BIBLIOGRAPHY - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/33889/1/bibliography.pdf ·...

192

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abe, H. & Ohmama, S. (1987) Effect of starvation, and seawater acclimation on the

concentration and free L-histidine and related dipeptides in the muscle of eel,

rainbow trout and Japanese dace. Comparative Biochemistry Physiology, 88B,

507–511.

Abou, Y., Fiogbe, E.D., Beckers, Y. & Micha, J.C. (2011) Approximate compositional

values and tissue fatty acid profiles of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) Fed

Azolla-Diets in Earthen Ponds. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 2, 964–973.

Abu, H.M.Y., Md. Kawser, A., Sabina, Y., Nazmul, A., Md. Mujibur, R. & Md. Monirul, I.

(2008) Prevalence of Microbial Load in Shrimp, Penaeus monodon and Prawn,

Macrobrachium rosenbergii from Bangladesh, World Journal of Agricultural

Sciences, 4 (S), 852–855.

Aiken, D.E. (1980) Molting and growth. In: Phillips, B.F., Coobb, T.S. (Eds.),

The Biology and Management of Lobsters, Vol. 1. Academic Press, New York,

pp. 91–163.

Akiyama, D.M., Dominy, W.G. & Lawrence, A.L. (1992) Penaeid shrimp nutrition.

In: Fast, A.W., Lester, L.J. Eds., Marine Shrimp Culture: Principles and Practices.

Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 535–568.

Alalade, O.A. & Iyayi, E.A. (2006) Chemical composition and the feeding value of

Azolla (Azolla pinnata) meal for egg-type chicks. International Journal of Poultry

Science, 5, 137–141.

Ali, S.A. (2000) Copper, Manganese and Zinc Requirementsin the Diet of Shrimp

Penaeus indicus. Asian Fisheries Science, 13, 201–207.

Allen, R.G. & Venkatraj, V.S. (1992) Oxidants and antioxidants in development and

differentiation. J. Nutr., 122, 631–635.

Allen, R.G. (1991) Oxygen-reactive species and antioxidant responses during

development: the metabolic paradox of cellular differentiation. Proc. Soc. Exp.

Biol. Med., 117, 117–129.

Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.

193

Alonso, D. & Maroto, F. (2000) Plants as ‘chemical factories’ for the production of

polyunsaturated fatty acids. Biotechnol. Adv., 18, 481-497.

Alvarenga, R.R., Rodrigues, P.B., Cantarelli, Vde. S., Zangeronimo, M.G., Silva Jr.,

J.W.da., da Silva, L.R., Moreira dos Santos, L. & Pereira, L.J. (2011) Energy

values and chemical composition of Spirulina (Spirulina platensis) evaluated

with broilers. R. Bras. Zootec., 40, 992–996.

Alvarez, M.J., Lopez-Bote, C.J., Diez, A., Corraze, G., Arzel, J., Dias, J., Kaushik, S.J. &

Bautista, J.M. (1998) Dietary fish oil and digestible protein modify susceptibility

to lipid peroxidation in the muscle of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and

seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Br. J. Nutr., 80, 281–289.

Anderson, I.G., Shamsudin, M.N. & Nash, G. (1989) A preliminary study on the aerobic

heterotrophic bacterial flora in giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium

rosenbergii, hatcheries in Malaysia. Aquaculture, 81, 213–223.

Andersen, R.A. (2005) Algal culturing techniques. © 2005 Phycological Society of

America, Elseiver Academic Press. Amsterdam, USA. Pp 1-543.

Anderson, T. & De Silva, S. (2003) Nutrition. In: Lucas, J.S., Southgate, P.C. (Eds.),

Aquaculture; Farming Aquatic Animals and Plants. Blackwell Publishing,

Victoria, Australia, pp. 146–171.

Antoine, T., Carraro, S., Micha, J.C. & Van Hove, C. (1986) Comparative appetency for

Azolla of Cichlasoma and Oreochromis (Tilapia). Aquaculture, 53, 95–99.

AOAC (1995) Official Methods of Analysis of Association of Official Analytical

Chemists. 16th Edn., AOAC, Arlington, VA, pp. 1360.

APHA (2005) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 19th edn.

American Public Health Association, New York.

APHA (American Public Health Association) (1992) American Water Work Associations

and Water Pollution Control Federation Standard Methods for Examination of Water

and Waste Water, 18th edition. American Public Health Association, New York.

Apt, K.E. & Behrens, P.W. (1999) Commercial developments in microalgae

biotechnology. J. Phycol., 35, 215–226.


194

Arellano, E. (1990) Fatty acid composition of wild and cultured Penaeus vannamei as a

method to evaluate postlarval quality. In: Abstracts of the World Aquaculture

Society Meeting. National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, pp. 50.

Arsenault, A.L., Castell, J.D. & Ottensmeyer, F.P. (1984) The dynamics of exoskeletal–

epidermal structure during molt in 2juvenile lobster by electron microscopy and

electron spectroscopic imaging. Tissue Cell, 16, 93–106.

Arun, S. & Subramanian, P. (1998) Antioxidant enzymes in freshwater prawn

Macrobrachium malcolmsonii during embryonic and larval development. Comp.

Biochem. Physiol., Part B 121, 273–277.

Asaduzzaman, M., Wahab, M.A. & Verdegem, M.C.J. (2011) Freshwater prawn farming

in a carbon-nitrogen controlled periphyton-based system: A sustainable

approach to increase stagnant pond productivity. Aquaculture Asia, XVI, No. 1,

January-March, pp. 16.

Ashraf, M., Javaid, M., Rashid, T., Ayub, M., Zafar, A., & Ali, S. (2011) Replacement of

expensive pure nutritive media with low cost commercial fertilizers for mass

culture of freshwater algae, Chlorella vulgaris. Int. J. Agric. Biol., 13, 484–490.

Austin, B. & Day, J.G. (1990) Inhibition of prawn pathogenic Vibrio spp. By a commercial

spray dried preparation of Tetraselmis suecica. Aquaculture, 90, 389–392.

Austin, B., Baudet, E. & Stobie, M. (1992) Inhibition of bacterial fish pathogens by

Tetraselmis suecica. J. Fish Dis., 15, 55–61.

Avanzo, J.L., Mendonca Junior, C.X. de. & Cesar, M.D. (2002) Role of antioxidant

system in induced nutritional pancreatic atrophy in chicken. Comp. Biochem.

Physiol., Part B 131, 815–823.

Babadzhanov, A.S., Abdusamatova, N., Yusupova, F.M., Faizullaeva, N., Mezhlumyan,

L.G. & Malikova, M. Kh. (2004) Chemical composition of Spirulina platensis

cultivated in Uzbekistan. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 40, 276–279.

Babsky, E.B., Khodorov, B.I., Kositsky, G.I. & Zubkov, A.A. (1989) In Babsky, E.B.,

(Ed.), Human Physiology, Mir Publishers, Moscow.


195

Bacerra, M., Preston, T.R. & Ogle, B. (1995) Effect of replacing whole boiled soya beans

with Azolla in the diets of growing ducks. Livest. Res. Rural Dev., 7, 1–11.

Baeverfjord, G., Asgard, T. & Shearer, K.D. (1998) Development and detection of

phosphorus deficiency in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L., parr and posts molts.

Aquacult Nutr., 4, 1–11.

Bagheri, T., Hedayati, S.A., Yavari, V., Alizade, M & Farzanfar, A. (2008) Growth,

Survival and Gut Microbial Load of Rainbow Trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) Fry

Given Diet Supplemented with Probiotic during the Two Months of First Feeding.

Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 8, 43–48.

Baker, H., Frank, O, De., Angelis, B. & Feingold, S. (1980) Plasma tocopherol in man at

various times after ingesting trace or acetylated tocopherol. Nutr. Rep., 21, 531–536

Barnes, H. & Blackstock, J. (1973) Estimation of lipids in marine animals and tissues.

Detail investigation of the sulpho-phosphovanillin method for total lipids. J. Expl.

Mar. Ecol., 12, 103–118.

Basak, B., Pramanik, A.H., Rahmnan, M.S., Taradar, S.U., & Roy, B.C. (2002) Azolla

(Azolla pinnata) as a feed ingredient in broiler ration. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 1, 29–24.

Baudart, J., Lemarchand, K., Brisabois, A. & Lebaron, P. (2000) Diversity of Salmonella

strains isolated from the aquatic environment as determined by serotyping and

amplification of the ribosomal DNA spacer regions. Appl Environ Microbiol.,

66, 1544–1552.

Bauer, J.D. (1990) Clin. Lab. Med., 9th edition, pp. 182–205.

Becking, J.H. (1979) Environmental requirements of Azolla for use in tropical rice

production. In: Nitrogen and Rice, Los Banos, Laguna. International Rice

Research Institute. pp. 345–373.

Beckingham, K.W., Ela, S.W., Moris, J.G. & Goldman, C.R. (1978) Nutritive value of

the Nitrogen- fixing aquatic fern Azolla filiculoides. J. Agri. Food Chem.,

26, 1230–1234.

Belay, A., Katoy, T. & Ota, Y. (1996) Spirulina (Arthrospira): Potential application as

an animal feed supplement. J. Appl. Phycol., 8, 303–311.


196

Bergh, O., Naas, K. & Harboe, T. (1994) Shift in the intestinal microflora of Atlantic

halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus during first feeding. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.,

51, 1899–1903.

Berner, L.D. & Hammond, G.E. (1970) Phylogeny of lipase specificity. Lipids, 6, 558–562.

Bhavan, P.S, Anjalin Ruby, S., Poongodi, R., Seenivasan, C. & Radhakrishnan, S. (2010a)

Efficacy of cereals and pulses as feeds for the post-larvae of the freshwater

prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Journal of Ecobiotechnology, 2/5, 09–19

Bhavan, P.S., Devi, V.G., Shanthi, R., Radhakrishnan, S. & Poongodi, R. (2010b) Basic

biochemical constituents and profiles of amino acids in the post larvae of

Macrobrachium rosenbergii fed with Spirulina and yeast enriched Artemia.

Journal of Scientific Research, 2 (3), 539-549

Biesot, M.P. & Capuzzo, M.J. (1990a) Digestive protease, lipase and amylase activities

in stage I larvae of the American lobster, Homarus americanus. Comp. Biochem.

Physiol., A95, 47–54.

Biesot, M.P. & Capuzzo, M.J. (1990b) Changes in digestive enzyme activities during

early development of the American lobster Homarus americanus Milne Edwards.

J. Exp. Biol. Ecol., 136, 107–122.

Bischoff, H.W. & Bold, H.C. (1963) Phycological studies. IV. Some soil algae from

Enchanted Rock and related algal species, The University of Texas Publication,

Austin. Vol. 6318, 9–13.

Bohm, B.A. (1998) Introduction to Flavonoids. Harwood, NewYork.

Borowitzka, L.J. & Borowitzka, M.A. (1989) Industrial production: Methods and

economics. In: R.C. Cresswell, T.A.V. Rees, and N. Shah (Eds.), Algal and

cyanobacterial biotechnology.London: Longman Scientific. pp. 294–316.

Borowitzka, M.A. (1992) Algal biotechnology products and processes matching science

and economics. J. Appl. Phycol., 4, 267–279.

Brethes, J.C., Parent, B. & Pellerin, J. (1994) Enzymatic activity as an index of trophic

resource utilization by the snow crab Chionoecetes opilio (O. Fabricius).

J. Crustacean Biol., 14, 220–225.


197

Brett, J.R. & Groves, T.D. (1979) Physiology energetics. In: Hoar, W.S., Randall, D.J. &

Brett, R.R. (Eds),, Fish Physiology vol. 8 Academic Press, New York, NY, USA,

pp. 280-344.

Britz, P.J. (1996) The suitability of selected protein sources for inclusion in formulated

diets for the South African abalone, Haliotis midae. Aquaculture, 140, 63–73.

Brockeroff, H., Hoyle, R.J. & Hwang, P.C. (1970) Digestive enzymes of the American

lobster (Homarus americanus). J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can., 27, 1357–1370.

Broun, W. (1980) Note on the survival of algal resting cells during long-term

maintenance in darkness and minimum lake bottom temperature. Comparison of

Anabaena, 5, 677-680.

Brown, M.R., Jeffrey, S.W., Volkman, J.K. & Dunstan, G., (1997) Nutritional properties

of microalgae for mariculture. Aquaculture, 151, 315–331.

Brown, P.B. (1995) Physiological adaptations in the gastro intestinal tract of crayfish.

Am. Zool., 35, 20–27.

Brunson, J.F., Romare, R.P. & Reigh, R.C. (1997) Apparent digestibility of selected

ingredients in diets for white shrimp Penaeus setiferus L. Aquacult. Nutr, 3, 9–16.

Bunt, A. H. (1968) An ultrastructural study of the hepatopancreas of Proeambarus

clarkii (Givard) (Decapoda Astacidea). Crustaceana, 14, 56–66.

Bureau, D.P., Azevedo, P.A., Tapia-Salazar, M. & Cuzon, G. (2000) Pattern and cost of

growth and nutrient deposition in fish and shrimp: potential implications and

applications. In: Cruz-Suárez, E., Ricque-Marie, D., Tapia-Salazar, M., Civera-

Cerecedo, R. (Eds.), Avancesen Nutricion AcuicolaV. Memorias del V Simposio

Internacional de Nutricion Acuicola, 19 al 22 de Noviembre, 2000,

MeridaYucatan, Mexico 2000. pp. 111–140.

Burton, G.W. & Ingold, K.U. (1989) Vitamin E as in vitro and in vivo antioxidant. Ann.

N.Y. Acad. Sci., 570, 7–22.

Burton, G.W. & Traber, M.G. (1990) Vitamin E: Antioxidant activity, biokinetics, and

bioavailability. Annual Review of Nutrition, 10, pp. 357.


198

Bury, N. & Grosell, M. (2003) Iron acquisition by teleost fish. Comp. Biochem. Physiol.,

Part C, 135, 97–105.

Buzzi, M., Henderson, R.J. & Sargent, J.R. (1996) The desaturation and elongation of

linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid by hepatocytes and liver microsomes

from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykis) fed diets containing fish oil or olive oil.

Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 1299, 235–244.

Caers, M., Coutteau, P. & Sorgeloos, P. (2000) Incorporation of different fatty acids,

supplied as emulsions or liposomes, in the polar and neutral lipids of Crassostrea

gigas spat. Aquaculture, 186, 157–171.

Cagauan, A.G. & Pullin, R.S.V. (1991) Azolla in aquaculture: Past, present and future. In

J. Muir & R.J. Roberts, Eds. Recent Advances in Aquaculture. Oxford, Blackwell

Science. pp. 104–130.

Campanella, L., Crescentini, G. & Avino, P. (1999) Chemical composition and

nutritional evaluation of some natural and commercial food products based

on Spirulina. Analusis, 27, 533–540.

Carrillo-Farnes, O., Forrellat-Barrios, A., Guerrero-Galvan, S. & Vega-Villasante, F.

(2007) A review of digestive enzyme activity in Penaeid shrimps. Crustaceana,

80, 257–275.

