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Wriggins, H. (1966) 'National integration', in M. Weiner (ed.) Moderniza­tion. New York: Basic Books.

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Zubaida, S. (1978) Theories of nationalism', in G.Littlejohn (ed.) Power and the State. London: Croom Helm.

Index

access 10, 12,22,40, 54, 57, 64, 148, 163, 188,208,232, 233, 237,238-41,245,252,288,298, 303, 306, 313, 330, 340, 348

accountability 181,230,246, 358 accumulation 36,37, 57, 135, 140,

149,151,154,177,211,237, 256, 265, 300, 349

Acheh 269 achieved status 71, 75, 87 adaptation 68, 90, 98, 114 Aden 43 affectivity 72 Afghanistan 27, 34, 163, 357 Africa 3,6,7,9, 10, 12,20,21,23,

25, 29, 30, 36, 39, 44-8, 50, 51, 57, 58, 80, 84, 93, 94, 99, 109, 120, 123, 124, 126, 128, 130, 131, 137, 183, 184, 185, 188-90, 200, 202-4, 206, 212, 213, 214, 221,233,244, 247, 256, 257, 262, 264, 276, 278, 283, 291, 300, 301, 303, 304, 307, 310, 314, 315, 325, 341, 347, 351, 357, 358, 360

African National Congress 358, 360

age groups 52, 94 aid 8, 15, 16,25,28,31,80,83,

115, 120, 123, 125, 126, 129, 135, 159, 164, 165, 180, 183, 213, 214, 255, 263, 278, 280, 318, 335, 358, 361

Algeria 40,41, 139,209,213,246, 250, 299, 313, 314, 318, 357

Allende, Salvador 263 Andean Pact 135 Angola 26,209,214,314,357,358

APEC 27 Argentina 7, 39, 193, 195, 202,

250, 329 ascription 73, 84, 104, 114 Asia 3, 5-7, 10, 12, 14,20,23,27,

30, 39, 45, 48, 58, 80, 84, 102, 109, 120, 137,221,233,237, 246, 271, 272, 274, 276, 290, 319, 327, 330, 335, 349, 350, 351, 357, 362

Asian Tigers 7, 359 assimilation 50, 134, 219, 271 Australia 27,45, 151 authoritarianism 15,111,116,

117,119,192-7,259,324,325, 335, 348, 358, 359

authority 31,33,51,52,55,57,68, 70, 74, 78, 81, 87, 94, 95, 98-100,118, 150, 157, 191, 199, 214, 224, 234, 261, 271, 290, 291, 306, 308, 313, 330, 340, 343, 346, 347, 349

autocracy 207 Awami League 281,293 Ayub Khan 177, 294

Baluchistan 269, 274 Basic Democracies 177 Begum Zia 222 Belgian Congo 182 Belgium 163 Bengalis 280-2, 293, 294 Biafra 270, 282, 284-6, 288, 290 Bihar 234 Boer War 44 Bolivia 7, 51, 150 Bonapartism 176, 177, 255 bonded labour 55, 157

384

Bophal 223 Botswana 213, 325, 340 bourgeois ideology 56 bourgeoisie 29, 39, 131, 136, 137,

152--4,156-8, 172, 175, 176, 179,180, 185, 186, 189-92, 195, 208,232,233, 237, 255, 256, 291, 293, 294, 301, 349

foreign 237 indigenous 185, 190, 232, 301

Brandt Report 22 Brazil 15,28,31,51, 139, 144, 147,

150, 154, 155, 160, 162, 193, 195, 308, 330, 341, 351, 357, 359

Bukharin, N. 33, 36, 39 bureaucracy 55, 68, 100, 104, 126,

130, 132, 136, 174, 177, 178, 181, 182, 186-8, 190, 191, 195, 197,208,215,218,221-38,241, 242,256, 281, 293, 294, 320, 351, 358

and administrative competence 23

and capabilities 69, 91, 104, 117, 170, 134, 276, 324, 359

colonial 191 and corruption 80, 180, 208,

223, 234, 25~ 291, 315, 31~ 334, 340, 349

multifunctionality 231 overdeveloped 181, 187 pathological 107, 110, 225

bureaucratic bourgeoisie 315 bureaucratic-authoritarian

state 192 and constellations 193, 196

bureaucratic-military oligarchy 180-2, 232, 233, 281, 293, 294

Burma 35, 103, 250, 269, 357 Burundi 163, 357

Cambodia 357 Canada 20,45, 151, 163 capital 22,23,30, 31, 36-9, 41-3,

45,46, 51, 54, 56, 68, 78, 82, 120, 124-7, 129-35, 138--41,

Index 385

144-53, 156-9, 162, 163, 165, 166,172, 176, 178-81, 183-5, 187-92, 194, 195, 208, 211, 236-8, 254, 265, 280, 286, 290, 293, 298, 302, 305, 335, 349

accumulation 135, 140, 151,265 foreign 23, 30, 126, 130, 131,

133, 135, 138, 139, 141, 145, 149,152,157-9,163,172, 180, 181, 184, 189-92, 194, 195

international 124, 153, 180, 185 capitalism 33,35--41,43,44,53-5,

61, 67, 68, 75, 135, 137, 140, 141, 147, 150, 151, 154, 156, 157, 158, 160, 161, 164, 165, 173,175,176,185,186,191, 20~ 20~ 21~ 237, 27~ 31~ 313, 314

capitalists 41, 140, 153, 256, 294 Caribbean 3 cash crops 4, 51, 52, 54, 184, 300,

301 caste 38, 50, 55, 175, 202, 217,

225,234,275, 276, 308, 311, 331

Catholic Church 81, 301 Central African Republic 221, 322 Central America 27,332,347,348 Central American Common

Market 26 Chad 163, 243, 357 Chagga 184 Chama Cha Mapinduzi 210 Chiapas 310 child mortality 10 Chile 15, 27, 147, 148, 150, 193,

