Bibliography of Scottish WitchcraftJulian Goodare

Introduction

This is a bibliography of works on Scottish witchcraft and witch-hunting,primarily in the early modern period. The aim has been to produce a list thathistorians working on these topics today will find useful. It includes, not onlyworks on Scottish witchcraft per se, but also works on closely-related topics thatwitchcraft scholars cannot ignore – two examples being torture and fairy belief.It omits works of purely historiographical interest and popular works that haveno claim to originality. It also omits works concerned with the period after about1800, unless they also shed light on beliefs and practices of earlier times. Finally,it omits works published before 1800; for these see the bibliographical article byJohn Ferguson, listed below.

Whether a work is about ‘Scotland’ may sometimes be debated. A few workshave been included because they are substantively about Scotland even thoughtheir title does not say so. Also included are works that discuss Scotland andanother country (usually England) in a comparative context. On the other hand,works that use some Scottish material in the context of developing a more generalcase have been excluded.

The bibliography is divided into four sections:

1. Lists of witchcraft cases2. Published primary sources3. Published secondary works4. Unpublished theses

In general, works are listed under the surname of the author. However, a givenauthor’s works may be found in various places in the bibliography, partly becauseof the division into sections and partly because of the following conventions.

Debates in journals are grouped together, listed under the surname of theauthor of the first article.

Collections of essays have been treated in three different ways:

1. If the book contains a small number of relevant chapters, then these are listedindividually under the name(s) of the author(s) of the chapter(s); the bookitself is not listed separately.

2. If all or even most of the book’s chapters are relevant, then the book receivesa single entry under the name(s) of the editor(s) of the book, followed by alist of all the individual chapters. This occasionally results in some chaptersbeing listed that would not otherwise have qualified for inclusion.

3. If the book is a collection of reprints, then this is noted and all the Scottishmaterial that it contains is listed, including full publication details of the

234

Bibliography of Scottish Witchcraft 235

original works. This, too, occasionally results in some works being listed thatwould not otherwise have qualified for inclusion. Any reprinted works that areconsidered relevant also receive their own entry with the original publicationdetails.

1. Lists of witchcraft cases

G. F. Black, ‘A calendar of cases of witchcraft in Scotland, 1510–1727’, Bulletin ofthe New York Public Library, 41 (1937), 811–47, 917–36, and 42 (1938), 34–74;also published as G. F. Black, A Calendar of Cases of Witchcraft in Scotland, 1510–1727 (New York, 1938)

Julian Goodare, Lauren Martin, Joyce Miller and Louise Yeoman, ‘The Sur-vey of Scottish Witchcraft, 1563–1736’ (www.shc.ed.ac.uk/Research/witches/,archived January 2003, updated October 2003)

Christina Larner, Christopher H. Lee and Hugh V. McLachlan, A Source-Book ofScottish Witchcraft (Glasgow, 1977)

Stuart Macdonald, ‘The Scottish Witch Hunt Data Base’ (CD-Rom, privatelypublished, 2001)

2. Published primary sources

Joseph Anderson (ed.), ‘The confessions of the Forfar witches (1661)’, Proceedingsof the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 22 (1887–1888), 241–62

R. Burns Begg (ed.), ‘Notice of trials for witchcraft at Crook of Devon, Kinross-shire, in 1662’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 22 (1887–1888), 211–41

G. F. Black (ed.), ‘Confessions of Alloa witches’, Scottish Antiquary, 9 (1895), 49–52G. F. Black (ed.), ‘Some unpublished Scottish witchcraft trials’, Bulletin of the

New York Public Library, 45 (1941), 335–42, 413–22, 671–84, 763–80; also pub-lished as G. F. Black (ed.), Some Unpublished Scottish Witchcraft Trials (New York,1941)

G. F. Black and Northcote W. Thomas (eds.), Examples of Printed Folklore Con-cerning the Orkney & Shetland Islands (Folk-Lore Society: County Folk-Lore, vol.iii: Printed Extracts, no. 5: London, 1903), ‘Superstitious beliefs and practices:witchcraft: trials’, pp. 55–139

John Christie (ed.), Witchcraft in Kenmore, 1730–57: Extracts from the Kirk SessionRecords of the Parish (Aberfeldy, 1893)

Michael Hunter (ed.), The Occult Laboratory: Magic, Science and Second Sight in LateSeventeenth-Century Scotland (Woodbridge, 2001)

James Hutchisone, ‘A sermon on witchcraft in 1697’, ed. George Neilson, ScottishHistorical Review, 7 (1910), 390–9