Catarina Guedes, A., Meireles, L.A., Amaro, H.M. & Xavier Malcata, F. (2010) Changes

in lipid class and fattyacid composition of cultures of Pavlova lutheri, in response

to light intensity. J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc., 87, 791–801.

Ceccaldi, H.J. (1997) Anatomy and physiology of the digestive system. In: D’Abramo,

L.R., Conklin, D.E., Akiyama, D.M. (Eds.), Crustacean Nutrition, Advances in World

Aquaculture, Vol.6. World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, LA, pp. 261–291.

Celis-Guerrero, L.E., Garcia-Carreno F.L. & del Toro, M.A.N. (2004) Characterization of

proteases in the digestive system of spiny lobster (Panulirusin terruptus). Marine

Biochemistry, 6, 262–269.

Chamier, A. (1991) Cellulose digestion and metabolism in the freshwater amphipod

Gammarus pseudolimnaeus Bousfield. Freshwater Biology, 25, 23–40.


199

Chamorro, G., Perez-Albiter, M., Serrano-Garcıa, N., Mares-Samano, J.J. & Rojas,

P. (2006) Spirulina maxima partially protects against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6

tetrahydropyridine neurotoxicity. Nutr. Neurosci., 9, 207–212.

Chamorro, G., Salazar, M., Gomezde Lima Araujo, K., Pereirados Santos, C., Ceballos,

G. & Fabila-Castillo, L. (2002) Actualiz acionenl a farmacologı ade Spirulina

(Arthrospira), unaliment on oconvencional. Arch. Latinoam. Nutr., 52, 232–239.

Chandge, M.S. & Raj, R.P. (1990) Studies on dietary lipid requirements of larvae and

post larvae of Peanus indicus (H. Milne Edwards). Proceedings of national seminar on

Aquaculture development in India-problems and prospects, Trivandrum, pp. 225–232.

Chandumpai, A., Dall, W. & Smith, D.M. (1991) Lipid-class composition of organs and

tissues of the tiger prawn Penaeus esculentus during the molting cycle and during

starvation. Mar. Biol., 108, 235–246.

Cho, C.Y. & Kaushik, S.J. (1985) Effects of protein intake on metabolisable and net

energy values of fish diets. In: Cowey, C.B., Mackie, A.M. & Bell, J. G. (eds.),

Nutrition and feeding in fish: 95-117. (Academic Press, London).

Cho, C.Y. & Kaushik, S.J. (1990) Nutritional energetic in fish: energy and protein

utilization in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). In: Bourne, G.H. (Ed.), Aspects of

Food Production, Consumption and Energy Values. World Rev. Nutr. Diet,

Vol. 61. Karger, Basel, pp. 132–172.

Cobb, B.F., Conte, F.S. & Edwards, M.A. (1975) Free amino acids and osmoregulation in

penaeid shrimp. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 23, 1172–1174.

Cohen, M.F. & Yamasaki, H. (2000) Flavonoid-induced expression of asymbiosis related

gene in the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme. J. Bacteriol., 182, 4644–4646.

Cohen, M.F., Sakihama, Y. & Yamasaki, H. (2001) Roles of plant flavonoids in

interactions with microbes: from protection against pathogens to the mediation of

mutualism. In: Pondalai, S. G. (Ed.), Research Sign post, Trivandrum. Recent Res.

Dev. Plant Physiol., 2, 157–173.

Cohen, M.F., Sakihama, Y., Takagi, Y.C., Ichiba, T. & Yamasaki, H. (2002) Synergistic

effect of deoxyanthocyanins from the symbiotic fern Azolla on hrm A gene


200

induction in the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme. Mol. Plant Microbe

Interact., 15, 875–882.

Colla. L.M., Bertolina. T.E. & Costab, J.A.V. (2004) Fatty acids profile of Spirulina

platensis grown under different temperatures and nitrogen concentrations.

Z. Naturforsch. 59c, 55-59.

Colorni, A. (1985) A study on the bacterial flora of giant prawn, Macrobrachium

rosenbergii, larvae fed with Artemia salina nauplii. Aquaculture, 49, 1–10.

Combs Jr., G.F. (1992) The Vitamins: Fundamental Aspectsin Nutrition and Health,

2nd edition. Academic Press, SanDiego, CA, pp. 246.

Comoglio, L., Smolko, L. & Amin, O. (2005) Effects of starvation on oxygen consumption,

ammonia excretion and biochemical composition of the hepatopancreas on adult

males of the false Southern king crab Paralomis granulosa (Crustacea,Decapoda).

Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 140B, 411– 416.

Conklin, D.E. (1995) Digestive physiology and nutrition. In: Factor, J.R. (Ed.), Biology

of the Lobster Homarus americanus. Academic Press, Boston, pp. 441–463.

Conklin, D.E. (1997) Vitamins. In: D’Abramo, L.R., Conklin, D.E., Akiyama, D.M.

(Eds.), Crustacean Nutrition, Advances in World Aquaculture, vol.6. The World

Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, pp.123–149.

Cook, H.W. (1996) Fatty acid desaturation and chain elongation in eukaryotes. In: Vance,

D.E., Vance, J.E. (Eds.), Biochemistry of Lipids, Lipoproteins and Membranes.

Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 129–152.

Cooper, C.A., Bury, N.R. & Grosell, M. (2006) The effects of pH and their on redox state

on iron uptake in the intestine of a marine teleost fish, gulf toad fish (Opsanus

beta). Comp. Biochem. Physiol., Part A, 143, 292–298.

Cui, Y., Liu, X., Wang, S. & Chen, S. (1992) Growth and energy budget in young grass

carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella Val., fed plant and animal diets. J. Fish Biol.,

41, 231–238.


201

D’Abramo, L.R. & Sheen, S.S. (1994) Nutritional requirements, feed formulation and

feeding practices for intensive culture of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium

rosenbergii. Rev. Fish. Sci., 2, 1–21.

D’Abramo, L.R., Moncreiff, C., Holcomb, F., Montanez, J. & Buddington, R.A. (1994)

Ascorbic acid requirement of juvenile freshwater prawn Macrobrachium

rosenbergii. Aquaculture, 128, 269–275.

D’Mello, J.P.F. & Devendra, C. (1995) Tropical Legumes in Animal Nutrition.

Wallingford, CAB International.

Dabrowski, K.R. (1982) Further study on dry diet formulation for common carp larvae.

Riv. Ital. Piscic. Ittiopatol., 17, 11–29.

Dandapat, J., Chainy, G B.N. & Rao, K.J. (2000) Dietary vitamin E modulates

antioxidant defence system in giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium

rosenbergii. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part C, 127, 101–115.

Dandapat, J., Rao, K.J. & Chainy, G.B.N. (1999) An invitro study of metal ion induced

lipidperoxidation in giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii

(deMan). Biometals, 12, 89–97.

Datta, S.N. (2011) Culture of Azolla and its efficacy in diet of Labeo rohita, Aquaculture,

310, 376–379.

Davis, D.A., Lawrence, A.L. & Gatlin III, D.M. (1992) Mineral requirement of Penaeus

vannamei: A preliminary examination of the dietary essentiality for thirteen

minerals. Journal of World Aquaculture Society, 23, 8–1.

Davis, D.A., Lawrence, A.L. & Gatlin III, D.M. (1993) Response of Penaeus vannamei

to dietary calcium, phosphorus and calcium-phosphorus ratio. Journal of World

Aquaculture Society, 24, 504–515.

Dawah, M.A., Ibrahim, A.N. & Eladel, H.M. (2002a) Amino acids content of Chlorella

vulgaris and Scenedesmus bijuga raised on domestic sewage and agricultural

drainage water. 1st Scientific Conference of the Egyptian Aquaculture Society.

El-Arish, North Sinai, Egypt.


202

Dawah, M.A., Khater, A.M., Shaker, I.M.A. & Ibrahim, N.A. (2002b) Production of

Scenedesmus Bijuga (Chlorophyceae) in large scale in outdoor tanks and its use in

feeding monosex Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry. J. Egypt. Acad. Soc.

Environ. Develop., (B. Aquaculture) 2, 113–125.

Day, J.G. & Tsavalos, A.J. (1996) An investigation of the heterotrophic culture of the

green alga Tetra selmis. J. Appl. Phycol., 8, 73–77.

Day, J.G., Edwards, A.P. & Rodgers, G.A. (1990) Large scale, heterotrophic production

of microalgal biomass. J. Br. Phycol., 25, pp. 86.

Deering, D.M.J., Hewitt, D.R. & Brock, I. (1996) Triacylglycerol digestion by the leader

Prawn Penaeus monodon. J. World Aquacult. Soc., 27, 359–361.

Dempson, I.B., Schwarz, C.J., Sbears, M. & Furey, G. (2004) Comparative proximate

body composition of Atlantic salmon with emphasis on parr from fluvial and

lacustrine habitats. Journal of Fish Biology, 64, 1257-1271.

Deshimaru, O. & Shigeno, K. (1972) Introduction to the artificial diet for prawn Penaeus

japonicus. Aquaculture, 1, 115–133.

Deshimaru, O. & Yone, Y. (1978) Requirement of prawn for dietary minerals. Bulletin of

the Japanese Society Scientific Fisheries, 44, 907–910.

Desjardins, L.M., Castell, J.D. & Kean, J.C. (1985) Synthesis of dehydro ascorbic acid by

sub adult lobsters (Homarus americanus). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and

Aquatic Sciences, 42, 370–373.

Diana, J.S. (1982) An experimental analysis of the metabolic rate and food utilization of

northern pike. Comparative Biochemistry and Toxicology, 59, 989-993.

Dillon, J.C., Phuc, A.P. & Dubacq, J.P. (1995) Nutritional value of the alga Spirulina.

World Rev. Nutr. Diet, 77, 32–46.

Dirks, R.C., Faiman, M.D. & Huyser, E.S. (1982) The roles of lipid free radical initiator;

and oxygen on the kinetics of lipidperoxidation. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.,

63, 21–28.

Divakaran, S. & Ostrowski, A. (1990) Enzymes present in pancreatic extracts of the

dolphin Coryphaena hippurus. J. Worm Aquacult. Soc., 21, 35–39.


203

Donachie, S.P., Saborowski, R., Peters, G. & Buchholz, F. (1995) Bacterial digestive

enzyme activity in the foregut and hepatopancreas of Meganyctiphanes norvegica

(M. Sars, 1857). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 188, 151–165.

Duff, D.C.B. & Bruce, D.L. (1966) The antibacterial activity of marine planktonic algae.

Can. J. Microbiol., 12, 877–884.

Durazo-Beltran, E., D’Abramo, L.R., Toro-Vazquez, J.F., Vasquez-Pelaez, C. & Viana, M.T.

(2003) Effect of triacylglycerols in formulated diets on growth and fatty acid

composition in tissue of green abalone (Haliotis fulgens). Aquaculture, 224, 257–270.

Dvorska, J.E., Surai, P.F., Speake, B.K. & Sparks, N.H.C. (2002) Antioxidant systems of

the developing quail embryo are compromised by mycotoxin aurofusarin. Comp.

Boichem. Physiol., Part C 131, 197–205.

EL-Hadidiy, Z.A., Abd Allah, M.A., Dawlat, A., Salama, A., Asmaa A. & EL-Kerdawy.

(1993) Effect of untraditional dietary protein sources on some chemical

composition of Nile tilapia fish. Annals Agric. Sci., Ain Shams Univ. Cairo.

Egypt., 38, 51–59.

El-Hindawy, M.M., Abd-Razic, M.A., Gaber, H.A. & Zenhom, M.M. (2006) Effect of

various level of dietary algae Scenedesmus spp on physiological performance and

digestibility of Nile tilapia fingerlings. 1st Scientific Conference of the Egyptian

Aquaculture Society. Sharm El-Sheikh – Sinai, Egypt, pp. 137–149.

Elliot, J.M. & Hurley, M.A. (1999) A new energetic model for brown trout, Salmo trutta.

Freshwater Biology, 42, 235–246.

Elliott, J.M. (1976) Energy losses in the waste products of brown trout, Salmo trutta. L.J.

Anim. Ecol., 45, 561–580.

El-Sayed, A.F.M. (1994) Evaluation of soybean meal, Spirulina meal and chicken offal

meal as protein sources for silver seabream (Rhabdosargus sarba) fingerlings.

Aquaculture, 127, 169–176.

Endo, H., Hosaya, H. & Koibuchi, T. (1977) Growth yields of Chlorella regulgaris in

dark heterotrophic continuous culture using acetate. J. Ferment. Technol.,

55, 369–379.


204

Eshel A., Lindner P., Smirnoi P., Newton, S. & Harpaz, S. (1993) Comparative study of

proteolytic enzymes in the digestive tracts of the European sea bass and hybrid

striped bass reared in freshwater. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology,

106A, 627–634.

Estrada, J.E., Bescos, P. & Villar Del Fresno, A.M. (2001) Antioxidant activity of

different fractions of Spirulina platensis protein extract. Farmacol., 56, 497-500.

Eyster, H.C., Brown, T.E. & Tanner, H.A. (1958) Mineral requirements for Chlorella

pyrenoidosa under autotrophic and heterotrophic conditions, In: C.A. Lamb, O.J.

Bentley, and J.M. Beattie (Eds.), Trace elements. Academic Press, New York.

pp. 157–191.

Fabregas, J., Otero, A., Morales, E., Cordero, B. & Patino, M. (1996) Tetraselmis suecica

cultured in different nutrient concentrations varies in nutritional value to Artemia.


Fair, P.H., Fortner, M.R., Millikin, M.R. & Sick, L.V. (1980) Effects of dietary fiber on

growth, assimilation and cellulase activity of the prawn (Macrobrachium

rosenbergii). Proc. World Maric. Soc., 11, 369–381.

Fang, L.S., Tang, C.K., Lee, D.L. & Chen, I.M. (1992) Free amino acid

composition in muscle and hemolymph of the prawn Penaeus monodon in

different salinities. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 58, 1095–1102.

Fanigliulo, L., Comparato, G., Aragona, G., Cavallaro, L., Iori, V. & Maino, M. (2006)

Role of gut microflora and probiotic effects in the irritable bowel syndrome. Acta

Biomed., 77, 85–90.

FAO. (2002) Fishstat Plus (v.2.30), 15.03.2002. Rome, FAO.

FAO. (2008) Report of the FAO Expert Workshop on the Use of Wild Fish and/or Other

Aquatic Species as Feed in Aquaculture and its Implications to Food Security and

Poverty Alleviation, Kochi, India, 16-18 November 2007. FAO Fisheries Report

No. 867. Rome, FAO.

FAO. (2009) Fishstat Plus (v.2.32) issued 02.03.2009. FAO, Rome.


205

FAO. (2010) Fish Stat Plus-Universal software for fishery statistical time series Comments/

inquiries Site map Login e-Bulletin © FAO, 2010 National Aquaculture Sector

Overview India.

FAO. (2012) The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2012. FAO Fisheries and

Aquaculture Department, Rome, pp. 25.

Farzanfar, A. (2006) The use of probiotics in shrimp aquaculture. FEMS Immunol. Med.

Microbiol., 48, 149–158.