195, 246, 250, 263, 329, 340 China 14, 20, 26, 27, 34, 35, 86,

114,205,209,313,314,317-20 Chittagong 269 CIA 131 civic culture 338 civil1iberties 3, 15, 335, 341 civil society 176, 186-8, 190, 263,

347-9, 358, 360 civil war 27, 39, 118, 264, 269,

292, 346, 357

386 Index

claimants 52, 224, 225, 292 class 17,28,29,37,38,41,44,48,

55,57,67.75,80,81,82,84,85, 99,115,126, l31, l36, l39, 140, 152-6, 159, 160, 162, 163, 165--6,171,172,174-9,184-93, 195,197,200-3,209, 2l3, 217, 225, 226, 228, 232-7, 241, 242, 252-6, 265, 273, 279, 281, 283, 285, 289, 291-3, 294, 297, 299-303, 305, 309, 310, 312, 314-17,320,321,323,327,328, 330-2, 337, 340, 344, 345-9, 353, 358, 360-2

conflict 82,176,178,232,317, 323, 345, 361

formation 190, 349 ruling l36, 152-5, 187, 190,226,

235-7, 291, 300 working l39, 153, 154, 156, 176,

185, 255, 302, 332, 347-9 c1asslessness 182, 209 c1iente1ism 161,180,189,216,217,

241, 303, 304, 307, 308, 351 clients 203,215-17,225,308 coalition 100, 193-6, 199, 202,

206, 215, 285, 291, 314, 347, 358

cohesion 66, 89, 106, 175, 176, 253, 261

Cold War 19, 26, 89, 264 Colombia 122, 202, 346 colonial intervention 49, 51, 53 colonialism 3,4,20,21, 33-5, 37,

40,43,45-7, 53, 55, 56-8, 81, 82,101,109, Ill, 115, 116, 120, 121--4, 126, l30, l31, l33, l34, l37, 140, 141-3, 171, 178, 179, 181, 186, 188, 191,206,207, 213, 227, 229, 232, 236, 273, 275, 277, 278, 280--4, 300, 301, 314, 361, 362

colonies 4, 25, 34-6, 38--40, 43--6, 49, 50, 53, 56, 121, 128, l33, l35, l37, 143, 174, 181, 189, 206, 248, 361

commercial agriculture 298, 318, 320

communalism 38, 52, 102, l37, 184, 201-3, 264, 278, 284, 300, 3l3, 322, 357

communism 16,76,201 Communist Manifesto 176 competition 22, 40, 43, 44, 73,

l33, 172, 180, 190-3, 196, 199, 202, 210, 215, 219, 254, 276, 283, 284, 292, 303, 304, 315, 318, 324, 325, 332

comprador bourgeoisie 29, l37, 171, 255

Compte, A. 63 conflict 26, 27, 33, 37, 46, 56, 57,

80-2,98, 105-7, 115, 118, 119, l36, 176-80, 191, 199,205,210, 217,225,232,246,251,254, 255, 264, 270, 271, 277, 278, 283, 284, 286, 292, 304, 317, 321, 323, 328, 337, 339, 345, 346, 350, 357, 361

Congo 182,261, 282 Congress Party 109, 125, 182,

200,203,206,213,217,219, 358

conservatism 81, 110,222 continuity 63, 69, 90, 110, 141,

210, 212, 235, 263, 277, 289 Costa Rica 14, 16, 330, 332, 341 coup d'etat 16,19,84, l31, 154,

176, 177, 195, 212, 233, 235, 243,244,247,249, 250, 254, 255-63, 264-5, 281, 284, 285, 315, 332, 326, 334, 335, 346

anticipatory veto 250 contagion 257, 264 guardian 249 reforming 250 veto 250

crisis 8,98, 111, 118, l38, 142, 194, 195, 232, 255, 276, 277, 278,290,298,303,312-14,316, 323, 337, 338, 343, 346, 347, 357

of authority 346, 347 of integration 276, 337

Cuba 62,165,218, 3l3, 314, 318, 325

culture 12, 22, 24, 31, 46, 47, 49, 50,61, 62, 64, 65, 69, 72, 74--6, 80, 82-4, 86, 87, 89, 93, 95, 97-8,101,103-4, 108-9, 117, 121,130, 131, 162, 175, 185, 202,207,216,248,258-60,263, 265,271,273,274,276,279-81, 287, 288, 291, 294--5, 300, 307, 338, 339, 361

cultural division of labour 279 cultural heterogeneity 24, 339 cultural patterns 65, 69, 72 cultural secularisation 108, 117 cultural subordination 307 custom 40, 57, 68, 91, 94, 102,

103, 306

de Tocqueville, A. D. 333, 340 Debray, R. 29, 186 decentralisation 218, 270-3, 348 democracy 16, 17, 26, 56, 61, 98,

102,113,117,144,145,146, 151,156,163, 173, 174, 181, 195, 197, 206-8, 210-14, 225, 234, 242, 252, 259, 265, 310, 323-6, 328-30, 332, 335, 338-42, 344, 345, 347-53, 357-62

stable 324, 325, 330, 342, 345, 351

tutelary 174 democratisation 15, 81, 92, 108,

119, 348 Democrats 211 Denmark 163 dependency 18, 27, 29, 32, 33, 39,

53, 80, 116, 119, 121, 122, 123, 126-8, 141-9, 151-6, 158, 159, 160-6, 171, 181, 191, 216, 227, 240, 254, 278, 305, 317, 329, 335, 360-2

market 159 dependency theory 18, 116, 119,

122, 141-3, 145, 146, 151, 155, 156, 158-66, 171

satellite status 131, 148-50, 153, 155, 156, 161

Index 387

developing countries 5, 6, 8-10, 15,16,18-22,24,25,27,31,69, 76, 79, 80, 83, 110, 118, 124--6, 134, 138, 140, 158, 167, 171, 178,199,204,210,221,222, 226, 227, 235, 247, 272, 293, 297, 303, 322, 332, 335, 348-50