King James VI, Minor Prose Works, ed. James Craigie (Edinburgh: Scottish TextSociety, 1982) – includes his Daemonologie (1597)

King James VI & I, Selected Writings, eds. Neil Rhodes, Jennifer Richards andJoseph Marshall (Aldershot, 2003) – includes his Daemonologie (1597)

David Laing (ed.), ‘An original letter to the laird of Wishaw (now presentedto the Museum), relating to the proceedings against James Aikenhead “the

236 Bibliography of Scottish Witchcraft

Atheist,” and the trial of witches in Paisley in 1696’, Proceedings of the Society ofAntiquaries of Scotland, 11 (1874–1876), 438–45

Angus Macdonald (ed.), ‘A witchcraft case of 1647’, Scots Law Times (News)(10 April 1937), 77–8

Hugh McLachlan (ed.), The Kirk, Satan and Salem: A History of the Witches ofRenfrewshire (Glasgow, 2006)

J. R. N. Macphail (ed.), ‘Papers relating to witchcraft, 1662–1677’, in HighlandPapers, 4 vols. (Edinburgh: Scottish History Society, 1914–1934), iii, 2–38

M. A. Murray (ed.), ‘Two trials for witchcraft’, Proceedings of the Society ofAntiquaries of Scotland, 56 (1921–1922), 46–60

Lawrence Normand and Gareth Roberts (eds.), Witchcraft in Early Modern Scotland:James VI’s Demonology and the North Berwick Witches (Exeter, 2000)

David M. Robertson (ed.), Goodnight My Servants All: The Sourcebook of East LothianWitchcraft (Glasgow, 2007)

George Sinclair, Satans Invisible World Discovered, ed. Thomas G. Stevenson(Edinburgh, 1871)

John Stuart (ed.), ‘Trials for witchcraft, 1596–1598’, Miscellany of the Spalding Club,i (1841), 82–193

Trial, Confession, and Execution of Isobel Inch, John Stewart, Margaret Barclay &Isobel Crawford, for Witchcraft, at Irvine, anno 1618 (Ardrossan and Saltcoats,n.d. [c.1855])

A. E. Truckell (ed.), ‘Unpublished witchcraft trials’, Transactions of theDumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society, 3rd ser., 51(1975), 48–58, and 52 (1976), 95–108

Michael B. Wasser and Louise A. Yeoman (eds.), ‘The trial of Geillis Johnstone forwitchcraft, 1614’, Scottish History Society Miscellany, xiii (2004), 83–145

David Webster (ed.), Collection of Rare and Curious Tracts on Witchcraft and theSecond Sight (Edinburgh, 1820)

Louise A. Yeoman (ed.), ‘Witchcraft commissions from the register of commis-sions of the privy council of Scotland, 1630–1642’, Scottish History SocietyMiscellany, xiii (2004), 223–65

3. Published secondary works

Isabel Adam, Witch Hunt: The Great Scottish Witchcraft Trials of 1697 (London,1978)

Priscilla Bawcutt, ‘Elrich fantasyis in Dunbar and other poets’, in J. D. McClureand M. R. G. Spiller (eds.), Bryght Lanternis: Essays on the Language and Literatureof Medieval and Renaissance Scotland (Aberdeen, 1989), 162–78

Priscilla Bawcutt, ‘ “Holy words for healing”: some early Scottish charms and theirancient religious roots’, in Luuk Houwen (ed.), Literature and Religion in LateMedieval and Early Modern Scotland (Leuven, 2012), 127–44

G. F. Black, ‘Scottish charms and amulets’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquariesof Scotland, 27 (1892–1893), 433–526

Roy Booth, ‘Standing within the prospect of belief: Macbeth, King James, andwitchcraft’, in John Newton and Jo Bath (eds.), Witchcraft and the Act of 1604(Leiden, 2008), 47–67

Bibliography of Scottish Witchcraft 237

John Brims, ‘The Ross-shire witchcraft case of 1822’, Review of Scottish Culture, 5(1989), 87–91

J. W. Brodie-Innes, Scottish Witchcraft Trials (London, 1891)Alan Bruford, ‘Scottish Gaelic witch stories: a provisional type list’, Scottish

Studies, 11 (1967), 13–47Alan J. Bruford, ‘Workers, weepers and witches: the status of the female singer in

Gaelic society’, Scottish Gaelic Studies, 17 (1996), 61–70Hugh Cheape, ‘Lead hearts and runes of protection’, Review of Scottish Culture, 18