Fasuyi, A.O. & Aletor, V.A. (2005) Protein replacementvalue of cassava (Manihot

esculenta, Crantz) leaf protein concentrate (CLPC) in broiler starter: Effect on

performance, muscle growth, haematology and serum metabolites. Int. J. Poult.

Sci., 4, 339–349.

Ferentinos, L., Smith, J. & Valenzuela, H. (2002) Azolla. Mänoa, College of Tropical

Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa.

Fielder, D.S., Bardsley, W.J. & Allan, G.L. (2001) Survival and growth of Australian

snapper, Pagrus auratus, in saline groundwater from inland New South Wales,

Australia. Aquaculture, 201, 73–90.

FIGIS. (2007) Global Production Statistics 1950-2005. Food and Agriculture organization.

06-18.

Flick, G.J. (2011) Post-Harvest Quality of Freshwater Prawns; Part II. Microbial

Composition, Food Safety. The Global Aquaculture Advocate, 14, pp. 61.

Folch, J., Lees, M. & Sloane-stantly, G.H. (1957) A simple method for the isolation and

purification of total lipids from animal tissues. J. Biol. Chem., 226, 497–508.

Forster, I.P., Dominy, W., Obaldo, L. & Tacon, A.G.J. (2003) Rendered meat and bonemeals

as ingredients of diets for shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931).


Fox, C., Brown, H.J. & Briggs, M. (1994) The nutrition of prawns and shrimp in

aquaculture a review of recent research. In: Muir, J.F., Ronald, R.J. (Eds.), Recent

Advances in Aquaculture, Vol. V. Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 131–206.

Franco, A.R., Ferreira, J.G. & Nobre, A.M. (2006) Development of a growth model for

penaeid shrimp. Aquaculture, 259, 268-277.


206

Fujimura, T. & Okamoto, H. (1972) Notes on progress made in developing a mass

culturing technique for Macrobrachium rosenbergii in Hawaii. In Coastal

Aquaculture in the Indo-Pacific Region, (Ed. by T.V.R. Pillay), Fishing News

Books, Blackwell Science, Oxford. pp. 313–27.

Fujioka, R. & Greco, S. (1984) Enumeration of Vibrio sp. In marine, brackish and

freshwater systems used in aquaculture. Abstracts of the Annual Meeting of the

American Society for Microbiology. ASM, Washington, pp.180.

Furne, M., Hidalgo, M.C., Lopez, A., Garcia-Gallego, M., Morales, A.E., Domenzain, A.,

Domezain, J. & Sanz, A. (2005) Digestive enzyme activities in Adriatic

sturgeon Acipenser naccarii and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss.

A comparative study. Aquaculture, 250, 391–398.

Gade, D. & Grieshaber, M.K. (1986) Pyruvate reductases catalyzes the formation of

lactate and opines in anaerobic invertebrates. Comparative Biochemistry and

Physiology, 83b, 255–272.

Gagneux-Moreaux, S., Moreau, C., Gonzalez, J.L. & Cosson, R.P. (2007) Diatom

artificial medium (DAM): a new artificial medium for the diatom Haslea ostrearia

and other marine microalgae. J. Appl. Phycol., 19, 549–556.

Galgani F. & Nagayama F. (1987) Digestive proteinases in five species of Lithodidae

(Crustacea, Decapoda). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 87B, 103–107.

Galgani F. (1983) Etude des proteases digestives de crevettes peneide (Crustacea

Decapoda), Ph. D. Thesis Universitd Aix-Marseille II. pp. 70.

Galgani, F. & Nagayama, F. (1987) Digestive proteinases in the japanese spiny lobster

Panulirus japonieus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 87B, 889–893.

Galgani, F. (1988) Etude comparative des protases digestives de cinq espces de crevettes

penides. Biochem. System. Ecol., 16, 497–504.

Gallagher, M.L. (1994) The use of soybean meal as a replacement for fishmeal in diets for

hybrid striped bass, Morone saxatilis x M. chrysops. Aquaculture, 126, 119–127.

Galston, A.W. (1975) The water fern-rice connection. Nat. Hist. Mag., 84, 10–11.


207

Gamboa-Delgado, J., Molina-Poveda, C. & Cahu, C. (2003) Digestive enzyme activity

and food ingesta in juvenile shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone,1931) as a

function of body weight. Aquac. Res., 34, 1403–1411.

Garcia Carrefio, F.L. & Haard, F.H. (1993) Characterization of protein classes in

langostilla (Pleuroncodes planipes) and crayfish (Pacifastacus astacus) extracts.

J. Food Biochem., 17, 97–113.

Garcia-Carrefio, F.L. (1992) The digestive proteases of langostilla (Pleuroncodes

planipes, Decapoda): their partial characterization, and the effect of feed on their

composition. Comp. Biochem. Physiol.,103B, 575–578.

Garcia-Carreno F.L., Dimes L.E. & Haard N.F. (1993) Substrate gel electrophoresis for

composition and molecular weight of proteinases or proteinaceous proteinase

inhibitors. Analytical Biochemistry, 214, 65–69.

Garcia-Carreno, F.L., Navarretedel Toro, A. & Ezquerra, J.M. (1997) Digestive shrimp

proteases for evaluation of protein digestibility invitro: I. Effect of protease

inhibitors in protein ingredients. J. Mar. Biotechnol., 5, 36–40.

Gatlin III, D.M. & Wilson, R.P. (1986) Dietary copper requirement of fingerling channel

catfish. Aquaculture, 54, 277–285.

Gatlin III, D.M., Barrows, F.T. & Brown, P. (2007) Expanding the utilization of

sustainable plant products in aqua feeds: a review. Aquac. Res., 38, 551–579.

Gauquelin, F., Cuzon, G., Gaxiola, G., Rosas, C., Bureau, D. & Cochard, J. (2007) Effect

of dietary protein level on growth and energy utilization by Litopenaeus

stylirostris under laboratory conditions. Aquaculture, 140, 361–372.

George, M.J. (1969) Genus Macrobrachium. Bullet in of the Central Marine Fisheries

Research Institute, 14, 178–216.

George, W. (2011) Technology+Training = Capacity Building, The Global Aquaculture

Advocate, 14 (1), pp. 1.

Gibson, R. & Barker, P.L. (1979) The decapod hepatopancreas. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol.

Ann. Rev., 17, 235–346.


208

Gladue, R.M. & Maxey, J.E. (1994) Microalgal feeds for aquaculture. J. Appl. Phycol.,

6, 131–141.

Glencross, B.D., Smith, D.M., Thomas, M.R. & Williams, K.C., 2002. Optimising the

essential fatty acids in the diet for weight gain of the prawn, Penaeus monodon.


Gomez Diaz, G. & Nakagawa, H. (1990) Effects of dietary carbohydrates on growth and

body components of the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii.

Aquat. Living Resour., 3, 99–105.

Gomez, D.G., Nakagawa, H. & Kasahara, S. (1988) Effect of dietary protein/starch ratio

and energy level on growth of the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium

rosenbergii. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish., 54, 1401–1407.

Gonzalez, R., Fraga, V. & Carrillo, O. (1994) Cambio sontogenetic osenla actividadd elas

principale senzimas digestivas ´Penaeus schmitti. Rev. Invest. Mar., 15, 262–268.

Gonzalez-Baro, M.R., Heras, H. & Pollero, R.J. (2000) Enzyme activities involved in

lipids metabolism during embryonic development of Macrobrachium borellii.

J. Exp. Zool., 286, 231–237.

Gonzalez-Pena, M.del C., Alex, J.A., Smith, D.M. & Moreira, G.S. (2002) Effect of

dietary cellulose on digestion in the prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii.


Goote, T.A., Hone, P.W., Kenyon, R. & Maguire, G.B. (1996) The effect of different

combinations of dietary calcium and phosphorus on the growth of juvenile

Haliotis laevigata. Aquaculture, 145, 267–279.

Goytortua-Bores, E., Civera-Cerecedo, R., Rocha-Meza, S. & Green-Yee, A. (2006)

Partial replacement of red crab (Pleuroncodes planipes) meal for fishmeal in

practical diets for the whiteshrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Effects on growth and

invivo digestibility. Aquaculture, 256, 414–422.

Gullian, M., Thompson, F. & Rodriguez, J. (2004) Selection of probiotic bacteria and

study of their immune stimulatory effect in Penaeus vannamei. Aquaculture,

233, 1–14.


209

Guroy, D., Guroy, B., Merrifield, D.L., Ergun, S., Tekinay, A.A. & Yigit, M. (2011)

Effect of dietary Ulva and Spirulina on weight loss and body composition of

rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), during a starvation period.

J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr., 95, 320–327.

Guroy, D., Sahin, I., Guroy, B., Altin, A. & Merrifield, D.L. (2012) Effect of dietary

protein level on growth performance and nitrogen excretion of yellow tail cichlid

Pseudotropheus acei. Isr. J. Aquacult /Bamidgeh., II C: 64, 2012. 684.

Guzman C., Gaxiola G., Rosas C. & Torre-Blanco A. (2001) The effect of dietary protein and

total energy content on digestive enzyme activities, growth and survival of

Litopenaeus setiferus (Linnaeus 1767) postlarvae. Aquaculture Nutrition, 7, 113 –122.

Guzman, S., Gato, A., Lamela, M., Freire-Garabal, M. & Calleja, J.M. (2003) Anti

inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities of polysaccharide from Chlorella

stigmatophora and Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Phytother. Res., 17, 665–670.

Habib, M.A.B., Huntington, T.C. & Hasan, M.R. (2008) A review on culture, production and

use of Spirulina as food for humans and feeds for domestic animals and fish. FAO

Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular. No. 1034. Rome, FAO, pp. 33.

Habib, M.A.B., Yusoff, F.M., Phang, S.M. & Mohamed, S. (2003) Growth and

Nutritional Values of Moina micrura Fed on Chlorella vulgaris Grown in

Digested Palm Oil Mill Effluent. Asian Fish. Sci., 16, 107–119.

Halliwell, B. & Gutteridge, J.M.C. (2007) Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine, 4th Ed.

Oxford University Press, New York.

Halliwell, B. & Gutteridge, J.M.C. (Eds.) (1999) Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine.

Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford.

Han, D., Xie, S., Lei, W., Zhu, X. & Yang, Y. (2004) Effect of ration on the growth and

energy budget of Chinese longsnout catfish, Leiocassis longirostris Günther.

Aquac. Res., 35, 866–873.

Hanel, H., Broekman, D., de Graaf, S. & Schnack, D. (2007) Partial replacement of

fishmeal by lyophilized powder of the microalgae Spirulina platensis in pacific

white shrimp diets, The Open Marine Biology J., 1, 1–5.


210

Haque, S.E. & Gilani, K.M. (2005) Effect of ambroxol, Spirulina and vitamin-E in

naphthalene induced cataract in female rats. Indian J. Physiol.Pharmacol.,

49, 57–64.

Hardy, R.W. (2000) New developments in aquatic feed ingredients, and potential of

enzyme supplements. In: Cruz-Suárez, L.E., Ricque-Marie, D., Papia-Salazar, M.,

Olvera-Novoa, M.A., Civera-Cerecedo, R. (Eds.), Av. Ancesen Nutrición

Acuícola V. Memorias del V Simposium Internacional deNutrición Acuícola,

19-22 Noviembre 2000, pp. 216–226.

Hardy, R.W. (2001) Urban legends and fish nutrition, Part 2. Aquaculture Magazine,

27, 57–60.

Hari, B. & Kurup, B.M. (2002) Vitamin C (ascorbyl 2 polyphosphate) requirement of

freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (deMan). Asian Fisheries Science,

15, 145–54.

Harun, R., Singh, M., Forde, G.M. & Danquah, M.K. (2010) Bioprocess engineering of

microalgae to produce a variety of consumer products. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev.,

14, 1037–1047.

Hasegawa, T., Matsuguchi, T., Noda, K., Tanaka, K., Kumamoto, S., Shoyama, Y. &

Yoshikai, Y. (2002) Toll-like receptor 2 is atleast partly involved in the antitumor

activity of glycoprotein from Chlorella vulgaris. Int. Immunopharmacol., 2, 579–589.

Hastings, W.H. (1976) Fish nutrition and fish feed manufacture, FAO technical

conference on Aquaculture. Kyoto. Japan, FIR: Aq/conf/76/R23.

He, H. & Lawrence, A.L. (1993a) Vitamin C requirements of the shrimp Penaeus

vannamei. Aquaculture, 114, 305–316.

He, H. & Lawrence, A.L. (1993b) Vitamin-E requirements of Penaeus vannamei.


He, H., Lawrence, A.L. & Liu, R. (1992) Evaluation of dietary essentiality of fat soluble

vitamins, A, D, E and K for penaeid shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). Aquaculture,

103, 177–185.


211

Heath, H.G. (1987) Water pollution and fish physiology (Chap.5), Physiological

energetics. CRC Press, BocaRaton, FL, pp.131-163.

Heinen, J.H. (1984) Nutritional studies on the giant Asian prawn Macrobrachium

rosenbergii. Ph.D., Thesis, Boston University.

Hemaiswarya, S., Raja, R., RaviKumar, R., Ganesan, V. & Anbazhagan, C. (2011)

Microalgae: a sustainable feed source for aquaculture. World J. Microbiol.

Biotechnol., 27, 1737–1746.

Hernandez-Corona, A., Nieves, I., Meckes, M., Chamorro, G. & Barron, B.L. (2002)

Antiviral activity of Spirulina maxima against herpes simplex virus type 2.

Antiviral Res., 56, 279–285.

Hess, B. & Sherma, J. (2004) Quantification of arginine in dietary supplement tablets and

capsules by silica gel high-performance thin-layer chromatography with visible

mode densitometry. Acta Chromatographica, 14, 60–69.

Hidalgo, M.C., Urea, E. & Sanz, A. (1999) Comparative study of digestive enzymes in

fish with different nutritional habits. Proteolytic and amylase activities.


Holland, D.L. (1978) Lipid reserves and energy metabolism in the larvae of benthic marine

invertebrates. In: Malins, D.C., Sargent, R. (Eds.), Biochemical and Biophysical

Perspectives in Marine Biology, vol.4. Academic Press, London, pp. 85–123.

Holt, J.G., Krie, N.R., Sneath, P.H.A., Stately, J.T. & Williams, S.T. (1996) Bergey’s Manual

of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th Ed, Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins, pp. 787.

Hoyle, J.R. (1973) Digestive enzyme secretion after dietary variation in the American

lobster (Homarus americanus). J. Fish. Res. Board Can., 30, 1647–1653.

Hsiao, G., Chou, P.H., Shen, M.Y., Chou, D.S., Lin, Ch. & Cheu, J.R. (2005) C-Phycocyanin,

a very potent and novel platelet aggregation inhibitor from Spirulina platensis.

J. Agric. Food Chem., 53, 7734–7740.

Huang, B., Hong, H. & Chen, L. (1994) The physiological effects of different N-P ratios

on algae in semi continuous culture. Asian Mar. Biol., 11, 137–142.


212

Huggins, D. (2007) Evaluation of Azolla plant as an alternative stock feed source,

goulburn broken Catchment authority, 13th December, pp. 6.