Development Decade 61, 116, 324 differentiation 63, 65, 66, 73, 87,

98, 99, 101, 104, 108, 109, 116, 117,119,194,231,234,279, 337, 353, 35

diffuseness 72-4, 84, 85, 98, 136, 216

diffusion 65, 82, 87, 120, 276, 335 Dinka 93 disarticulation 147, 151, 152, 156,

159 division of labour 37, 65, 66, 145,

152, 154, 159, 224, 279 drive to maturity 75, 84 Durkheim, E. 63, 65, 66, 89

East Africa 51,93,94, 183-5, 188, 189, 233, 283

East Asia 5-7, 10, 12, 14, 23, 80, 237

East Bengal 274, 294 East Pakistan 180, 270, 272, 280,

294 East Timor 4, 269, 270 Economic Commission for Latin

America 144, 228 economic development 21, 35, 55,

56, 62, 73-6, 78, 86, 87, 133, 135, 136, 144, 148, 158, 164, 165, 193, 19~ 208, 210, 214, 218, 244, 249, 252, 253, 254, 256-8, 265, 285, 288, 323, 327-30, 337, 341, 350, 352, 359

economic growth 6, 23, 45, 62, 74--8,116,117,140,149,190, 195,210,213, 247, 257, 321, 327,328,331-3,335,336,353, 359, 360

economic power dependency 159 economic surplus 148, 233, 236,

237, 320

388 Index

economism 44, 155 education 10, 12, 14-16, 50, 55,

61, 64, 66, 73, 77, 78, 102, 123, 131, 134, 146, 153, 154, 185, 218,227, 238, 251, 261, 276, 280,284,298, 306, 309, 310, 316, 327, 328, 330, 340, 341 360 '

efficacy, political 78 efficiency 42, 104, 230, 233, 358 Egypt 19, 250, 357 elites 29, 50, 55-7,61-2, 66, 74,

78,81, Ill, 117-18, 126, 131-2, 137,145,154,163, 174-5, 178, 193, 198-9, 204, 215, 218, 228, 231,235, 252, 254-5, 256, 257, 271,278, 281, 283, 289, 291, 292,294-5,300,307,312,324, 326, 330, 332, 340-1, 348, 351, 359, 360, 362

competition 292, 232 integration 291

England 318 entrepreneuria1ism 48, 76, 78 79

86, 281 ' , Equador 202 equality 81, 103, 108, 113, 116,

145,156,157,176,201,210, 272, 282, 333, 344, 361

equilibrium 90, 91, 106, 108, 172, 173,313

Eritrea 270, 282, 287, 291 Ethiopia 34, 122,270,314 ethnicity 57,81,119, 161, 174,

184-5, 200, 202-4, 209, 211, 216,254,256,260,264,269-73, 275-80, 282, 283, 284-92, 294-6, 304, 309, 315, 318, 324, 337, 338, 346, 357, 358, 360--1

ethnic groups 184, 209, 260, 271-3, 275, 277-8, 283-5, 287-92, 292, 337-8, 361

ethnie 273, 274 ethno-nationalism 274, 275 ethnocentricity 18, 27, 48, 83, 86,

112, 116, 277 eurhythmic change 85

evolution 62-4, 63, 72-3, 74, 79, 8~, 84, 86,117,161,188

expertise 68, 120, 182, 191, 194, 226, 227, 232, 235, 236, 261-3

exports 4, 7-9, 23, 25--6, 30, 31, 37, 39, 55, 56, 122, 123-4, 129, 134, 135, 137-8, 140, 143, 148-9, 151, 152, 154, 159, 163-5, 209, 257, 285, 334 349 362 ' ,

factionalism 176,214-17,240,346 FAO 228 fascism 61 feudalism 48, 50-1,95, 137, 144,

149,150,155,157, 175, 179, 185,191,216,231,253,255 305 '

myth of 150, 155-7 finance capital 36, 39, 46, 140,

150,176 Firestone Corporation 129 First World War 38, 44, 184 FLN 21 foreign exchange 9,29, 31, 122-5,

164, 183, 208, 280, 293, 297 foreign investment 22, 27, 28, 45,

126, 134, 136, 138, 147, 151, 158, 159, 163, 183, 195, 362

French Guiana 4 function 37,43,48, 73, 85, 89-91,

93,95,97, 99-101, 105, 107, 109, 110, 112, 113, 142, 161, 165, 180, 199, 200, 204, 207, 215, 224, 229, 230, 231, 252, 262, 279, 339, 352, 358

functional prerequisites 90 functionalism 66, 88-93, 95,

103-7, 109-12, 117, 172, 178, 184,197,228-9,231-2,358

fundamentalism 17, 299, 357, 359

Gabon 131 Gambia 16, 213, 221, 243, 325,

357 Gemeinschaft 70, 71, 211 genetic engineering 124

Gennany 48,49, 318 Gesselschaft 70 Ghana 19, 121, 122, 135,205,212,

214,222 Gladstone, William 48 goal attainment 90 goals 68-9, 70, 74, 90, 102,

110-11, 118, 145,208,228,272, 275, 279, 335, 359

good governance 15, 16, 213, 214, 358

Great Depression 143 growth 6--9, 12,23, 25, 32, 36, 41,

45, 62, 68, 74-9, 84, 116, 117, 119, 133, 134, 138-40, 149, 151, 153, 158, 159, 163, 177, 190, 193, 195, 210, 213, 222, 247, 253, 257, 269, 284, 292, 306, 309, 313, 318, 321, 324, 327, 328-33, 335, 336, 346, 353, 359--62

rate of 330--3 Guadeloupe 4 Guatemala 243, 332, 357 Guinea 203, 215, 221, 282

haciendas 144 Haiti 160, 243, 250, 357 health 10, 12, 14-16, 77, 80, Ill,

123, 134, 153, 163, 227, 238, 280,298, 316, 325, 330, 336, 360

hegemonic countries 154 hierarchy 50, 52, 74, 146, 147, 149,

155, 156, 161, 163, 164, 187, 223, 224, 307

geographic 156 of exploitation 156

Hilferding, Rudolph 33, 36, 39 Hobson, J.A. 36, 41-4 Honduras 332 Hong Kong 7,35 Hopi 89,92 Horn of Africa Common

