption in NREGA? Economic and Political

Weekly, vol.43,no.17,2008,33,35-39.

http://www.icrier.org/pdf/Working_Paper_215.pdf

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Paper / Case Study / Article Entitled “Asset creation under

MGNREGA” Published in International Journal of Management, IT

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275

January 2015

Asset creation under MGNREGA

Prof S.K Gupta*

Fearooz Ahmad**

Abstract

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) is one of the most

important programme launched by the Govt. of India in 2005 with the basic principle to provide

100 days of guaranteed employment to the people in rural areas and also gave a legal right of

work. Besides providing wage employment, the programme has also the provision for creation of

assets of sustainable nature. It is in this context, a study has been conducted in district Rajouri of

J&K state to examine the impact and durability of the assets created under MGNREGA. A few

recommendations have also been made to further improve the quality of assets created under the

programme.

Key words: Mgnrega, asset creation, Community assets, wage employment.

* Head, School of Management Studies & Economics, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University,

Rajouri (J&K)-India

** Research Scholar, School of Management Studies & Economics, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah

University, Rajouri (J&K)-India




276

January 2015

Introduction

After independence, Govt. of India launched various programmes like Jawahar Rozgar Yojana,

Employment Assurance Scheme, Food for Work Programme, Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana

and Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana whose aims were to create durable assets and to

provide employment to the rural people. Though these programmes generated inadequate wage

employment and suffered from various shortcomings like low allocation and utilization of funds,

very low person days of wage employment provided per family, low rate of women participation

and off course poor quality of durable assets etc. To overcome these shortcomings, the Govt. of

India formulated the national rural employment guarantee act in 2005. Notified on September 7

2005, NREGA aims at enhancing livelihood security by providing at least 100 days of

guaranteed wage employment in a financial year to every household whose adult members

volunteer to do unskilled manual day work. In 2009 the programme was renamed as Mahatma

Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act.

MGNREGA in Jammu and Kashmir

The programme was extended to the state of Jammu and Kashmir on 12th

May 2007, to be

implemented in a phased manner from February 2, 2006 onwards. In phase-I it was introduced in

200 districts of the country including 3 districts of Jammu and Kashmir. After that it was

implemented in additional 130 districts of country in phase-II in 2007-08 including 2 more

districts of Jammu and Kashmir. The programme was then extended to all other remaining

districts of the state from April 1, 2008 in phase III.

The table given below indicates the year-wise number of works completed under MGNREGA in

J&K state.

Table 1: Types of works 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 Total

Rural connectivity 653 1047 2561 6398 11285 20184 28236 70364

Water harvesting 177 364 643 1991 3519 4650 5545 16889

Land development 258 674 818 2040 4510 7854 12489 28643

Flood control &

protection

884 1626 1995 4405 8206 15766 23382 56264

Drought proofing 89 74 81 266 732 1406 875 3523

Micro irrigation

works

141 300 642 2352 4664 8448 12393 28940

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Food_For_Work_Programme

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampoorna_Grameen_Rozgar_Yojana




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January 2015

Renovation of

traditional water

bodies

45 99 255 1095 2099 3270 7770 14633

Any other activity

approved by MRD

5 10 1 12 24 88 9780 9920

Total works 2,32,984 Source: MGNREGA Annual Report 2006-07 to 2012-13.

The above table gives details of the various types of works undertaken under MGNREGA in the state of

Jammu and Kashmir. Further this data has been shown/reflected in pie-chart below:-

It is clear from the above table & pie chart that on account of the geographical conditions of our

state, rural connectivity and pacca works are understandably priority of rural areas in our state

but in order to achieve MGNREGA objective of balanced and sustainable development more and

more natural resources management based works need to be given priority. This will help

redressing the cause of chronic poverty in rural areas by giving a fillip to the agricultural

production.