Hwang, D.F. & Lin, T.S. (2002) Effects of temperature on dietary vitamin C requirement

and lipid in common carp. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., Part B 131, 1–7.

Ibrahim, N.A. (2001) Effect of phytoplankton Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus spp

Inoculation on water quality for Tilapia culture by Urea and Superphosphate.

Ph.D. thesis. Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University. Egypt.

Immanuel, G., Iyappa raj, P., Esakkiraj, P. & Palavesam, A. (2006) Intestinal bacterial

diversity in live rock lobster Panulirus homaru (Linnaeus) (Decapoda,

Pleocyemata, Palinuridae) during transportation process. Pan-American Journal

of Aquatic Sciences, 1, 69–73.

Immanuel, G., Palavesam, A. & Peter Marian, M. (1997) Formulation and analysis of

artificial feed from fishery wastes. Journal of Freshwater Biology, 9, 86–90.

Ionescu, A., Stanca, D. & Vladimirescu, A. (1994) The growth of some green algae

(Scenedesmus, Chlorella, Botryococcus, Ulva): Physiology and biochemistry.

Biologia, 49, 605–610.

Izquierdo, M.S., Socorro, J., Arantzamendi, L. & Hernandez-Cruz, C.M. (2000) Recent

advances in lipid nutrition in fish larvae. Fish Physiol. Biochem., 22, 97– 107.

Jackson, M.L. (1971) Soil chemical analyses. Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, India,

ISBN: 1-893311-47-3, pp. 574.

Jaime, C.B., Villarreal-Colmenares, H., Garcia-Galano, T., Civera-Cerecedoy, R. &

Gaxiola-Cortes, G. (2004) Empleo del polvo de Spirulina platensis en la

alimentacion de zoeas y mysis de Litopenaeus schmitti (Perez-Farfante and

Kensley, 1997). In: Avances en Nutricion Acuicola VII, Memorias del VII

Simposium Internacional de Nutricion Acuicola. (L. E. Cruz-Suarez, D. Ricque

Marie, M. G. Nieto Lopez, D. Villarreal, U. Scholz and M. Gonzalez, (Eds) 16-

19 Nov, 2004, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico, pp: 617–635.

Janczyk, P., Wolf, C. & Souffrant, W.B. (2005) Evaluation of nutritional value and

safety of the green microalgae Chlorella vulgaris treated with novel processing

methods. Archiva Zootechnica, 8, 132-147.


213

Janczyk, P., Langhammer, M., Renne, U., Guiard, V. & Souffrant, W.B. (2006) Effect of

feed supplementation with Chlorella vulgaris powder on mice reproduction.

Archiva Zootechnica, 9, 122–134.

Javanmardian, M. & Palsson, B.O. (1991) High-density photoautotrophic algal cultures:

Design, construction, and operation of a novel photobioreactor system.

Biotechnol. Bioeng., 38, 1182–1189.

Jeanfils, J., Canisius, M.F. & Burlion, N. (1993) Effect of high nitrate concentrations on

growth and nitrate uptake by free-living and immobilized Chlorella vulgaris cells.

J. Appl. Phycol., 5, 369–374.

Jeffery, G.H., Bassett, J., Mendham, J., Deney, R.C. (1989) Vogel’s Textbook of

Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 5th Edition. Longman, London.

Jeffs, A.G., Phleger, C.H., Nelson, M.M., Mooney, B.D. & Nichols, P.D. (2002) Marked

depletion of polar lipid and non-essential fatty acids following settlement by post-larvae

of the spiny lobster Jasus verreauxi. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 131A, 305–311.

Jiang, S.T., Moody M. W. & Chen, H.C. (1991) Purification and characterization of

proteases from digestive tract of grass shrimp (Penaeus monodon). J. Food Sci.,

56, 322–326

Johnston, D.J. & Yellowlees, D. (1998) Relationship between dietary preferences and

digestive enzyme complment of the slipper lobster Thenus orientalis (Decapoda:

Scyllaridae). J. Crustacean Biol., 18, 656–665.

Jones, F.T., & Richardson, K.E. (2004) Salmonella in commercially manufactured feeds.

Poult Sci., 83, 384–391.

Justo, G.Z., Silva, M.R. & Queiroz, M.L.S. (2001) Effects of the greenalgae Chlorella

vulgaris on the response of the host hematopoietic system to intraperitoneal

Ehrlich ascites tumor transplantation in mice. Immunopharmacol.

Immunotoxicol., 23, 119–132.

Kagan,V.E., Serbinova, E.A. & Packer, L. (1990) Recycling and antioxidant activity of

tocopherol homologs of differing hydrocarbon chain length in liver microsomes.

Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 282, 221–225.


214

Kainz, E. (1977) Further feeding experiments in rainbow trout. Oester. Fish., 30, 165–167.

Kanazawa, A. (1985) Nutrition of penaeid prawn and shrimp. In: Taki, Y., Primavera,

L.H., Lobrera, J.A., (Eds.), Proceedings of First International Conference on

Culture of Penaeid Prawn: Shrimps. Aquaculture Department., Southeast Asian

Fish Development Center, Iloilo, Philippines, pp.123–130.

Kanazawa, A., Teshima, S. & Sasaki, M. (1984) Requirements of potassium, copper,

manganese and iron. Memoirs of Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University,

33, 63– 71.

Kanazawa, A., Teshima, S., Ono, K. & Chalayondeja, K. (1979a) Biosynthesis of fatty

acids from acetate in the prawns, Penaeus monodon and Penaeus merguensis.

Memoirs of Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 28, 21–26.

Kanazawa, A., Teshima, S., Ono, K. & Chalayondeja, K. (1979b). Biosynthesis of fatty

acids from palmitic acid in the prawns, Penaeus monodon and Penaeus

merguensis. Memoirs of Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 28, 17– 20.

Kant, R., Pandey, S.D., Sharma, S.K. & Rajnikant. (1996) Role of biological agents for

control of mosquito breeding in rice fields. Indian J. Malariol., 33, 209–215.

Kaplan, D., Richmond, A.E., Dubinsky, Z. & Aaronson, S. (1986) In: A. Richmond (ed.),

Hand book of microalgal mass culture. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. Algal

nutrition, pp. 147–198.

Kapoor, R & Mehta, U. (1993) Utilization of beta-carotene from Spirulina platensis by

rats. Plant Foods. Hum. Nutr., 43, 1–7.

Karplus, E. & Harpaz, S. (1990) Preliminary observations on behavioral interactions and

distribution patterns of freshwater prawns Macrobrachium rosenbergii under semi

natural conditions (Decapoda, Caridea). Crustaceana, 59, 193–203.

Katihaa, P.K., Jenab, J.K., Pillai, N.G.K., Chakraborty, C. & Dey, M.M. (2005) Inland

aquaculture in India: Past trend, present status and future prospects, Aquaculture

Economics & Management, 9, 237–264


215

Kaushik, S.J. (1998) Nutritional bioenergetics and estimation of waste production in non-

salmonids. Aquat.LivingResour., 11, 211–217

Kay, R.A. (1991) Microalgae as food and supplement. Critical Reviews, In: Food Science

And Nutrition, 30, 555–573.

Kellam, S.J. & Walker, J.M. (1989) Antibacterial activity from marine microalgae inl

aboratory culture. Br. Phycol. J., 24, 191–194.

Kennedy, B., Venugopal, M.N., Indrani, K. & Karunasagar, I. (2006) Bacterial flora

associated with the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii, in the

hatchery system. Aquaculture, 261, 1156–1167.

Khan, M., Shobha, J.C., Mohan, I.K., Naidu, M.U., Sundaram, C., Singh, S.,

Kuppusamy, P. & Kutala, B.K. (2005a) Effect of Spirulina against doxorubicin-

reduced cardiotoxicity. Phytother. Res., 19, 1030–1037.

Khan, M., Shobha, J.C., Mohan, I.K., Rao Naidu, M.U., Prayag, A. & Kutala, V.K.

(2006) Spirulina attenuates cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. J. Appl.

Toxicol., 26, 444–451.

Khan, M., Varadhara, S., Gansesa, L.P., Shobha, J.C., Naidu, M.U., Parmandi, N.L.,

Tridadapani, S., Kutala, B.J. & Kuppusamy, P. (2005b) C-phycocyanin protects

against ischemia-reperfusion injury of heart through involvement of p38 and ERK

signaling. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 290, H2136–H2145.

Khan, M.A.H. & Haque, M.S. (1991) Factors affecting the growth of Azolla - a review.

Bangladesh Journal of Aquaculture, 11-13, 5–8.

Khan, M.M. (1988) Azolla Agronomy. Institut of Biological Sciences, University of the

Philippines at Los Banos (IBS-UPLB), Philippine. pp. 89–94.

Kikuchi, K. (1999) Partial replacement of fish meal with corn gluten meal in diets for

Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. J. World Aquacult. Soc., 30, 357–363.

Kolkovski, S., Czesny, S. & Yackey, C. (2000) The effect of vitamin-C and E in (n-3)

highly unsaturated fatty acids- enriched Artemia nauplii on growth, survival and

stress resistance of freshwater walleye, Stizostedion vitreum larvae.

Aquacult.Nutr., 6, 199–206.


216

Komaki, H., Yamashita, M., Niwa, Y., Tanaka, Y., Kamiya, N., Ando, Y. & Furuse, M.

(1998) The effect of processing of Chlorella vulgaris: K-5 on invitro and invivo

digestibility in rats. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 70, 363–366.

Konishi, F., Mitsuyama, M., Okuda, M., Tanaka, K., Hasegawa, T. & Nomoto, K. (1996)

Proteictive effect of an acidic glycoprotein obtained from culture of Chlorella

vulgaris against myelosuppression by 5-fluorouracil. Cancer Immunol.

Immunother., 42, 268–274.

Koshio, S., Castell, J.D. & O'Dor, R.K. (1992) The effect of different dietary energy

levels in crab-protein based diets on digestibility, oxygen consumption, and

ammonia excretion of bilaterally eyestalk ablated and intact juvenile lobsters,

Homarus americanus. Aquaculture, 108, 285–297.

Koshio, S., Teshima, S., Kanazawa, A. & Watase, T. (1993) The effect of dietary protein

content on growth, digestion efficiency and nitrogen excretion of juvenile kuruma

prawns, Penaeus japonicus. Aquaculture, 113,101–114.

Kristensen, J.H. (1972) Carbohydrases of some marine invertebrates with notes on their

food and on the natural occurrence of the carbohydrates studied. Mar. Biol.,

14,130–142.

Laemmli, U.K. (1970) Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head

bacteriophage T4. Nature, 227, 680–685.

Lall, S.P. (2002) The Minerals. In: Halver, J.H., Hardy, R.W. (Eds) Fish Nutrition, 3rd

edn. Academic Press, CA.

Langden, C. & Onal, E. (1999) Replacement of living microalgae with spray dried diets

for the marine mussel, Mytilus galloprouincialis. Aquaculture, 180, 283–294.

Le Moullac, G., Klein, B., Sellos, D. & Van Wormhoudt, A. (1997) Adaptation of

trypsin, chymotrypsin and a-amylase to casein level and protein source in

Penaeus vannamei (Crustacea Decapoda). Journal of Experimental Marine

Biology and Ecology, 208, 107–125.

Lebeau, T., & Robert, J.M. (2006) Biotechnology of immobilized microalgae: a culture

technique for the future? In: Rao, S. (Ed.), Algal Cultures, Analogues of Blooms

and Applications. Science Publishers, New Hampshire, USA, pp. 801– 837.


217

Lee, C.G. & Palsson, B.O. (1994) High-density algal photobioreactors using light-emitting

diodes. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 44, 1161–1167.

Lee, G.P. & Lawrence, L.A. (1985) Effects of diet and size on growth, feed digestibility

and digestive enzyme activities of the marine shrimp, Penaeus setiferus Linnaeus.

J. World Maricult. Soc., 16, 275–287.

Lee, H.S., Choi, C.Y., Cho, C. & Song, Y. (2003) Attenuating effect of Chlorella

supplementation on oxidative stress and NF kappa B activation in peritoneal

macrophages and liver of C57BL/6 mice fed on an atherogenic diet. Biosci.

Biotechnol. Biochem., 67, 2083–2090.

Lee, M.H. & Shiau, S.Y. (2002) Dietary vitamin C and its derivatives affect immune

responses in grasss hrimp Penaeus monodon. Fish Shellfish Immunol., 12, 119–129.

Lee, P.G. & Lawrence, A.L. (1985) Effects of diet and size on growth, feed digestibility

and digestive enzyme activities of the marine shrimp Penaeus setiferus

(Linnaeus). Journal of the World Mariculture Society, 16, 257–287.

Lee, P.G. & Lawrence, A.L. (1997) Digestibility. In: Crustacean Nutrition (Ed) by

L.R. D’Abramo, D.E. Conklin, & D.M. Akiyama. Advances in World Aquaculture,

Vol. 6. World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, LA, pp. 194–260.

Lee, P.G., Blake, N.J. & Rodrick, G.E. (1980) A quantitative analysis of digestive

enzymes for the freshwater prawn, Machrobrachium rosenbergii. Proc.Worm

Maricult. Soc., 11, 392–402.

Lee, Y.H., Layman, D.K., Bell, R.B. & Norton, H.W. (1981) Response of glutathione

peroxidase and catalase to excess dietary iron in rats. J. Nutr., 111, 2195–2202.

Lejeune, A., Cagauan, A. &Van Hove, C. (1999) Azolla research and development:

recent trends and priorities.Symbiosis, 27, 333–351.

Lemme, A. (2010) Availability and effectiveness of free amino acids in aquaculture. En:

Cruz Suarez, L.E., Ricque-Marie, D., Tapia-Salazar, M., Nieto-Lopez, M.G.,

Villarreal-Cavazos, D.A., Gamboa-Delgado, J. (Eds), Avances en Nutricion

Acuicola X - Memorias del Decimo Simposio Internacional de Nutricion

Acuicola, 8-10 de Noviembre, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., Mexico. ISBN


218

978-607-433-546-0. Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Mexico,

pp. 264–275.

Lemos, D., Ezquerra, J.M. & Garcia-Carreno, F.L. (2000) Protein digestion in penaeid

shrimp: digestive proteinases, proteinase inhibitors and feed digestibility.


Lemos, D., Hernandez-Cortes, M.P., Navarrete, A., Garcia-Carreno, F.L. & Phan, V.N.

(1999) Ontogenic variation in digestive proteinase activity of larvae and

postlarvae of the pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis (Crustacea: Decapoda:

Penaeidae). Mar. Biol., 135, 653–662.

Leonard, V. (1997) Use of Aquatic Fern (Azolla filiculoides) in Two Species of Tropical

Fish (Oreochromis niloticus and Tilapia rendalli). Ph.D., Thesis. Presses

Universitaires de Namur, Belgium, pp. 276.

Li Du. & Cui-Juan Niu. (2002) Effects of dietary protein level on bioenergetics of the

giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man, 1879) (Decapoda,

Natantia), Crustaceana, 75, 875-889.