Market 291 human development 3, 12, 14, 15,

28, 126 human rights 15, 16,213,214,358

Index 389

Ibos 284--6 ideology 17, 18, 20, 25, 26, 28, 39,

41,48, 56, 76, 78, 81, 83, 112, 113,125,129-30, 137, 154-5, 164-5,171,175,187, 188, 189, 193, 198-9, 200--5, 208-9, 211, 215,217-19,226,228,234, 233-7, 250, 254, 255, 263, 273, 279, 289, 294, 299, 307, 315, 322, 324, 330, 352-3, 358

illiteracy 23, 31, 48, 240, 280, 308 imperialism 21, 22, 32-48, 53-5,

82, 83, 86, 121, 122, 133, 137, 141,142,157,158,171,184, 207, 288, 308

motivations 44, 47, 53 implementation 201, 223, 224,

227,241 import substitution 143--6, 152,

154, 164, 194 imports 8, 22, 122-3, 129, 134,

135, 138, 143--6, 152, 154, 159, 164, 194, 209, 349

indebtedness 7, 8, 145, 298 independence 3, 4, 19, 21, 26, 31,

35, 57, 58, 61, 62, 72, 78, 81, 109,115,120--2, 127-33, 135, 136,137,139-41,143,167,174, 177,178,181,182,184-90,202, 206--9, 211, 213, 215, 222, 231, 232, 234, 243, 244, 254, 256, 257, 269, 270--2, 275, 276, 280, 281,283, 285-7, 289-91, 294, 295,315,317,322,332,334, 336, 341, 342, 359

India 19,26,36,37,40,41,43,44, 48, 54, 76, 109, 123, 125, 139, 160, 163, 181, 182, 185, 186, 190,202-4, 206, 208, 212, 213, 216,217,219,221,223,234, 260, 269, 277, 290, 293, 303, 307,308,316--19,322,330,333, 341, 345, 357

indirect rule 51, 52 Indonesia 28, 103, 113, 114, 139,

202, 245, 246, 269, 292, 308, 359,362

Industrial Revolution 36

390 Index

industrialisation 22, 25, 34, 55, 73, 76,116,133,134,136,139,140, 143-6, 152-4, 164, 165, 173, 179,181,193,194,196,251, 257, 276, 288, 292, 298, 327, 330-2, 337, 349

inequality 12, 14,28,29, 33, 61, 80, 107, 133-4, 143, 144-5, 156, 160, 163, 193,216,277,279, 283-4, 287, 298, 302, 332, 336, 344-5, 353, 360, 362

infant mortality 10, 12, 16, 23, 24 inputs 90,92,95,96,135,238,298 institutionalisation 66, 75, 108-9,

119, 135, 165,201,205,210, 214, 218, 231, 252, 265, 310, 321, 330, 349-51, 360-1

institutions 4, 21, 38, 42, 43, 50, 52, 56, 64-6, 68-70, 83, 92-4, 100,104,110, 111, 113, 119, 128, 132, 137, 147, 150-2, 156, 162,163,172,173,175-8, 181, 182,186-91,197-8,200,205-6, 210-11,214,218,221,224,226, 229-32,234-6,242,245,251-5, 259, 260, 262, 273, 281, 299, 307-8, 313, 329, 338-41, 345, 349-52, 358, 361

instrumentalism 234 integration 3, 7, 8, 52, 90, 98, 103,

105-8,114,117,118,129,139, 144-6, 166, 188, 198,200, 201, 204, 208, 209, 215, 228, 270, 273, 275, 276, 277, 278, 286-9, 291, 300, 321, 337, 338

integration theory 277, 287 integrative behaviour 118 interdependence 90, 107, 162, 315 interest aggregation 100, 109, 199 interest articulation 98, 99, 105 Intergovernmental Authority on

Drought and Development 291

internal colonialism 140,278, 280-4

international division of labour 37, 145, 152, 154, 159

internationallaw 120,128,184,270

intra-party democracy 210 investment 4, 6-8, 22, 25, 27, 28,

31,37,38,41,42,45,51,54,55, 74, 120, 123, 126, 127, 129, 134, 135, 136, 138, 147, 149, 151, 156, 158, 159, 163, 179, 180, 183, 195,227,255, 285, 288, 290,291, 293, 362

Iran 16,27,34,269,282,299,314 Iranians 280 Iraq 27, 269, 282 Ireland 37 Islam 81, 202, 246, 250, 299 Islamic Salvation Front 250 Italy 45,49 Ivory Coast 130, 214, 215

J curve 333 Jamaica 15, 213 Japan 20,27,75,84,151,318 joint ventures 132, 135

Kabaka of Buganda 94 Kachin 269 Karen 269 Kashmir 4, 269, 274, 290 Katanga 282 Kautsky, K. 38 Kenya 53, 122, 130, 139, 140, 183,

188, 189,205,212, 214, 218, 233, 315, 322, 358

Kikuyu 93 Kosi Development Region 234 Kurdish Republic 290 Kurdistan 269,282 Kurds 269,280, 282, 291

labour 4, 6, 7,23, 28, 37, 39,40, 43, 53-7, 65, 66, 73, 75, 80, 84, 12~ 131, 132, 139, 140, 145, 146,152-4,156,157,159,179, 184, 185, 208, 222, 224, 227, 229, 236, 238, 273, 279, 300, 301-4,306,308,313,316,317, 319, 347, 362

landless 184, 300, 319

land reform 227, 298, 313, 315, 316, 361

landlords 54, 72, 147, 156, 157, 179, 184, 202, 217, 301, 303, 305, 313, 316-19, 361

language 18,70,93,101,172,213, 217,218,225,271,272,273, 274,276,280,281,287,291,338

latifundia 147, 305 Latin America 3, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12,

20,23,25,29,30,80,81,84,85, 137, 143, 144, 149, 150, 153, 165, 192, 195, 196,213,221, 228, 237, 243, 244, 253, 264, 269, 270, 297, 306, 327, 329, 332, 334, 335, 340, 345, 348, 350, 351, 358, 360