Priority of works in J&K State

Rural connectivity

Land Development

Any other activity approved by MRD

Flood control & protection

Drought proofing

Micro irrigation works

Renovation of traditional water bodies

Water harvesting




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January 2015

MGNREGA and Asset Creation

The MGNREGA has twin objectives, the primary objective being providing guaranteed wage

employment and the secondary objective is creating durable assets. The MGNREGA scheme

does not only transfer cash to people in rural areas rather it also creates sustainable assets that

reduces the dependence of people on MGNREGA. As per schedule 1 of the act, the focus of the

MGNREGA is on the following works in order of priority as listed:

1. Water conservation and water harvesting.

2. Drought proofing, including afforestation and tree plantation.

3. Irrigation canals, including micro and minor irrigation works.

4. Provision of irrigation facility to land owned by households belonging to the SC/ST, or to

land of the beneficiaries of land reforms, or to land of the beneficiaries under the Indira

Awas Yojana.

5. Renovation of traditional water bodies, including de-silting of tanks.

6. Land development.

7. Flood control and protection works, including drainage in waterlogged areas.

8. Rural connectivity to provide all-weather access. The construction of roads may include

culverts where necessary, and within the village area may be taken up along with drains.

9. Any work that may be notified by the central Government in consultation with the state

Government.

In terms of implementation priority, the programme mandates that maximum emphasis should be

on water conservation. In the state the first priority in identification of works has been given to

rural connectivity by way of taking up of internal rural kaccha roads because of the peculiar

geographical terrain of majority of the areas of the state.

MGNREGA in Study area

In district Rajouri MGNREGA was implemented in 2008 and was implemented in the study area

I.e. block Sundarbani in 2010.

Table no. 2 gives an eye view of the different works completed in the study area I.e. block

Sundarbani of Rajouri district from 2011-12 to 2013-14.




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January 2015

Table 2

Types of works 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 Total

Rural connectivity 26 225 136 387

Water harvesting 16 193 83 292

Land development 6 65 33 104

Flood control & protection 19 119 88 226

Drought proofing 0 0 0 0

Micro irrigation works 0 2 5 7

Renovation of traditional water bodies 0 1 3 4

Any other activity approved by MRD 0 0 1 1

Total 1021 Source: www.nrega.nic.in

The above pie chart and table 2 shows the priority of works undertaken under MGNREGA. It

further explains that priority has been given to rural connectivity.

Objectives of the study

1. To highlight the various types of assets created under MGNREGA in the study area.

2. To examine the impact of assets created under MGNREGA.

3. To find out the various issues and deficiencies of assets created under MGNREGA.

Priority of works under MGNREGA in Block Sundarbani

Rural connectivity

Land deve

Any other activity

Flood control & protection

Drought proofing

Micro irrigation

Renovation of traditional water bodiesWater harvesting





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January 2015

Methodology

The appraisal has been done in Block Sundarbani of district Rajouri of J&K state. The study is

based on the secondary data which has been collected from various journals, articles and also

from various websites of MGNREGA.

Impact of Asset creation under MGNREGA

The implementation of MGNREGA has lead to the development of block Sundarbani by creating

sustainable assets under this scheme. The activity-wise numbers of works are shown in the table

given below:-

Table 3: Activity-wise and panchayat-wise number of works in block Sundarbani from

the year 2011-12 to 2013-14.

Activities under MGNREGA

GPs/ Villages Rural

connectivity

Water

conservation

Land

development

Flood

control

Renovation of

traditional

water bodies

Irrigation

canals

Bhajwal 32 33 6 17 0 0 Bamblian 16 17 9 11 1 5 Changi kangrial 9 17 0 3 0 0 Channi 39 6 15 27 0 0 Devak 27 17 4 4 0 0 Hathal 43 28 10 34 2 0 Kangri 57 44 5 22 0 0 Marcholla 16 15 6 2 0 0 Nah 13 11 1 1 0 0

Nallah 30 5 4 17 1 0 Siot 8 2 1 5 0 0 Tala Tanda 8 12 1 5 0 0 Thangriote 19 10 16 18 0 2

Total 317 217 78 166 4 7 Source: www.nrega.nic.in

1. The above table shows the number of works undertaken in block Sundarbani under

different categories. From the table it is clear that there are 317 roads connected under

MGNREGA in different panchayats of block Sundarbani. Out of these a maximum no. of

57 roads constructed in panchayat Kangri and also a good no. of roads in other villages of

the block which helps the people of that area to be connected with the towns and other

parts of the district. This has helped the people of the area to be more mobile for different

types of works.