Lightner, D.V., Hunter, B., Magarelli Jr., P.C. & Colvin, L.B. (1979) Ascorbicacid:

nutritional requirement and role in wound repair in penaeid shrimp. Proc World

Maric. Soc., 10, 513–528.

Lin, Y.H., Shie, Y.Y. & Shiau, S.Y. (2008) Dietary copper requirements of juvenile

grouper, Epinephelus malabaricus. Aquaculture, 274, 161–165.

Ling, S.W. & Merican, A.B.O. (1961) Notes on the life and habits of the adults and larval

stages of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man). Proceedings of the Indo Pacific

Fisheries Council, 9, 55–60.

Ling, S.W. (1969) The general biology and development of Macrobrachium rosenbergii

(DeMan). FAO Fisheries Report, 57, 589–606.

Litaay, M., De Silva, S.S. & Gunasekera, R.M. (2001) Changes in the amino acid profiles

during embryonic development of the black- lip abalone (Haliotis rubra). Aquat.

Living Resour., 14, 335–342.


219

Lobaeva, L.L. (1959) Immienienge V Vodie pitatielnoj cennosti isskus K Vienno Vnosimych

Kormor uptreblajemych dia komlenija ruby. Rybn. Khonz., 35, 32–37.

Loizzi, R.F. (1971) Interpretation of crayfish hepatopancreatic function based on fine

structural analysis of epithellial cell lines and muscle network. Zeitschriftfur

zellforschung Mikroskopische Anatomie, 113, 420–440.

Lopez-Lopez, S., Nolasco, H. & Vega-Villasante, F. (2003) Characterization of digestive

gland esterase–lipase activity of juvenile red clawcray fish Cherax quadricarinatus,

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B, 135, 337–347.

Lovett D.L. & Felder D.L. (1990) Ontogenic change in digestive enzyme activity of

larval and postlarval white shrimp Penaeus setiferus (Crustacea, Decapoda,

Penaeidae). Biology Bulletin, 178, 144–159.

Lowry, O.H., Rosebrough, N.J., Farr, A.L. & Randall, R.S. (1951) Protein

measurement with the folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem., 193, 265–275.

Lubitz, J.A. (1963) The protein quality, digestibility, and composition of micro-algae,

Chlorella 71105. J. Food Sci., 28, 229–232.

Lumpkin, T.A. & Plucknett, L. (1982) Azolla as a green manure: use and management in

crop production.Westview press Boulder, Colorado. West view Tropical

Agriculture, series, 15, pp. 230.

Lunestad, B.T., Nesse, L., Lassen, J., Svihus, B., Nesbakken, T., Fossum, K., Rosnes,

J.T., Kruse, H. & Yazdankhah. (2007) Salmonella in fish feed; occurrence and

implications for fish and human health in Norway. Aquaculture, 265, 1–8.

Lupatsch, I., Kissil, G.W., Sklan, D. & Pfeffer, E. (1998) Energy and protein requirements

for maintenance and growth in gilthead sea-bream (Sparus aurata L.). Aquac.Nutr, 4,

165–173.

Lygren, B. & Hemre, G.I. (2002) Influence of dietary carbohydrate on antioxidant enzyme

activities in liver of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquac. Int., 9, 421–427.

Mahapatra, P.K., Mohanty-Hejmadi, P. & Chainy, G.B.N. (2001) Changes in oxidative

stress parameters and acidphosphatase activity in the pre-regressing and


220

regressing tail of Indian Jumping frog Polypedates maculatus (Anura,

Rhacophoridae). Comp. Biochem. Physiol., Part C, 130, 281–288.

Mahapatra, P.K., Mohanty-Hejmadi, P. & Chainy, G.B.N. (2002) Oxidative stress during

vitamin A induced abnormal tail regeneration in the tadpoles of Polypedates

maculatus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., Part B 131, 403–410.

Maity, J. & Patra, B.C. (2008) Effect of replacement of fishmeal by Azolla leaf mael on

growth, food utilization, pancreatic proteasea ctivity and RNA/DNA ratio in the

fingerlings of Labeo rohita (Ham.). Can. J. Pure Appl. Sci., 2, 323–333.

Mallasen, M. & Valenti, W.C. (1998) Efeitoda composicao ionica da agua do mar

artificial nodesenvolvimen to de larvas de Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man,

1879) (Crustacea, Decapoda) no estiagio II. Acta Scientiarum, 20, 195–200.

Mantel, L.H. & Farmer, L.L. (1983) Osmotic and Ionic Regulation. In: Bliss, D.E. (Ed.),

The Biology of Crustacea Volume 5: Internal Anatomy and Physiological

Regulation. Academic Press, New York, pp. 53–143.

Mao, K., Van de Water, J. & Gershwin, M.E. (2005) Effects of Spirulina based dietary

supplement on cytokine production from allergic rhinitis patients. J. Med. Food.,

8, 27–30.

Marklund, S. & Marklund, G. (1974) Involvement of the superoxide anion radical in the

autoxidation of pyrogallol and a convenient assay for superoxide dismutase.

Europian J. Biochem., 47, 469–474.

Martin, J.W. & Davis, G.E. (2001) An updated classification of the recent crustacean.

ISSN 1-891276-27-1, No.39 Science Series, Natural History Museum of Los

Angeles County. California, USA.

Martinez-Alvarez, R., Morales, A. & Sanz, A. (2005) Antioxidant defenses in fish: biotic

and abiotic factors. Rev. Fish Biol. Fisher., 15, 75–88.

Mascher, D., Paredes-Carvajal, M.C., Torres-Duran, P.V., Zamora- Gonzalez, J., Dıaz-

Zagoya, J.C. & Juarez-Oropeza, M.A. (2005) Ethanolic extract of Spirulina

maxima alters the vasomotor reactivity of aortic rings form obese rats. Arch.

Med. Res., 37, 50–57.


221

Mates, J.M., Perez-Gomez, C. & Nunezde Castro, I. (1999) Antioxidant enzymes and

human diseases. Clin. Biochem., 32, 595–603.

Mathiesen, A.M. (2012) The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2012. FAO

Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Rome, pp. iii.

Maugle P.D., Deshimaru O., Katayama T. & Simpson K.L. (1982) Characteristics of

amylase and protease of the shrimp Penaeus japonicus. Bulletins of Japanese

Society of Sciences and Fisheries, 48, 1753–1757.

Mayrand, E., Guderley, H. & Dutil, J.D. (2000) Biochemical indicators of muscle

growth in the snow crab Chionoecetes opilio (O.Fabricius). J. Exp. Mar. Biol.

Ecol., 255, 37–49.

McCord, J.M. & Fridovich, I. (1998) Superoxide dismutase: the first twenty years

(1968–1988). Free Radic. Biol. Med., 5, 363–369.

Medland, T.E. & Beamish, F.W.H. (1985) The influence of diet and fish density on

apparent heat increment in rainbow trout. Aquaculture, 47, 1 -10.

Mendes, R.L., Nobre, B.P., Cardoso, M.T., Pereira, A. & Palavra, A.F. (2003)

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of compounds with pharmaceutical

importance from microalgae. Inorganica. Chim. Acta., 356, 328–334.

Mendoza, R., De Dios, A., Vazquez, C., Cruz, E., Ricque, D., Aguillera, C. &

Montemayor, J. (2001) Fishmeal replacement with feather enzymatic

hydrolyzates coextruded with soyabean meal in practical diets for the Pacific

white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Aquac. Nutr., 7, 143–151.

Merchant, R.E., Andre, C.A. & Sica, D.A. (2002) Nutritional supplementation with

Chlorella pyrenoidosa for mild to moderate hypertension. J. Med. Food., 5, 141–152.

Merchie, G., Kontara, E., Lavens, P., Robles, R., Kurmaly, K. & Sorgeloos, P. (1998)

Effect of vitamin C and astaxanthin on stress and disease resistance of postlarval

tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon. Aquac. Res., 29, 579–585.

Miah, M.S., Phang, S.M., Chu, W.L. & Hashim, M.A. (2000) Spirulina culture in

digested sago starch factory waste water. J. Appl. Phycol., 12, 395–400.


222

Mitra, G., Mukhopadhyay, P.K. & Chattopadhyay, D.N. (2005) Nutrition and feeding in

freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) farming. Aquatic Feeds:

Formulation and Beyond, 2, 17–19.

Miyachi, S. (1995) Diversity of Microalgae and Their Possible Application, Environmental

impacts of Aquatic Biotechnology, OECD, Paris, France. pp. 28–31.

Miyamoto, G., Prock, J., Nakamura, R., Nakagawa, L., Shimojo, R., Sato, V. & Akita, G.

(1983) A preliminary microbiological and water quality survey of two Hawaiian

prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) hatcheries. In: Rogers, G.L., Day, R., Lim,

A. (Eds.),Proc. First Int. Conf. Warm Water Aquaculture; Crustacea. Brigham

Young University.

Mohan, I.K., Khan, M., Shobha, J.C., Naidu, M.U., Prayag, A., Kuppusamy, P. & Kutala,

V.K. (2006) Protection against cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity by Spirulina in

rats. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol., 58, 802–808.

Mohan, N., Hanumantha Rao, P., Ranjith Kumar, R., Sivasankaran, S. & Sivasubramanian,

V. (2009) Studies on mass cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris and effective harvesting

of bio-mass by low-cost methods. J. Algal Biomass Utln., 1, 29–39.

Molina C., Cadena E. & Orellana F. (2000) Alimentacion de camarones en relacion a la

actividad enzimatica como una respuesta natural al ritmo circadiano y ciclo de muda.

In: V Simposium Internacional de Nutricion Acuicola (ed. by L.E. Cruz-Suarez, D.

Ricque-Marie, M. Tapia-Salazar, M.A. Olvera-Novoa & R. Civera- Cerecedo)

Merida, Yucatan, Mexico. pp. 358–380.

Montero, D., Tort, L., Izquierdo, M.S., Robaina, L. & Vergara, J.M. (1998) Depletion of

serum alternative complement pathway activity in gilthead Seabream (Sparus

aurata) caused by a α-tocopherol and n-3 HUFA dietary deficiencies.

Aquaculture, 161, pp. 475.

Moore, S. & Stein, W.H. (1948) Photometric ninhydrin method for use in the

chromatography of amino acid. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 176, 367–388.

Moriarty, D.J.W. (1996) Microbial biotechnology: a key ingredient for sustainable

aquaculture. Info. fish Int., 4, 29–33


223

Moss S.M., Divakaran S. & Kim B.G. (2001) Stimulating effects of pond water on

digestive enzyme activity in the pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

(Boone). Aquaculture Research, 32, 125–131.

Moullac, L.G. & Wormhoudt, V.A. (1994) Adaptation of digestive enzymes to dietary

protein, carbohydrate and fiber levels and influence of protein and carbohydrate

quality in Penaeus vannamei larvae (crustacean, decapoda). Aquatic Living

Resource, 7, 203–210.

Moyano, F.J., Cardenete, G. & Dela Higuera, M. (1992) Nutritive value of diets

containing high percentage of vegetable proteins for trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss.

Aquat. Living Resour., 5, 23–29.

Muhlia-Almazan, A. & Garcia Carreno, F.L. (2002) Influence of molting and starvation

on the synthesis of proteolytic enzymes in the midgut gland of the white shrimp

Penaeus vannamei. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 133, 383–394.

Muller-Feuga, A. (2000) The role of microalgae ina quaculture: situation and trends.

J. Appl. Phycol., 12, 527–534.

Muller-Feuga, A. (2004) Microalgae for aquaculture: the current global situation and

future trends. In: Richmond A (Ed) Handbook of microalgal culture. Blackwell

Science, pp. 352–364

Murai, T., Andrews, J.W. & Smith II, R.G. (1981) Effects of dietary copper on channel

catfish. Aquaculture, 22, 353–357.

Murray, A.O. & Marchant, R. (1986) Nitrogen utilization in rainbow trout fingerlings,

Salmo gairdneri R. fed mixed microbial biomass. Aquaculture, 54, 263–275.

Musisi, M.L. (1984) The nutrition, growth and energetics of tilapia. Sarotherodon

mossambicus. Ph.D., Thesis. University of London.

Mustafa, M.G. & Nakagawa, H. (1995) A review: dietary benefits of algae as an additive

in fish feed. Isr. J. Aquacult. Bamidgeh., 47, 155–162.

Mustafa, M.G., Umino, T. & Nakagawa, H. (1997) Limited synergistic effect of dietary

Spirulina on vitamin C nutrition of red seabream Pagrus major. J. Mar.

Biotechnol., 5, 129–132.


224

Myers, J. (1951) On the mass culture of algae. Plant Physiol., 26, 539–548.

Nagaoka, S., Shimizu, K., Kaneko, H., Shibayama, F., Morikawa, K., Kanamaru, Y.,

Otsuka, A., Hirahashi, T. & Kato, T. (2005) A novel protein C-phycocyanin plays

a crucial role in the hypocholesterolemic action of Spirulina platensis

concentrate in rats. J. Nutr., 135, 2425–2430.

Nagarathinam, N., Stephen, S.K. & Sundararaj, V. (2000) Influence of stocking density

on growth, production and survival of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) in a

monoculture grow-out pond .Indian J. Fish., 47, 103–108.

Nakagawa, H. & Gomez-Diaz, G. (1995) Usefulness of Spirulina sp. meal as feed

additive for giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Suisanzoshoku,

43, 521–526.

Nakagawa, H. & Montgomery, W.L. (2007) Algae. In: Gatlin DM III, Nakagawa H, Sato

M (eds) Dietary supplements for the health and quality of cultured fish. Cabi

International, Cambridge, pp. 133–167.

Nakamura, K. (1987) Classification of diverticular cells of the midgut gland in the prawn

Penaeus japonicus. Mem. Fac. Fish., Kagoshima University, 36, 207–213.

Nakamura, R. (1975) A preliminary report on the circadian rhythmicity in the spontaneous

locomotor activity of Macrobrachium rosenbergii and its possible application to

prawn culture. Proceedings of the World Mariculture Society, 6, 37–41.

Nandeesha, M.C., De Silva S.S., Krishnamoorthy D. & Dathathri, K. (1994) Use of

mixed feeding schedules in fish culture. I. field trailson catla, rohu and common

carp. Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, 25, 659–670.

Nandeesha, M.C., Gangadhar, B., Varghese, T. J. & Keshavanath, P. (1998) Effect of

feeding Spirulina platensis on the growth, proximate composition and organoleptic

quality of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Aquac. Res., 29, 305–312.

Nanton, D.A. & Castell, J.D. (1998) The effects of dietary fatty acids on the fatty acid

composition of the harpacticoid copepod, Tisbe sp., for use as a live food for

marine fish larvae. Aquaculture, 163, 251–261.


225

Navarro, J.C. & Villanueva, R. 2000. Lipid and fatty acid composition of early stages of

cephalopods: an approach to their lipid requirements. Aquaculture, 183, 161– 177.

Naylor, R.L., Goldburg, R.J., Primavera, J.H., Kautsky, N., Beveridge, M.C.M., Clay, J.,

Folke, C., Lubchenco, J., Mooney, H. & Troell, M. (2000) Effect of aquaculture

on world fish supplies. Nature, 405, 1017–1024.