Latin American Free Trade Association 26

leadership 51, 52, 79, 84, 94, 95, 109,118,140,198,199,200, 202, 203, 207-9, 211, 212, 215, 217,218,219,230,245,250, 256, 260, 286, 289, 306, 308, 309, 312, 314, 315, 330, 341, 350, 351

legitimacy 50, 52, 57, 81, 88, 95, 97-8, 100, 103, 111-12, 131, 145,172,177,188,198-201, 205,207, 218, 229, 245, 250--1, 259, 261, 262, 277, 313, 319, 332,335,338-43,346,348,350, 352, 357, 362

Lenin, V.1. 33, 36, 38, 39, 44 less developed countries 18, 22,

26, 27, 72, 131, 134, 136, 139, 142, 164, 223, 346

levels of generality 160 liberation theology 81 Liberia 34, 357 Libya 16, 202 life expectancy 10, 12, 14, 16, 23,

213,280 loans 9,31,45, 123, 124, 129, 138,

159, 183,238, 247, 248, 288, 294, 303

lumpen militariat 256 Luxemburg, R. 36, 40

Index 391

Malawi 357 Malaysia 25,27,28,202,204, 324,

361, 362 Mali 191, 205, 228, 232, 236, 357 Malinowski, B. 89, 111 malnutrition 10, 12, 15, 23, 31 Mandela, Nelson 358 manufactures 7, 8, 22, 25, 36-7,

123, 124, 134, 137, 138, 154, 180, 293

Mao Tse-tung 20 Martinique 4 Marx, Karl 36-8, 63, 88, 175, 176,

333 Marxism 33, 61, 81, 86, 167,

174-6,178,198,201 Masai 185 Mauritius 213, 325 mechanical solidarity 65 mediation 180, 217 Mengistu, H.-M. 291 mercantilism 149, 150 Merton, R. 89, 106, 110, 225 metropolis 29, 53, 55, 121, 126,

127, 131, 145-50, 155, 156, 158, 160,161,179,180, 185, 189, 190, 232-4, 361

metropolitan bourgeoisie 179, 180, 185, 189, 190,233

Mexico 15, 27, 45, 149, 150, 193, 205,310,313,314,317,318, 357

Middle East 3, 7,9, 12,23,27,80, 120, 127, 138, 357

militarisation 41,44, 357 military 16, 19, 29, 33, 40, 43, 46,

51, 52, 66, 82-5, 90, 95, 115, 119, 121, 125, 126, 129, 131, 132, 137, 139, 146, 147, 153, 154,156,159, 160, 161, 174, 177, 178, 180--2, 189, 190, 192-5,201,206,210, 212, 213, 215,218,219, 220, 223, 226, 231-3,235,242-65,270, 271, 281,282,284, 285, 288, 289, 293,294, 314, 315, 322, 324, 335,340,346,347-51,357,358, 361

392 Index

military aid 115, 129,263 military embourgeoisement 256 military intervention 156, 159,

160, 195, 201, 210, 212, 219, 220, 243, 244, 247-9, 251-5, 257-61,264,265,315,322,348, 350, 361

supplantment 220, 245, 249, 258 military regime 16, 139, 213, 219,

233, 255, 285 mining 53, 54, 129, 147, 150, 285,

302 missionaries 41, 43, 46 Mitterrand, F. 213 Mizos 269 mode of production 37, 54, 179,

235,236 modernisation 18, 61-9, 72, 74-7,

79-88,92,95,99,101,102,103, 108, 109, 114, 115, 119, 142, 144,148,167,179,192--4,196, 197, 201, 209, 210, 219, 251, 252, 276, 277, 327, 337, 349, 358,359

modernity 72, 74, 80, 83, 85, 103, 114, 115, 148, 178,231,258, 261, 262, 277

Mon 269 monopoly capitalism 36-7,39,43,

45, 127, 134, 138, 145, 148, 198, 315, 316

Moore, Barrington 68, 69, 91, 178, 318-20

Moro National Liberation Front 269

Morocco 124, 269, 272 Mozambique 26, 209, 314, 358 multi-party regimes 212, 218 multinational corporations 7, 28,

126, 127, 129-32, 135, 139, 145, 151, 164, 165, 185

n achievement 75, 76, 78, 86 Nagaland 274 Nagas 269 Namibia 303 Nasser, J.A. 19,25

nation 12, 22, 25, 28, 35, 36, 40, 4J,46, 115, 119, 141, 184,228, 261, 272, 273, 328

nation-building 119, 188,277 nation-states 121, 137 nationalism 17,21,34,48,55,57,

81,98, 102, 120, 130, 136-7, 161, 174, 206, 207, 208, 213, 263, 269, 271--{j, 278-9, 281-3, 287,288-9,292-6,314-15,334, 339,342

natural economy 40 Nehru, J. 19 neo-colonialism 21, 55, 120--4,

126, 129-31, 133, 134, 137, 140-2, 361, 362

Nepal 163, 214, 357, 358, 360 nepotism 234, 328 neutrality 72, 73, 87, 234 New World Order 16 Nicaragua 314, 332 NICs 7, 8, 158, 159 Nigeria 16, 135, 139, 200, 204,

206, 212, 219, 243, 249, 256, 258, 261, 270, 277, 282-6, 292, 301, 31~ 322, 33~ 357

Nkrumah, K. 19, 121, 124, 125, 130, 131

North Korea 205, 322 Northern Nigeria 301 Northern People's Congress 200 nouveaux pauvres 331 Nyerere, J. 122, 174, 211

OECD 22 Ogaden 269 oligarchy 144, 152, 174, 178,

180-2, 185, 198, 221, 232, 233, 281, 293, 294

OPEC 20, 25, 26, 135, 137 organic solidarity 65, 66, 89, 106,

111,166,358 organisation 41,51,63,68, 70, 76,

81, 87,92, 100, 112, 144, 154, 182, 187, 199, 201, 203--4, 205, 206, 207-9, 214-15, 218-19, 224-6, 228, 235, 236, 244, 245,