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January 2015

2. Water conservation is another objective of the scheme in the state. From the table it is

clear that 217 works has been undertaken under water conservation activity in different

villages of the block like Bhajwal, Hathal, Bamblian and Kangri etc, out of which a

maximum of 44 works of water conservation stands constructed in village Kangri. The

impact of these works are quite visible in the area, as the people are benefited in the way

that the shortage of water resources have been minimized and also the people are easily

feeding their cattle’s and also there will be good impact on crop production in the coming

years.

3. MGNREGA has developed the lands in rural areas and has made it worth cultivable. It is

expected that in next few years, production will increase.

4. Flood is one of the major area which has been minimized by the implementation of the

programme in the block. Various flood protecting assets have been constructed in

different villages namely Bhajwal, Hathal, Kangri and Thangriote etc under MGNREGA

which have resulted that the lands and houses of the people have been protected in the

villages of the block.

5. Water Springs (locally known as Bowli) are one of the main sources of drinking water in

the villages like Bamblian, Hathal, and Nallah in the study area which have been

renovated by the programme. The impact of these springs is that people are easily getting

drinking water.

6. Various irrigation canals have been constructed in the various villages namely Bamblian,

Thangriote etc which will have a good impact on the production of various crops in the

block. Due to these canals the lands of the people are getting irrigated which will result in

increase in production of crops.

Problems/ Issues of creating durable assets under MGNREGA

1. Rates of material: - The rates fixed by the government are far less than the prevailing

market rates which become a reason that the assets created under the scheme are not so

durable as the rates are high in the market.

2. Ratio of 60:40:- The scheme says that the ratio of 60:40 should be maintained which is

not possible on the ground as far as Kaccha works are concerned.

3. Mal-practices: - It is one of the reasons that the assets created are of low quality.




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January 2015

4. Lack of monitoring: - There is no proper and regular system of monitoring the assets.

5. Lack of skilled labour: - In most of the works there is no use of any skilled labour which

results in creation of non- sustainable assets.

6. Topographical problem: - Due to topographical reasons, sometimes proper monitoring

is not possible.

Recommendations

To make the programme more successful, following recommendations may help the programme

to be more productive.

1. Scheduled rates of materials should be increased so that the material can be easily

purchased from the market.

2. The ratio of 60:40 should not be there in the scheme so far as kachha works are

concerned.

3. More focus should be laid on creation of assets of permanent nature.

4. There should be more use of cements for durability of assets.

5. Earth works should be less as compared to the cemented works so that works under

MGNREGA are not washed away by floods or rains.

6. Payments should be released on time so that people become interested in the programme.

7. Efforts to be made to control mal-practices.

8. There should regular checks by functionaries for better results.

9. There must be a Grievance redressal and monitoring cell in each block for proper

supervision.

10. More use of skilled labour be made wherever it is required.

11. More focus should be on the community assets as compared to individual assets.

12. New types of works should be there in the study area like playing grounds etc so that the

children in the area are benefited.




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January 2015

Conclusion

In conclusion, it can be said that the study in block Sundarbani of district Rajouri indicates that

there is a significant impact of assets created through MGNREGA on rural households. The

productive value of assets created under the scheme could be enhanced further and make them

more beneficial by regular monitoring activities. Officials/functionaries need to focus more on

the community assets and also to enhance the ways and provisions for maintenance of these

assets created under MGNREGA. Also the programme can be made more productive by the

convergence with other programmes like PMGSY etc so that these areas can be developed more.

References

Gladson, D. (2008) Plougher cut - Impact of NREGA. Tehelka Magazine, 5(37): 12-13.

Kareemulla .K., Srinivas Reddy.K., Ramarao C.A., Shalander Kumar and Venkateswarlu.B.”Soil

and water conservation works through national rural employment Guarantee scheme (NREGS)

in Andhra Pradesh. An analysis of livelihood impact” Agricultural Economic Research Review

Vol.22 2009 pp 443-450.

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (Implementation in Jammu and

Kashmir), Annual Reports 2006-07 to 2012-13.

Patnaik, Prabhat (2005), „On the Need for Providing Employment Guarantee‟ , EPW, January

15, 2005.

www.nrega.nic.in.

…………………………………………………………………………….


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