Nelson, M.M., Leighton, D.L., Phleger, C.F. & Nichols, D.P. (2002) Comparison of

growth and lipid composition in the green abalone, Haliotis fulgens, provided

specific macroalgal diets. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 131B, 695–712.

New, M.B. & Singholka, S. (1985) Freshwater prawn farming. A manual for the culture

of Macrobrachium rosenbergii. FAO FisheriesTechnical Paper, 225 (Rev1).

FAO, Rome.

New, M.B. (1976) A review of dietary studies with shrimp and prawns. Aquaculture,

9, 101–144.

New, M.B. (1990) Freshwater prawn culture: a review. Aquaculture, 88, 99–143.

New, M.B. (2000a) History and global status of freshwater prawn farming. In: M.B. New

& W.C. Valenti, (eds). Freshwater prawn culture: the farming of Macrobrachium

rosenbergii. Oxford, England, Blackwell Science. pp. 1–11.

New, M.B. (2000b) Commercial freshwater prawn farming around the world. In M.B. New

& W.C. Valenti, eds. Freshwater prawn culture:the farming of Macrobrachium

rosenbergii, Oxford, England, Blackwell Science. pp. 290–325.

New, M.B. (2002) Farming freshwater prawn. A manual for the culture of the giant river

prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii). FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 428.

FAO, Rome.

New, M.B. (2005) Freshwater prawn farming: global status, recent research, and a glance

at the future. Aquaculture Research, 36, 210–30.

New, M.B., Valenti, M.C., Tidwell, J.H., D’Abramo, L.R. & Kutty, M.N. (2010)

Freshwater prawns Biology and farming, Wiley-Blackwell Publishing.

Nhan, D.T. (2009) Optimization of hatchery protocols for Macrobrachium rosenbergii

culture in Vietnam. Ph.D., Thesis, Ghent University, Belgium, pp. 265.


226

Nichols, D.S., Nichols, P.D. & Mc Meekin, T.A. (1993) Polyunsaturated fatty acids in

Antarctic bacteria. Antarctic Science, 5, 149–160.

Niki, E. (1987) Antioxidants in relation to lipid peroxidation. Chem. Phys. Lipids.,

44, 227–253.

Noborikawa, D.K. (1978) The determination of cellulose in the giant Malaysian prawn,

Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Proc. Natl. Shellfish. Assoc., 69, pp. 205.

NRC (National Research Council). (1983) Nutrient requirements of Domestic Animals,

Nutrient Requirements of Warm Water Fishes and Shell fishes. National

Academy Press: Washington, DC, pp. 102.

NRC (National Research Council). (1993) Nutrient requirements of fish. Committee on

Animal Nutrition, Board on Agriculture, National Research Council, National

Academy Press, Washington DC, USA. pp. 114.

Nwanna, L.C. & Falaye, A.E. (1997) Substitution of Azolla meal for groundnut cake in

diets for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L). Appl. Trop. Agri., 2, 139–143.

O'Dell, B.L. (1976a) Biochemistry and physiology of copper in vertebrates. In: Prasad,

A.S. (Ed.), Trace Elements in Human Health and Disease, vol.1. Academic Press,

New York, NY, USA, pp. 391–413.

O'Dell, B.L. (1976b) Biochemistry of copper. Symposium on trace elements. Med. Clin.

N. Am., 60, 697–703.

Odum, E.P. (1971) "Fundamentals of Ecology". 3rd ed. Saunders, Philadelphia,

Pennsylvania.

Ogata, H., Arai, S. & Alvare, B.M. (1985) Effect of dietary protein levels on free amonic

acid contents of juvenile European eel Anguilla anguilla. Bull. Jpn Soc. Sci. Fish.,

51, 573–578.

Ogino, C. & Yang, G. (1980) Requirements of carp and rainbow trout for dietary

manganese and copper. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish., 46, 455–458.

Oh-Hama, T. & Miyachi, S. (1988) Chlorella. In: M.A. Borowitzka and L.J. Borowitzka

(eds.), Microalgal Biotechnology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. pp. 3–26.


227

Ohkawa, H., Ohishi, N. & Yagi, K. (1979) Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by

thiobarbituric acid reaction. Analytical Biochemistry, 95, 351–358.

Olvera-Novoa, M.A., Daminguez-Cen, L.J., Olivera-Castillo, Carlos, A. & Martinez-

Palacios (1998) Effect of the use of the micro algae Spirulina maxima as fish meal

replacement in diets for tilapia, Oreachromis mossambicus (peters) fry. Aquacul.

Res., 29, 709–715.

Oxley, A.P.A., Shipton, W., Owens, L. & McKay, D. (2002) Bacterial flora from the gut

of the wild and cultured banana prawn, Penaeus merguiensis. Applied

Microbiology, 93, 214–218.

Ozdemir, G., Karabay, N.U., Dalay, M. & Pazarbasi, B. (2004) Anti-bacterial activity of

volatile component and various extracts of Spirulina platensis. Phytother. Res.,

18, 754–757.

Palmegiano, G.B., Gai, F., Dapra, F., Gasco, L., Pazzaglia, M. & Peiretti, P.G. (2008)

Effects of Spirulina and plant oil on the growth and lipid traits of white sturgeon

(Acipenser transmontanus) fingerlings. Aquaculture Research, 39, 587–595.

Pandian, T.J. (1987) Fish. In: Pandian, T.J. & Vernberg, F.J. (Eds.), Animal Energetics,

Vol. 2. Academic Press, New York, pp. 357–465.

Panigrahi, A., Kiron, V., Kobayashi, T., Puangkaew, J., Satoh, S. & Sugita, H. (2004)

Immune responses in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss induced by a potential

probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus rhamnosus JCM 1136. Vet. Immunol.

Immunopathol., 102, 379–388.

Papadopoulou, C., Economou, E.G., Zakes, C., Salamoura, C., Dontorou, C. & Apostolou, J.

(2007) Microbiological and pathogenic contaminents of seafood in Greece.

J. Food Qual., 30, 28–42.

Patil, V., Kallqvist, T., Olsen, E., Vogt, G. & Gislerod, H.R. (2007) Fatty acid composition of

12 microalgae for possible use in aquaculture feed. Aquacul. Int., 15, 1–9.

Peixoto, S., Soares, R., Wasielesky, W., Cavalli, R.A. & Jensen, L. (2004) Morphometric

relationship of length and weight of cultured Farfantepenaeus paulensis during

nursery, grow out, and brood stock production phases. Aquaculture, 242, 292-299.


228

Pereira, M.J.S. (1991) Studies on certain aspects on the culture of the pearl spot Etroplus

suratensis (Bloch), Ph.D., Thesis, Dept of Aquatic Biology, Kerala University, India.

Perera, E., Moyano, F.J., Diaz, M., Perdomo-Morales, R., Montero-Alejo, V., Rodriguez-

Viera, L., Alonso, E., Carrillo, O. & Galich,G.S. (2008) Changes in digestive

enzymes through development and molt stages in the spiny lobster, Panulirus

argus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Comp. Biochem, 151, 250–256.

Perez-Pinzon, M.A. & Lutz, P.L. (1991) Activity related cost of osmoregulation in the

juvenile snook (Centropomus undecimalis). Bull. Mar. Sci., 48, 58–66.

Peters, G.A., Mayne, B.C., Ray, T.B. & Toia, R.E. (1979) Physiology and biochemistry

of the Azolla-Anabaena symbiosis. In Nitrogen and Rice. Los Banos, Laguna,

Phillipines, International Rice Research Institute. pp. 325–344.

Petrusewicz, K. & Macfadyen, A. (1970) Productivity of Terrestrial Animals: Principles

and Methods, (IBP Handbook No. 13). Blackwell, Oxford.

Phang, S.M. (1990) Algae production from Agro-industrial and Agricultural wastes in

Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Sciences, 19, 415–418.

Phang, S.M., Miah, M.S., Chu, W.L. & Hashim, M. (2000) Spirulina culture in digested

sago starch factory waste water. J. Appl. Phycol., 12, 395–400.

Phatarpekar, P.V., Kenkre, V.D., Sreepada, R.A., Desai, U.M. & Achuthankutty, C.T.

(2002) Bacterial flora associated with larval rearing of the giant freshwater prawn,

Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Aquaculture, 203, 279–291.

Pike, I.H. & Hardy, R.W. (1997) Standards for assessing quality of feed ingredients. In:

D’Abramo, L.R., Conklin, D.M., Akiyama, D.M. (Eds.), Crustacean Nutrition.

Advances in World Aquaculture, vol.6. World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge,

LA, pp. 473–492.

Pillai, D., James, T., Joshep, A. & Vadher, K.H. (2003) Enrichment of live feed with

HUFA: Effect on Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man).Proceedings of the

International Symposium on Freshwater prawns. College of Fisheries, Kerala

Agricultural University, Kochi, Kerala, India. pp, 541–544.


229

Pillard, D.A., DuFresne, D.L. & Mickley, M.C. (2002) Development and validation of

models predicting the toxicity of major seawater ions to the mysid shrimp,

Americamysis bahia. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 21, 2131–2137.

Piska, R.S. & Naik, J.K. (2002) Freshwater aquaculture Fisheries, II year Paper I. pp.179.

Prangnell, D.I. & Fotedar, R. (2005) The effect of potassium concentration in inland

saline water on the growth and survival of the western king shrimp, Penaeus

latisulcatus (Kishinouye, 1896). J. Appl. Aquac., 17, 19–33.

Provasoli, L. & Printner, I.J. (1953) Ecological implication of invivo nutritional

requirements of algae flagellate. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 56, pp. 839.

Pullin, R.S.V. & Almazan, G. (1983) Azolla as a fish food. ICLARM Newsletter,

January, pp. 6–7.

Pulz, O. & Gross, W. (2004) Valuable products from biotechnology of microalgae. Appl.

Microbiol. Biotechnol., 65, 635–648.

Querijero, B.V.L., Teshima, S., Koshio, S. & Ishikawa, M. (1997a) Effects of stearic acid

and protein levels on the utilization of stearic acid by freshwater prawn

Macrobrachium rosenbergii juveniles. Fisheries Science, 63, 1035–1041.

Querijero, B.V.L., Teshima, S., Koshio, S. & Ishikawa, M. (1997b) Utilization of

monounsaturated fatty acid (18:1n-9, oleicacid) by freshwater prawn

Macrobrachium rosenbergii (DeMan) juveniles. Aquaculture Nutrition, 3,127–39.

Querubin, L.J., Alcantara, P.F. & Princesa, A.O. (1986) Chemical composition of three

Azolla species (A. caroliniana, A. microphylla and A. pinnata) and feeding value

of azolla meal (A. microphylla) in broiler ration 11. Philippine Agriculturist,

69, 479– 490.

Quoc, K., Dubacq, J., Demandre, C. & Mazliak, P. (1994) Comparative effects of

exogenous fatty acid supplementations on the lipids from the cyanobacterium

Spirulina platensis. Plant Physiol. Biochem., 32, 501-509.

Qureshi, M.A. & Ali, R.A. (1996) Spirulina platensis exposure enhances macrophage

phagocytic function in cats. Immuno. Pharmacol. Immuno. toxicol., 18, 457–463.


230

Radheyshyam, (2009) Farming the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium malcolmsonii,

Research & farming techniques, Aquaculture Asia Magazine, 29–32.

Raj, P.R. (1993) Aquaculture feed. A hand book on Aquafarming, MPDEDA Publi.,

Cochin, India.

Raja, R. (2009) Microalgae (Pourrielprobable) a column in the IInd Chapter in ‘Un monde

invisible’ edited by Laurence Bordenave, Publisher: Aubanel-LaMartiniere,

LaMartiniere Group, ISBN: 978-2-7006-0670-6, France, (French). pp. 124–126.

Raja, R., Anbazhagan, C., Lakshmi, D. & Rengasamy, R. (2004b) Nutritional studies on

Dunaliella salina (Volvocales, Chlorophyta) under laboratory conditions.

Seaweed Res. Utili., 26, 127–146.

Rameshkumar, G., Ravichandran, S., Chandrasekar & Ajithkumar, T. (2009) Gut

microbiota of crabs from the Vellar estuary, southeast coast of India. Microbial

ecology in Health and Disease, 21, 178–182.

Rath, G.S., Dube, K. (1994). Role of zinc in promoting growth and survival of

Macrobrachium rosenbergii. J. of Acquacult. Trop., 9, 209-222.

Ravichandran, S. & Kannupandi, T. (2005) Total heterotrophic bacterial load in

decomposing mangrove litter and gut of crabs. Asian J. Microbiol., 7, 861–864.

Reigh, R. C. & Stickney, R. R. (1989) Effects of purified fatty acids of the fatty acid

composition of the freshwater shrimp, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Aquaculture,

77, 157–174.

Reitan, K.I., Rainuzzo, J.R., Oie, G. & Olsen, Y. (1993) Nutritional effectsof algal

addition in first feeding of turbot Scophtalmus maximus L. larvae. Aquaculture,

118, 257–275.

Rice, D.A. & Kennedy, S. (1988) Vitamin-E and free radical formation: possible

implications for animal nutrition. In: Haresign, W., Cole, D.W.A. (Eds.), Recent

Advances in Animal Nutrition. Butterworth, London, pp. 39–57.

Rigos, G., Samartzis, A., Henry, M., Fountoulaki, E., Cotou, E., Sweetman, J., Davies, S.

& Nengas, I. (2010) Effects of additive iron on growth, tissue distribution,


231

haematology and immunology of gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata. Aquacult.

Int., 18, 1093–1104.

Rodriguez-Lopez, M. & Lopez Quijada, C. (1971) Plasma glucose and plasma insulin in

normal and alloxanized rats treated with Chlorella. Life Science, 10, 57–60.

Roe, J.H. & Kuether, C.A. (1943) Detection of ascorbic acid in whole blood and urine

through2, 4-DNPH derivative of dehydroascorbicacid. J. Biol. Chem., 147, 399–407.

Roe, J.H. (1955) The determination of sugar and blood and spinal fluid with anthrone

reagent. J. Biol. Chem., 212, 335–343.

Romeo, M., Bennani, N., Barelli-Gnassia, M., Lafaurie, M. & Girard, J.P. (2000)

Cadmium and copper display different responses towards oxidative stress in the

kidney of the sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax. Aquat.Toxicol., 48, 185–194.

Ronnestad, I. & Fyhn, J. (1993). Metabolic aspects of free amino acids in developing

marine fish eggs and larvae. Rev. Fish. Sci., 1, 239–259.

Rosenberg, J.N., Oyler, G.A., Wilkinson, L. & Betenbaugh, M.J. (2008) A green light for

engineered algae: redirecting metabolism to fuel a biotechnology revolution.

Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 19, 430–436.

Rosovitz, M.J., Voskuil, M.I. & Chambliss, G.H. (1998) Bacillus. In: A. Balows and B.I.

Duerden (Eds), Systematic Bacteriology. Arnold Press, London: 709–720.

Rueda-Jasso, R., Conceicao, L.E.C., Dias, J., DeCoen, W., Gomes, E.,Rees, J.F., Soares,

F., Dinis, M.T. & Sorgeloos, P. (2004) Effect of dietary non protein energy levels

on condition and oxidative status of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis)

juveniles. Aquaculture, 231, 417–433.