247,250, 251, 255, 260, 262, 279,288, 289, 296, 299, 301, 302, 304-7, 310, 314, 315, 320, 321, 351, 353, 358-9

organism 66, 71, 89-92 outputs 90,92,95-7,99,172 overdeveloped state 178, 181, 186,

189, 190 overdeve1opment 178, 181-2,

186--90, 192, 232-4, 346

Pakistan 10, 163, 177-80, 182-6, 191,206, 212, 229, 231, 232, 235, 250, 260, 270, 272, 280, 281, 283, 293, 294, 333

Pakistan Muslim League 206, 231 Pakistan People's Party 206 pan-Africanism 21 pan-Arabism 21 Papua New Guinea 282 parastatal 235 Parsons, T. 66, 69-71, 73, 74, 84,

89,90 participation 77, 78, 103, 109, 113,

132, 159, 194, 195, 198, 199, 201, 204, 215, 230, 251, 252, 254, 265, 278, 298, 299, 301, 302, 304, 305, 307, 309, 310, 315, 31~ 321, 32~ 328, 330, 332, 337, 339, 349-51, 361

particularism 71, 73, 74, 84, 98, 114, 137, 216, 278

parties 55, 89, 91, 93, 103, 109, 113, 130, 132, 181, 196, 198-207, 209-20, 226, 229-31, 234, 245, 248, 251, 254, 264, 265, 283, 292, 299, 307, 308, 315, 31~ 328, 33~ 33~ 348, 349, 351, 358, 360,

mass 215, 229, 254 one-party authoritarian

system 205 one-party pluralist system 205 one-party totalitarian

system 205 organisation 201, 205, 215, 218 patron 215 two-party system 206, 219

Index 393

patron--client relations 161, 216, 217, 303, 307, 308

patronage 15,159,199,215,217, 234, 240, 241, 284, 360

pattern maintenance 90 pattern variables 69, 71-3, 84, 87,

97, 98, 103, 144 patterns of dependence 154 peasantry 37, 40, 48, 50, 52-4,

128, 140, 147, 155-7, 184,202, 203,239, 240, 241, 256, 297-8, 299-307, 309-21, 331, 334, 346

atomised 173 middle 317-18

per capita income 6, 280, 327, 329 Pergau 361 peripheral communities 279, 288,

291 peripheral economies 148, 151 peripherality 142, 143, 191 personality 24, 65, 66, 75, 77, 86 Peru 4, 150, 243, 330, 351, 357 PETROBRAS 154 petty-bourgeoisie 185, 186, 189 Philippines 28, 45, 103, 269, 308,

347,357 Phoolan Devi 311 Pinochet, A. 246, 247 plantations 4, 50, 53, 54, 56, 144,

184, 300, 301 pluralism 16, 17,57, 102, 113-14,

116, 146, 172-5, 178, 197, 204-7, 213, 214, 248, 276, 277, 324, 328, 330, 338, 352, 358

policy 6, 23, 25, 27, 33, 40, 50, 52, 57-8, 62, 64, 69, 79, 85, 90, 95, 96,98,102,104, 117, 121, 125, 129, 130, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136,140,152,153-5,159,161, 164,165,173, 180, 189-91, 193-6, 199, 201, 203, 210, 214, 218, 223, 224, 229, 230, 234, 237, 238, 240, 241, 244, 246, 247, 249, 258, 265, 271, 280, 281,287, 294, 324, 325, 332, 335, 351, 358, 360

Polisario 269 political annexation 34

394 Index

political autonomy 111, 121, 275, 282, 283, 361

political communication 96, 100, 109

political constellations 193 political culture 98, 104, 207, 248,

258-60, 338-44, 361 political functions 93, 99, 101,

106 political integration 98, 117, 145,

200, 204, 275, 287, 288 political mobilisation 81, 108, 182,

206, 208-9, 218, 251-4, 271, 275-6, 287-9, 291-2, 296, 302, 307, 332, 349-50, 353, 360, 361

political order 62, 116, 117, 209, 319,321,324,331

political organisation 51, 92, 112, 208, 209, 226, 250, 288, 302, 304-7, 359

political recruitment 101, 199, 218, 256

political rights 15, 42, 151, 173, 297, 299, 328

political stability 46, 50, 58, 62, 85, 90, 94-5, 106-8, 117, 144, 145-6, 183, 194-5, 197, 201, 209, 210, 212-13, 219-20, 224, 235,250,254,256,277,320-33, 338-45, 347-53, 357-8, 360

and balance of power 44, 48, 347-9

definition 323-6, 353 democratic 323, 327, 340, 350,

351, 358, 360 political system 17,64,73,87,

90-2, 94-8, 100-4, 106, 108, 109,111-14,117,118,135,172, 174,194,197,201,219,221, 230, 231, 248, 251, 253, 254, 277, 300, 301, 309, 326, 330, 338-45, 353, 357, 358

and boundaries 4, 21, 26, 94, 96, 98, 105, 112, 114, 188, 274, 275, 276, 290, 293, 339

populism 81, 152-4, 161, 164, 193, 196, 202-3, 302

Portugal 39,45, 150 Portuguese 35, 50 post-colonial state 171,175,177,

178,183,184,187,188,189-92, 197, 229, 232, 277

poverty 5, 12, 16, 20, 23, 24, 28, 29,48, 61, 80, 131, 140, 143, 241,298,303,310,3"17,321, 327, 331, 336

pre-industrial society 63, 94, 349 pressure groups 131, 245 primary commodities 4, 7-8, 31,