Saborowski, R., Thatje, S., Calcagno, J.A., Lovrich, G.A. & Anger, K. (2006)

Digestive enzymes in the ontogenetic stages of the southern king crab, Lithodes

santolla. Mar. Biol., 149, 865–873.

Saeed, Z.N., Mehran, H.R., Ghobad, A.T., Donald, L.L., Ali-Reza, M. & Mehdi, S.

(2006) The effect of Bacillus spp. Bacteria used as probiotics on digestive enzyme

activity, survival and growth in the Indian white shrimp Fenneropenaeus indicus.

doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.07.021. Aquaculture, 252, 516–524.


232

Saleh, A.M., Hussein, L. A., Abdalla, F.E., El Fouly, M.M. & Shaheen, A.B. (1985) The

nutritional quality of drum-dried algae produced in open door mass culture.

Z. Ernahrungswiss, 24, 256–263.

Salminen, S., Bouley, S., Boutron-Ruault, M.C., Cummings, J.H., Franck, A. & Gibson,

G.R. (1998) Functional food science and gastrointestinal physiology and function.

Br. J. Nutr., 80, S147–71.

Salvesen, I., Reitan, K.I., Skjermo, J. & Oie, G., (2000) Microbial environments in

marine larvicultutre: impacts of algal growth rates as the bacterial load in six

microalgae. Aquac. Int., 8, 275–287.

Sanchez, S., Martinez, M.E., Molina, E. & Casa, J.A. (1995) Skeletonema costatum, as a

potential source of fattyacids and single cell protein (SCP): the effect of pH on

growth rate and biomass composition. J. Mar. Biotechnol., 2, 23–26.

Sandbank, E. & Hepher, B. (1978) The utilization of microalgae as a feed for fish

additive for fish. Arch. Hydrobiol. Suppl Ergeb. Limnol., 11, 108–120.

Sanders, M.E., Morelli, L. & Tompkins, T.A. (2003) Spore formers as human probiotics:

Bacillus, Sporolacto bacillus, and Brevi bacillus. Comprehensive Reviews in Food

Science and Food Safety, 2, 101–110.

Sandifer, P.A., Hopkins, J.S. & Smith, T.I.J. (1975) Observations on salinity tolerance

and osmoregulation in laboratory reared Macrobrachium rosenbergii post larvae

(Crustacea: Caridea). Aquaculture, 6, 103–14.

Sanginga, N. & VanHove, C. (1989) Amino Acid Composition of Azolla as affected by

strains and population density. Plant and Soil, 117, 263–267.

Sanhotra, M.K. (1994) Shrimp feed formulation and feed management, CMFRI, Spl. Public,

No: 60.

Sano, T. & Tanaka, Y. (1987) Effects of dried powdered Chlorella vulgaris on

experimental atherosclerosis and alimentary hyper-cholesterolemia in cholesterol-

fed rabbit. Artery, 14, 76–84.

Sara, J.R., Gous, R.M. & Bureau, D.P. (2009) Describing growth and predicting feed

intake in the marine prawn Fenneropenaeus indicus, Part I: Theoretical and


233

practical aspects of measuring and predicting genetic parameters. Aquaculture,

287, 402–413.

Sarac, Z., Thaggard, H., Saunders, J., Gravel, M., Neill, A. & Cowan, R.T. (1993)

Observations on the chemical composition of some commercial prawn feeds and

associated growth responses in Penaeus monodon. Aquaculture, 115, 97–110.

Sargent, J. R., Tocher, D. R. & Bell, J.G. (2002) The lipids. In Fish Nutrition. 3rd edition,

Sandiego: Academic press. pp. 181–257.

Sargent, J., Bell, G., McEvoy, L., Tocher, D. & Estevez, A. (1999) Recent developments

in the essential fatty acid nutrition of fish. Aquaculture, 177, 191– 199.

Sargent, J.R. (1976) The structure, metabolism and function of lipids in marine

organisms. In: Malins, D.C., Sargent, R. (Eds.), Biochemical and Biophysical

Perspectives in Marine Biology, Vol.3. Academic Press, London, pp. 149–212.

Sargent, J.R., Bell, J.G., Bell, M.V., Henderson, R.J. & Tocher, D.R. (1995) Requirement

criteria for essential fattyacids. J. Appl. Ichthyol., 11, 183–198.

Sargent, J.R., Henderson, R.J. & Tocher, D.R., (1989) The lipids. In: Halver, J.E. (Ed.),

Fish Nutrition, 2nded. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. pp.153–218.

Schlosser, U.G. (1994) SAG-Sammlung von Algenkulturen at the University of

Gottingen. Catalogue of Strains 1994. Bot. Acta., 107, 113–186.

Schuster, A.M., Waddle, J.A., Korth, K. & Meints, R.H. (1990) Chloroplast genome of

an exsymbiotic Chlorella - like green algae. Plant Mol. Biol, 14, 859-862.

Scudder, K.M., Pasanello, E., Krafsur, J. & Ross, K. (1981) Analysis of locomotory

activity in juvenile giant Malaysian prawns, Macrobrachium rosenbergii

(De Man) (Decapoda, Palaemonidae). Crustaceana, 40, 31–50.

Sen, B., Alp, M.T. & Kocer, M.A.T. (2005) Studies on growth of marine micro algae in

batch cultures: I: Chlorella vulgaris (Chlororphyta). Asian J. Plant Sci., 4, 636–638.

Sharma, M.K., Sharma, A., Kuma, A. & Kumar, M. (2007) Evaluation of protective

efficacy of Spirulina fusiformis against mercury induced nephrotoxicity in Swiss

albino mice. Food Chem. Toxicol., 45, 879–887.


234

Sheen, S.S. & Wu, S.W. (1999) The effects of dietary lipid levels on the growth response

of juvenile mud crab. Aquaculture, 175, 143–153.

Shen, T. & Wang, J.Y. (1990) Biochemistry. (M). Higher education publisher, pp. 67-86.

Sherief, P.M. & James, T. (1994) Nutritive value of the water fern Azolla for fish.

Fishing Chimes, 14, pp. 14.

Shiau, S.Y. & Hsieh, J.F. (2001) Dietary potassium requirement of juvenile grass shrimp

Penaeus monodon. Fish. Sci., 67, 592–595.

Shiau, S.Y. & Hsu, T.S. (1994) Vitamin-C requirement of grass shrimp, Penaeus monodon,

as determined with l-ascorbyl-2-monophosphate. Aquaculture, 122, 347–357.

Shiau, S.Y. & Jia-Fen, H. (2001) Dietary potassium requirement of juvenile grass shrimp

Penaeus monodon. Fisheries Science, 67, 592–595.

Shiau, S.Y. & Ning, Y.C. (2003). Estimating of dietary copper requirements for juvenile

tilapia, (Oreochromis niloticus ×O.aureus). Anim. Sci., 77, 287–292.

Shiau, S.Y. (1998) Nutrient requirements of penaeid shrimps. Aquaculture, 164, 77–93.

Shibata, S., Natori, Y., Nishihara, T., Tomisaka, K., Matsumoto, K., Sansawa, H. &

Nguyen, VC. (2003) Antioxidant and anticataract effects of Chlorella on rats with

streptozotocin induced diabetes. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol., 49, 334–339.

Shibata, S., Oda, K., Onodera-Masuoka, N., Matsubara, S., Kikuchi Hayakawa, H.,

Ishikawa, F., Iwabuchi, A. & Sansawa, H. (2001) Hypocholesterolemic effect of

indigestible fraction of Chlorella regularis in cholesterol fed rats. J. Nutr. Sci.

Vitaminol., 47, 373–377.

Shifrin, N.S. & Chisholm, S.W. (1981) Phytoplankton lipids: inter-specific differences

and effects of nitrate, silicate and light–dark cycles. J. Phycol., 17, 374–384.

Shulman, G.E. & Love, R.M. (1999). The biochemical ecology of marine fishes. Adv.

Mar. Biol. 36, pp. 351.

Sies, H. & Murphy, M.E. (1991) Role of tocopherols in the protection of biological

systems against oxidative damage. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol., 8, 211–224.


235

Sies, H. (1985) Oxidative stress: introductory remarks. In: Sies, H. (Ed.), Oxidative

stress. Academic Press, London. pp. 1–8.

Simpore, J., Kabore, F., Zongo, F., Dansou, D., Bere, A. & Pignatelli, S. (2006) Nutrition

rehabilitation of under nourished children utilizing Spiruline and Misola. Nutr. J.,

5, 3–7.

Singh, A., Singh, S.P. & Bamazai, R. (1998) Perinata linfluence of Chlorella vulgaris on

hepatic drug metabolizing enzyme and lipis. Anticancer Res., 18, 1509–1514.

Singh, A., Singh, S.P. & Bamezai, R. (1999) Inhibitory potential of Chlorella vulgaris

(E-25) on mouse skin papillomagenesis and xenobiotic detoxication system.

Anticancer Res., 19, 1887–1892.

Sinha, A.K. (1972) Colorimetric assay of catalase. Analytical Biochemistry, 47, 389–394.

Sivakumar, N., Sundararaman, M. & Selvakumar, G. (2011) Efficacy of micro algae and

cyanobacteria as a live feed for juveniles of shrimp Penaeus monodon. African J.

Biotech., 10, 11594–11599.

Skinner, D.M. (1985) Molting and regeneration. In: Bliss, D.E., Mantel, L.H. (Eds.), The

Biology of Crustacea. Integument, Pigments and Hormonal Processes, Vol. 9.

Academic Press. Inc, New York. pp. 14–128.

Skjermo, J. & Vadstein, O. (1993) Characterization of the bacterial flora of mass

cultivated Brachionus plicatilis. Hydrobiologia, 255/256, 185–191.

Skjermo, J. & Vadstein, O. (1999) Techniques for microbial control in the intensive

rearing of marine larvae. Aquaculture, 177, 333–343.

Slim, C., Ahmed, F., Nabil, M., Heykel, T., Hafedh, M. & Youssef, G. (2007) Crab

digestive lipase acting at high temperature: purification and biochemical

characterization. Biochimie, 89, 1012–1018.

Smith, D.M., Dall, W. & Moore, L.E. (1992) The natural food of some Australian

penaeids. In: Allan, G.L., Dall, W. Eds., Proc. Aquaculture Nutrition Workshop.

NSW Fisheries, Salamander Bay, Australia, pp. 95–96.

Smith, T.I.J. & Hopkins, J.S. (1977) Apparatus for separating postlarval prawns,

Macrobrachium rosenbergii, from mixed larval populations. Aquaculture, 11, 273–8.


236

Solorzano, L. (1969) Determination of ammonia in natural waters by the phenol

hypochlorite method. Limnol. Oceanogr., 14, 799–801.

Sorokin, C. & Krauss, R.W. (1958) The effect of light intensity on the growth rates of

green algae. Plant Physiol., 33, 109–113.

Spolaore, P., Joannis-Cassan, C., Duran, E. & Isambert, A. (2006) Commercial

applications of microalgae. J. Biosci. Bioeng., 101, 87–96.

Stahl, M.S. (2009) The role of natural productivity and applied feeds in the growth of

Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Proc. World Maricult. Soc., 10, 92–109.

Stechmiller, J.K., Langkamp-Henken, B., Childress, B., Herrlinger-Garcia, K.A.,

Hudgens, J. & Tian, L. (2005) Arginine supplementation does not enhance serum

nitric oxide levels in elderly nursing home residents with pressure ulcers.

Biological research for nursing, 6, 289–299.

Storebakken, T. & Austreng, E. (1987a) Ration level for salmonids Growth, survival,

body com-position, and feed conversion in Atlantic salmon fry and fingerlings.

Aquaculture, 60, 189-206.

Storebakken, T. & Austreng, E. (1987b) Ration level for salmonids. Growth, feed intake,

protein digestibility, body composition, and feed conversion in rainbow trout

weighing 0.5–1.0 kg. Aquaculture, 60, 207-221.

Stott, A.E., Takeuchi, T. & Koike, Y. (2004) Performance of a new artificial abalone

hatchery culture system in terms of settlement of larvae and growth and survival

of post-larvae Haliotis discuss (Reeve). Fish. Sci., 70, 1070–1081.

Stottrup, J. & McEvoy, L. (2003) Live Feeds in Marine Aquaculture, Wiley-Blackwell,

UK. pp. 336.

Stuck, K.C., Watts, S.A. & Wang, S.Y. (1996) Biochemical responses during starvation

and subsequent recovery in Postlarval Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei.

Mar. Biol., 125, 33–45.

Suarez, A., Ramirez-Tortosa, M., Gil, A. & Faus, M. (1999) Addition of vitamin-E to

long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid- enriched diets protects neonatal tissue

lipids against peroxidation in rats. Eur. J. Nutr., 38, 169–176.


237

Sudaryono, A. (2006) Use of Azolla (Azolla pinnata) meal as a substitute for defatted

soybean meal in diets of juvenile black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon). J. Coas.

Develop., 9, 145– 154.

Sudaryono, A., Hoxey, M.J., Kailis, S.G. & Evans, L.H. (1995) Investigation of

alternative protein sources in practical diets for juvenile shrimp, Penaeus

monodon. Aquaculture, 134, 313–323.

Sudaryono, A., Tsvetnenko, E., Hutabarat, J., Supriharyono, & Evans, L.H. (1999) Lupin

ingredients in shrimp (Penaeus monodon) diets: influence of lupin species and

types of meals. Aquaculture, 171, 121–133.

Suetsuna, K. & Chen, J.R. (2001) Identification of antihypertensive peptides from peptic

digest of two microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris and Spirulina platensis. Mar.

Biotechnol., 3, 305–309.

Sugita, H., Kawaskai, J., Kumazarwa, J. & Deguchi, Y. (1996) Production of amylase by

the intertidal bacteria of Japanese coastal animals. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 23, 174–8.

Sugita, H., Okano, R., Suzuki, Y., Iwai, D., Mizukami, M., Akiyama, N. & Matsuura, S.

(2002) Antibacterial abilities of intestinal bacteria from larval and juvenile

Japanese flounder against fish pathogens. Fisheries Science, 68, 1004–1011.

Sukenik, A., Eshkol, R., Livne, A., Hadas, O., Rom, M., Techernov, D., Vardi, A. &

Kaplan, A. (2002) Inhibition of growth and photosynthesis of dinoflagellates,

Peridinum gatuneuse, by microcystis sp. (Cyanobacteria): a novel allelopathic

mechanism. Limnol. Oceanogr., 47, 1656–1663.

Swamy, D.N. (1995) “Tranning Manual, Short-Term Cource in Biotechnological

Approaches In Prawns And Fish Nutrition And Fed Tecnology”, CIBA, Madras.

15th February to 7th March: pp. 82–88.

Swick, R. (2002) Soybean meal quality, assessing the characteristics of a major aquatic

feed ingredient. Advocate, 5, 46–49.

Tacon, A.G.J. & Akiyama, D.M. (1997) Feed Ingredients. In L.R. D’Abramo, D.E. Conklin,

& D.M. Akaiyama (Eds.), Crustacean Nutrition, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA:

World Aquaculture Society, Louisiana State University. pp. 411–472.