37, 54-5, 122-4, 143-4, 156, 163, 164

professionalism 195, 234, 262, 263 progress 9, 10, 23, 32, 42, 43, 49,

58, 63-5, 74, 75, 79, 80, 82, 83, 95,115,117,134,136,191,197, 22~ 323, 331, 33~ 334, 35~ 359, 360

psychic mobility 77 public administration 223,233,242

quantitative analysis 247, 249, 261, 329, 330

race 81,99, 100,209, 213, 225, 273, 274, 276, 287, 316, 338

Radcliffe-Brown, A.R. 89 rationalisation 67-9, 103, 108,

119, 359 rationality 67-9, 75, 77, 80, 102,

238-41,339 raw materials 22, 36-9, 43, 45, 47,

53, 54, 125, 128, 138, 154, 180 rebellion 299, 309-15, 318, 320-1 reciprocity 240, 305, 308 recruitment 84, 87, 90, 101, 104,

113,181,182,199,218,224, 227, 230, 256, 281, 285, 316, 328

Red Army 317 regime 4, 16,20,27,40,58,62,81,

111,117,119,131,136-7,139, 140-1,152, 154, 158, 180, 187, 192-3, 195-6, 198-9, 203-4, 206-7, 212-13, 218-19, 226, 232-5,243-7,249,250-2,255,

256, 258-9, 260, 262, 263, 269, 270, 271, 280, 285, 291, 299, 304,310,314,315,321-5, 327-8, 329-30, 332, 340, 347, 357-9

regionalism 21, 245, 292 relations of production 53-6, 135,

150,152, 157, 180, 184,302 relative autonomy 178, 181-9,

192, 233 relative deprivation 283, 288 religion 17, 31, 65, 67, 68, 70,

80-1, 89, 91, 94, 96, 99-100, 102-3, 137, 145, 200, 202-3, 208-9,213,217,231,273,274, 276, 291, 299, 306, 308-9, 319, 338, 348-9, 357-9

religious fundamentalism 17, 357, 359

Renamo 358 repatriated profits 126, 127 Republicans 211 revolt 246, 299, 311, 319, 345 revolution 34,36,81-2,86,117,

142,156, 164, 198,204-5,246, 250, 269-71, 283, 293, 297-9, 301,306,310-21,331,333-5, 346, 360

of rising expectations 333 role specificity 62 roles 31, 51, 56, 62, 65-6, 70, 72,

73, 77, 84, 85, 87, 90-1, 94, 96, 101,103, 114, 117, 131, 133, 136, 154, 155, 158, 162, 166, 171,173,174,178,180,181, 183, 185, 188, 190-2, 194, 196, 200, 210, 212, 226, 228, 229, 232-4, 237, 242, 244-6, 249, 259, 261, 262, 285, 294, 302-3, 316,326,330,336-7,339,341, 343

rule adjudication 100, 102, 109 rule application 100, 109, 231 rule making 100, 102, 113 rural poor 297,298,302,310,360,

362 Rwanda 131, 357 ryotwari 37

Index 395

Saudi Arabia 81 Sauvy, A. 19 Schumpeter, J. 44, 45, 76 secession 98, 269-72, 274, 277,

281,282, 284-6, 290, 291, 292-4,339

and balance of advantage 288 and core community 279, 287,

293 and power disparity 282

secessionist movements 269-71, 274,283

Second World War 4, 27, 58, 61, 88, 115, 120,288, 334

secondary structures 97, 98 secularisation 67, 69, 80, 81, 87,

102,103, 108, 117,359 segmentary politics 217 Sekou Toure 203 Senegal 4, 130, 211, 322 Senghor, L. 211, 212 separatism 270-2, 275, 282, 287,

290, 293, 295, 357 Shan 269 Shanti Bahini 269 Sierra Leone 243, 357 Sikhs 269 simultaneity bias 248 Singapore 7, 27, 28, 158, 359 single-party system 204, 205, 208,

211-13 slavery 35 social engineering 61 social evolution 62, 63, 74 social exchange 315, 316 social frustration 350 social mobilisation 251-4, 276,

288,350 social mobility 56, 73, 77, 186,

199,237, 251-3, 256, 258, 278, 31~ 318, 321, 33~ 33~ 35~

social structures 4, 50, 51, 69, 82, 86, 87, 90, 91, 93, 95, 100, 102, 115,173,318,358,361

socialisation 90, 100,339,341,344 solidarity 19-21,24,26,27,30,65,

66, 81, 89, 216, 279, 294, 299, 303, 318, 321

396 Index

Somalia 269, 270, 357 South, The 18,41,64,75,269,358 South Africa 29,45,283,307,347,

358,360 South African Conservative

Party 358 South Asia 5, 6, 12, 23, 109, 233,

271, 274 South Korea 7, 14, 16, 27, 158,

166, 322, 359 Southern Africa 51, 80 sovereignty 21,26,28,33,57, 121,

122, 133, 144, 146, 332 Soviet Union 4, 114,205,214,

235, 323 specialisation 63, 65, 66, 87, 95,

101,257, 265, 358 specificity 62, 72, 73, 87, 103 Spencer, H. 63 Sri Lanka 14, 134, 158,204, 269,

277, 357 stages 54, 63, 65, 74, 75, 84, 95,

108,148,165,175,181,223, 252,317,331,338,339,352

Standard Oil 125 state 3-5, 16, 20--1, 27-31, 37,

38-9,41,42,44-6,48,50-2,56, 57,61,62,66,68,79-81,84, 87-8, 90, 92-5, 98, 101, 103, 108,113,114-17,118,120--1, 125-30, 132, 135--7, 139-40, 143-7, 152-9, 161, 164-6, 167, 171-92,195-7,199,200,202, 204, 205-12, 214-18, 221-9, 232-40, 242-5, 248, 250, 252, 254-6, 259--61, 263-4, 265, 269-79, 281-3, 286-9, 290--3, 295, 300--2, 305, 307, 308, 310, 314, 316, 318, 320, 323-5, 327, 332-4,338-40,342,346-9,351, 358-9, 360, 361

state intervention 56, 144, 158, 173, 174, 183, 186

status 3,4, 19,20,31, 56, 57, 66, 67, 71, 75, 77, 80, 87, 92, 106, 111, 113, 114, 116, 120, 142, 144,164, 177, 179, 180, 182, 184, 187, 188, 191, 198, 203,