238

Tacon, A.G.J. & Barg, U.C. (1998) Major challenges to feed development for marine and

diadromous finfish and crustacean species. In: De Silva, S.S. (Ed.), Tropical

Mariculture. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA, pp. 171–208.

Tacon, A.G.J. & Savas, I.C. (2000) Farm-made aqua feeds. Proceedings of the FAO/

AADCP Regional Expert Consultation on Farm-Made Aqua feeds, 14-18 December

1992, Bangkok, Thailand. FAO-RAPA/AADCP, Bangkok, Thailand. pp. 434.

Takeuchi, T., Lu, J., Yoshizaki, G. & Satoh, S. (2002) Effect on the growth and body

composition of juvenile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus fed raw Spirulina. Fish.

Sci., 68, 34–40.

Tam, N.F.Y. & Wong, Y.S. (1996) Effect of ammonia concentrations on growth of Chlorella

vulgaris and nitrogen removal from media. Bioresource Technol., 57, 45–50.

Tan, C.K. & Johns, M.R. (1991) Fattyacid production by heterotrophic Chlorella

saccharophila. Hydrobiologia, 215, 13–19.

Tanaka, K., Yamada, A., Noda, K., Hasegawa, T., Okuda, K., Shoyama, Y. & Nomoto, K.

(1998) A novel glycoprotein obtained from Chlorella vulgaris strain CK22 shows anti

metastatic immune potentiation.Cancer Immunol. Immunother., 45, 313–320.

Tanaka, R., Ootsubo, M., Sawabe, T., Ezura, Y. & Tajima, K. (2004) Biodiversity and

in situ abundance of gut microflora of abalone (Haliotis discus hannai)

determined by culture-independent techniques. Aquaculture, 241, 453–463.

Tapiero, H., Mathe, G., Couvreur, P. & Tew, K.D. (2002) Glutamine and glutamate.

Biomed. Pharmacother., 56, 446–457.

Tartiel, M.B. (2005) Physiological studies on some green algae. Ph.D., Thesis, Faculty of

Agriculture, Cairo University. Egypt.

Tartiel, M.B., Ibrahim, E.M. & Zeinhom, M.M. (2008) Partial Replacement Of Fish Meal

With Dried Microalga (Chlorella Spp AND Scenedesmus spp) in Nile Tilapia

(Oreochromis niloticus) Diets.8th International Symposium on Tilapia in

Aquaculture. Pp. 801–811.


239

Tekinay, A.A. & Davies, S.J. (2001) Dietary carbohydrate level influencing feed intake,

nutrient utilisation and plasma glucose concentration in the rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss. Turkish J. Veter. Ani. Sci., 25, 657–666.

Teshima, S., Ishikawa, M. & Koshio, S. (1993) Recent developments in nutrition and

microparticulate diets of larval prawns. The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture,

(Bamidgeh) 45, 175–184.

Thompson, A.B., McGill, A.S., Murray, J., Hardy, R. & Howgate, P.F. (1980) The

analysis of a range of non-volatile constituents of cooked haddock (Gadus

aeglefinus) and the influence of these on flavor. In J.J. Connell (Ed.), Advances in

Fish Science and Technology. Fishing Books, Farnham, Surrey. pp. 484.

Tocher, D.R., Mourente, G., Vander Eecken, A., Evjemo, J.O., Díaz, E., Bell, J.G.,

Geurden, I., Lavens, P. & Olsen, Y. (2002) Effects of dietary vitamin E on

antioxidant defence mechanisms of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.),

halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) and sea bream (Sparus aurata L.).

Aquacult. Nutr., 8, 195–207.

Tokusoglu, O. & Unal, M.K. (2001) Proceedings of the I. Algae Technology Symposium.

October 24-26. Ege Bilim Teknoloji Uygulama ve Aras ¸tírma Merkezi

(EBÍLTEM), Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.

Tokusoglu, O. & Unal, M.K. (2003) Biomass Nutrient Profiles of Three Microalgae:

Spirulina platensis, Chlorella vulgaris, and Isochrisis galbana. J. Food Science,

68, 1144–1148.

Tongsiri, S., Mang-Amphan, K. & Peerapornpisal, Y. (2010) Effect of Replacing

Fishmeal with Spirulina on Growth, Carcass Composition and Pigment of the

Mekong Giant Catfish. Asian J. Agricul. Sci., 2, 106–110.

Torres, J.J., Belman, B.W. & Childress, J.J. (1979) Oxygen consumption rates of midwater

fishes as a function of depth of occurrence. Deep Sea Res., 26A, 185–197.

Toyub, M. A., Uddina, M. Z., Miahb, M.I. & Habibb, M.A.B. (2011) Growth Performance

and Nutritional Analysis of Spirulina platensis in Different Concentrations of Papaya

Skin Powder Media. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res., 46, 333–338.


240

Tsai, I.H., Chuang, K.L. & Chuang, J.L. (1986) Chymotrypsins in digestive tracts of crustacean

decapods (Shrimps). Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 85, 235–240.

Tsuchida, T., Mashiko, K., Yamada, K., Hiratsuka, H., Shimada, T., Itagaki, Y., Fujinuma,

H., Samejima, K., Nakamura, T., Hasegawa, T. & Matsubayashi, T. (2003) Clinical

study of gamma-aminobutyricacid rich Chlorella for subjects with high-normal blood

pressure and mild hypertension. J. Jpn. Soc. Nutr. Food Sci., 56, 97–102.

Tsuzuki, M., Ohnuma, E., Sato, N., Takaku, T. & Kawaguchi, A. (1990) Effects of CO2

concentration during growth on fatty acid composition in microalgae. Plant

Physiol., 93, 851-856.

Turner, M.F. (1979) Nutrition of some micro-algae with special reference to vitamin

requirements and utilization of nitrogen and carbon sources. J. Marine

Biotechnol. Assoc., (United Kingdom), 159, 535–552.

Umesh, N.R., Dathatri, K., Nandeesha M.C., Gangadhara, B. & Varghese, T.J. (1994)

Digestibility of dry matter and protein from Spirulina platensis by common carp,

Cyprinus carpio, with a note on time of faeces collection in digestibility estimations.

In: Fish nutrition Research Asia, Proceedings of the Fifth Asian Fish Nutrition

Workshop (Ed. by S.S. De Silva), Asian Fisheries Society, Manilla, pp. 81–84.

Uno, Y. & Kwon, C.S. (1969) Larval development of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man)

reared in the laboratory. Journal of the Tokyo University of Fisheries, 55, 179–90.

Uslu, L.H., Isık, O., Sayın, S., Durmaz, Y., Goksan, T. & Gokpınar, S. (2009) The

Effect of Temperature on Protein and Amino Acid Composition of Spirulina

platensis. E.U. Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences, 26, 139–142.

Vaikosen, S.E., Nwokoro, S.O. & Orheruata, A.M. (2007) Yield and chemical

composition of Chlorella species cultivated in pig, poultry and cow dungs in

Southern Nigeria. ASSET Series A, 7, 229–235.

Van Hove, C. & Lopez, Y. (1982) Fisiologia de Azolla. In: Workshop on the assessment

of Azolla use in tropical Latin America. Chicklayo: Peru.

Van Hove, C. & Lopez, Y. (1983) Fisiologia de Azolla.In: Boletin teenico, Universidad

Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Palmira.Volumen.1,

No.1.pp. 43-58.


241

Van Hove, C. (1989) Azolla and its Multiple Uses, Emphasis on Africa. FAO, Rome, pp. 53.

Van Wormhoudt, A., Le Chevalier, P. & Sellos, D. (1992) Purification, biochemical

characterization and n-terminal sequence of a serine protease with chymotrypsic

and collagenolytic activities in a tropical shrimp, Penaeus vannamei (Crustacea ;

Decapoda) Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 103B, 675–680.

Vasudhevan, I. & James, R. (2011) Effect of optimum Spirulina along with different

levels of vitamin C incorporated diets on growth, reproduction and coloration in

goldfish Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758). Indian J. Fish., 58, 101–106.

Vihervaara, T. & Puig, O. (2008) dFOXO regulates transcription of a Drosophila

acidlipase. J. Mol. Biol., 376, 1215–1223.

Vogt, G. (2002) Functional anatomy. In: Holdrich, I.D.M. (Ed.), Biology of Freshwater

Crayfish. Blackwell Science, pp. 87–100.

Vonk, H.J. (1960) Digestion and metabolism. In: Waterman, T.H. (Ed.), The physiology of

crustacea I: Metabolism and growth. Academic Press, New York, USA. pp. 291–316.

Vonshak, A. (1986) Laboratory techniques for the cultivation of microalgae, in Hand book of

Micro algal Mass Culture, ed. by Richmond A. CRC Press, California, pp.117–143.

Vonshak, A. (1997) Appendics: Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira): Physiology cell-biology

and biotechnology. Taylor and Francis Ltd., London, pp. 214.

Wagner, G.M. (1997) Azolla: a review of its biology and utilization. Bot. Rev., 63, 1–26.

Walker J. A. & Harmon, D. L. (1996) Technical note: a simple, rapid assay for alpha-

amylase in bovine pancreatic juice. J. Anim. Sci., 74, 658–662.

Wang, W., Wang, A., Chen, L., Liu, Y. & Sun, R. (2002) Effects of pH on survival,

phosphorus concentration, adenylate energy charge and Na+, K+ ATPase activities

of Penaeus chinensis Osbeck juveniles. Aquat. Toxicol., 60, 75–83.

Wang, W.N., Wang, A.L., Lai Bao, Wang, J.P., Yuan, L. & Yong Sun, R. (2004) Changes of

protein-bound and free amino acids in the muscle of fresh water prawn

Macrobrachium nipponese in different salinities. Aquaculture, 231, 561–571.


242

Wang, Y., Chang, C., Chou, J., Chen, H.L., Deng, X., Harvey, B.K., Caded, J.L. &

Bickford, P.C. (2005) Dietary supplementation with blueberries, spinach, or

Spirulina reduces ischemic brain damage. Exp. Neurol., 193, 75–84.

Watanabe, T. (1982) Lipid nutrition in fish.Comp. Biochem. Physiol., Part B 73, 3–15.

Watanabe, T. (1993) Importance of docosahexaenoic acid in marine larval fish. J. World

Aquacult. Soc., 24, 152–161.

Watanabe, T., Liao, W., Takeuchi, T. & Yamamoto, H. (1990) Effect of dietary Spirulina

supplement on growth performance and flesh lipids of cultured striped jack. J.

Tokyo Univ. Fish., 77, 231–239.

Watanabe, T., Ogino, C., Koshishi, Y. & Matsunga, T. (1974) Requirement of rainbow

trout for essential fatty acids. Bulletin of Japanese Society of Fisheries Science,

40, 493–499.

Weatherly, A.H. & Gill, H.S. (1987) The biology of fish growth. Academic Press,

London.

Webster, C.D., Tidwell, J.H., Goodgame, L.S., Yancey, D.H. & Mackey, L. (1992) Use of

soybean meal and distillers grains with soluable as partial or total replacement of fish

meal in diets for channel catfish, Ictaburus punctatus. Aquaculture, 106, 301–307.

Wilson, R.P. (2002) Amino acids and Protein. In: J.E. Halver and R.W. Hardy (Eds.),

Fish Nutrition. Academic Press, San Diego. CA, USA. pp. 143–179.

Wilson, R.P., Bowser, P.R. & Poe, W.E. (1984) Dietary vitamin-E requirement of

fingerling channel catfish. J. Nutr., 114, 2053–2058.

Wilson, R.W. (1999) A novel role for the gut of seawater teleosts in acid base balance.

In: Taylor E.W., Raven, J.A. & Egginton, S. (Eds) Regulation of tissue pH in

plants and animals. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Winberg, G.G. (1970) Energy flow in aquatic ecological system. Pol. Arch. Hydrobiol.

17, 11–19.

Winkler, A. (1986) Effect of inorganic sea water constituents on branchial Na+, K+,

ATPase activity in the shore crab Carcinus maenas. Mar. Biol., 92, 537–544.


243

Winston, G.W. & Di Guilio, R.T. (1991) Prooxidant and antioxidant mechanisms in

aquatic organisms. Aquat. Toxicol., 19, 137–161.

Witte, M.B. & Barbul, A. (2003) Arginine Physiology and its implication for wound

healing. Wound Repair Regen., 11, 419–423.

Wuenschel, M.J., Jugovich, A.R. & Hare, J.A. (2004) Effect of temperature and salinity

on the energetics of juvenile gray snapper (Lutjanus griseus): implications

for nursery habitat value. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 312, 333–347.

Xue, X.M., Anderson, A.J., Richardson, N.A., Anderson, A.J., Xue, G.P. & Mather, P.B.

(1999) Characterization of cellulose activity in the digestive system of the red

claw crayfish (Cherax quadricanatus). Aquaculture, 180, 373–386.

Yilmaz, H.K. (2012) The proximate composition and growth of Spirulina platensis

biomass (Arthrospira platensis) at different temperature. Journal of Animal and

Veterinary Advances, 11, 1135–1138.

Yilmaz, H.K., Ayas, D. & Yilmaz, H. (2010) The effects of different salinity ratios on

reproductive rates and proximate composition of Spirulina platensis in a helical

photobioreactor. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 9, 2427–2431.

Ying, D., Ting-Ting, W., Yu-Feng, W., Xue-Jie, G. & Cai-Feng, Y. (2009) Activities of

digestive enzymes during embryonic development in the crayfish Procamabrus

clarkii (Decapoda). Aquac. Res., 40/41, 1–6.

Yusof, Y.A.M., Basari, J.M.H. & Mukti, N.A. (2011) Fatty acids composition of

microalgae Chlorella vulgaris can be modulated by varying carbon dioxide

concentration in outdoor culture. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10, 13536-

13542.

Zang, Z., Dai, X., Zhang, J. & Zhu, Z. (1995) Effects of Mg2+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ /Ca2+

contents on survival rates of Macrobrachium rosenbergii larvae reared in mixed

water. Oceanologiaet Limnologia Sinica, 26, 552–557.

Zeinhom, M.M. (2004) Nutritional and physiological studies on fish. Ph.D., Thesis.

Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University. Egypt.


244

Zeng, H. & Combs Jr, G.F. (2008) Selenium as an anticancer nutrient: roles in cell

proliferation and tumor cell invasion. J. Nutr. Biochem., 19, 1–7.

Zhou, A., Xie, S., Lei, W., Zhu, X. & Yang, Y. (2005) A bioenergetic model to estimate feed

requirement of gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelio. Aquaculture, 248, 287–297.

Zimmermann. S., Leboute, E.M. & De Souza, S.M. (1994) Effects of two calcium levels

in diets and three calcium levels in the culture water on the growth of the

freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. World Aquaculture Society, Baton

Rouge, Louisiania. pp. 196.

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS


Date post:	01-Jun-2020
Category:	Documents
Upload:	others
View:	2 times
Download:	0 times

BIBLIOGRAPHY - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/33889/1/bibliography.pdf ·...

Documents