207, 227, 228, 234, 241, 251, 256, 261, 273, 287, 292, 305, 307, 324, 329, 331, 336, 337, 340, 344, 345, 360

symbolic 261 structural adjustment 15, 360 structural functionalism 91, 105 structural specialisation 10 1 structures 4, 40, 50--2, 68, 69, 73,

77, 82, 84, 86, 87, 90, 91-3, 95, 97-102, 104-6, 109-15, 117, 143,149,155,172,173,177, 187,188,216,217,231,232, 251, 255, 261, 262, 299, 300, 318, 326, 332, 342, 344, 358, 359, 361

Sub-Saharan Africa 6, 9, 10, 23, 99, 109, 123, 126,247, 257, 325

Sudan 93, 124, 270, 357 Suharto, T. 246 Sulawesi 292 Sumatra 292 surplus 38-41,46, 56, 134, 147,

148,153,161,179, 180,233, 236, 237, 320, 362

Syria 269 systems 17,20,27,29,37,39,41,

42,44,46,49,51- 2,54,62,64, 68, 73, 74, 77, 80, 84, 85, 87, 90--2,94-114,117,118,121, 128, 133, 135, 141, 149-54, 159, 161, 162, 166, 17~ 174, 17~ 182, 183, 193, 194, 196-7, 199, 201,204-7,209-14,216-17, 219, 22~ 221, 225, 227, 23~ 231, 241, 245, 248, 249, 251, 253, 254, 261, 262, 273, 275, 277-9, 286, 300, 301, 305, 306, 309,311,318,325,326,329, 330,337-45,351,352,353,357, 358, 361

Taiwan 7, 16,27, 341, 359 take off 74, 75, 83 Tamil Nadu 274 Tamils 269, 274

Tanzania 26, 122, 124, 125, 127, 160, 183-5, 187, 190, 191, 201, 209-12,214,218,221,233,236, 237, 307, 322, 338

tautology 85-6, 107, 112, 114, 248, 259-60, 350

taxation 37,40,41,43, 51, 56,97, 135, 148, 174,290,301,306

taxes 41, 54, 56, 90, 95, 96, 130, 135,158, 159,224,229,257, 293, 309, 311

technical assistance 28, 64, 126, 129

technocrats 144, 194, 195, 256 technological dependency 123,

127 technological development 84, 262 technology 22, 23, 28, 46, 47, 49,

53, 61, 64, 68, 75, 80, 84, 100, 120, 123, 127, 132, 134, 145, 161, 163, 194, 233, 245, 252, 261,262,331,336,349

teleology 84, 110, 277 tenants 37,54,147, 179,216,311 terms of trade 8,31,43,55, 123,

124, 148, 150, 180, 257 Thailand 4, 15, 27, 28, 34, 246,

308, 31~ 341, 351, 357 359 Third Force 19 ' Togo 131, 243, 256 Tonnies, F. 70,71,211 trade 4,7,8,22,26-8,31,35,37,

38,41,43,45-7,49,55,56,82, 100, 113, 114, 123-5, 129, 130, 132, 137-40, 143-5, 148, 149, 150, 152, 159, 165, 180, 184, 196,200,208,215,236,251, 256, 257, 264, 271, 286, 291, 298-300, 303, 306, 310, 349

tradition 43, 51-4, 57, 63-6, 68, 69, 71, 72, 74, 76, 77, 78, 79-86, 94, 95, 97-103, 104, 109, 114-15,117,119, 144, 150, 154, 173,174, 179, 191,200,201, 204, 207, 211, 216, 228, 231, 240, 250, 251, 274, 277, 301, 305, 306, 313, 318, 323, 330, 336, 337, 340, 349, 360

Index 397

traditional leaders 51,52, 191,349 traditional oligarchy 174 traditionalism 17, 77, 114, 324 treaty ports 34 tribe 54, 57, 73, 75, 81, 85, 100,

102, 103, 109, 206, 208, 209, 211,214,216,217,225,255, 256, 261, 269, 273-5, 277, 283, 300,301,304,315,331,337, 338

Tripuras 269 Turkey 250, 282, 291, 341 tyranny of work 304

lIganda 123, 256, 346, 357 lIN 24, 126, 137 lINCTAD 28 underdevelopment 18, 32-3, 45,

69, 72, 78, 82-5, 87, 113-15, 122, 129, 136, 138, 139, 145-8, 150,153, 160-5, 171, 174,203, 208, 244, 253-4, 257-8, 301, 328, 338

lINESCO 22 lInilever 129 unilinear 83, 84, 115, 116, 165 lInion Carbide 223 lInion Soudanaise 215 lInita 358 lInited Fruit 129 lInited National Independence

Party 215 universal suffrage 173, 182, 307 universalism 71, 73, 84, 87, 97,

103, 228, 328 lIntouchables 202, 303, 307 urbanisation 51, 55, 65, 69, 77,

136,213, 251, 292, 327, 330, 335, 336

lISA 20, 27, 45, 62, 86, 91, 125, 130, 162, 163, 211, 247, 335

lISSR 20,27 lJttar Pradesh 202, 311 lIzbekistan 4

Vietnam 27,62, 142,205,314,316 Voice of America 62

398 Index

warfare 27, 36, 213 Warren, B. 55, 132--4, 136--41,

158, 190 wealth 20, 23, 25, 28, 55, 82, 99,

123,176,182,184, 193,237, 251, 252, 255, 256, 282, 284, 297,305,310,313,317,327, 328, 336, 345, 349

Weber,~. 65,67,68,75,172,224, 227

West Africa 46-8, 50, 51,200, 214, 264, 278

West Papua 269 Western Sahara 269, 272

women 12, 14, 23, 78, 200, 203, 304, 306, 307, 339

World Bank 3, 5-10, 12, 15,22, 23, 25, 79, 115, 124, 125, 213, 214, 221, 222, 228, 243, 310

World Development Fund 22

Yorubas 285

Zaire 131, 139,270, 322, 357 Zambia 16,26, 123, 158, 214, 215 Zapatista National Liberation

Army 310 Zimbabwe 122, 212, 214