(2006), 149–55Stuart Clark, ‘King James’ Daemonologie: witchcraft and kingship’, in Sydney

Anglo (ed.), The Damned Art: Essays in the Literature of Witchcraft (London,1977), 156–81

Edward J. Cowan, ‘The darker vision of the Scottish Renaissance: the Devil andFrancis Stewart’, in Ian B. Cowan and Duncan Shaw (eds.), The Renaissance andReformation in Scotland (Edinburgh, 1983), 125–40

J. G. Dalyell, The Darker Superstitions of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1834)Thomas Davidson, Rowan Tree and Red Thread (Edinburgh, 1949)Kirsty Duncan, ‘Was ergotism responsible for the Scottish witch hunts?’, Area,

25 (1993), 30–6; Ian D. Whyte, ‘Ergotism and witchcraft in Scotland’, Area,26 (1994), 89–90, and rejoinder by Duncan, 90–2; W. F. Boyd, ‘Four andtwenty blackbirds: more on ergotism, rye and witchcraft in Scotland’, Area, 27(1995), 77

Rhodes Dunlap, ‘King James and some witches: the date and text of theDaemonologie’, Philological Quarterly, 54 (1975), 40–6

John Ferguson, ‘Bibliographical notes on the witchcraft literature of Scotland’,Proceedings of the Edinburgh Bibliographical Society, 3 (1895), 37–124

R. Menzies Fergusson, ‘The witches of Alloa’, Scottish Historical Review, 4 (1907),40–8

Daniel Fischlin, ‘ “Counterfeiting God”: James VI (I) and the politics ofDaemonologie (1597)’, Journal of Narrative Technique, 26 (1996), 1–27; alsopublished in Graham Caie et al. (eds.), The European Sun: Proceedings of the Sev-enth International Conference on Medieval and Renaissance Scottish Language andLiterature (East Linton, 2001), 452–74

Keely Fisher, ‘Eldritch comic verse in older Scots’, in Sally Mapstone (ed.), OlderScots Literature (Edinburgh, 2005), 292–313

Mary Floyd-Wilson, ‘English epicures and Scottish witches’, Shakespeare Quarterly,57 (2006), 131–61

William Gillies, ‘The Land of the Little People in medieval Gaelic literary tra-dition’, in Alasdair A. MacDonald and Kees Dekker (eds.), Rhetoric, Royalty,and Reality: Essays on the Literary Culture of Medieval and Early Modern Scotland(Leuven, 2005), 51–68

Julian Goodare, ‘Women and the witch-hunt in Scotland’, Social History, 23(1998), 288–308

Julian Goodare, ‘The Aberdeenshire witchcraft panic of 1597’, Northern Scotland,21 (2001), 1–21

Julian Goodare, ‘The framework for Scottish witch-hunting in the 1590s’, ScottishHistorical Review, 81 (2002), 240–50

238 Bibliography of Scottish Witchcraft

Julian Goodare (ed.), The Scottish Witch-Hunt in Context (Manchester, 2002).Contents:

• Ronald Hutton, ‘The global context of the Scottish witch-hunt’, pp. 16–32• Stuart Macdonald, ‘In search of the Devil in Fife witchcraft cases, 1560–1705’,

pp. 33–50• Julian Goodare, ‘The Scottish witchcraft panic of 1597’, pp. 51–72• Lauren Martin, ‘The Devil and the domestic: witchcraft, quarrels and women’s

work in Scotland’, pp. 73–89• Joyce Miller, ‘Devices and directions: folk healing aspects of witchcraft

practice in seventeenth-century Scotland’, pp. 90–105• Louise Yeoman, ‘Hunting the rich witch in Scotland: high-status witchcraft

suspects and their persecutors, 1590–1650’, pp. 106–21• Julian Goodare, ‘Witch-hunting and the Scottish state’, pp. 122–45• Michael Wasser, ‘The western witch-hunt of 1697–1700: the last major witch-

hunt in Scotland’, pp. 146–65• Brian P. Levack, ‘The decline and end of Scottish witch-hunting’,

pp. 166–81• James Sharpe, ‘Witch-hunting, witchcraft and witch historiography: England

and Scotland compared’, pp. 182–97• Edward J. Cowan and Lizanne Henderson, ‘The last of the witches? The

survival of Scottish witch belief’, pp. 198–217Julian Goodare, ‘John Knox on demonology and witchcraft’, Archiv für

Reformationsgeschichte, 96 (2005), 221–45Julian Goodare, ‘The Scottish witchcraft act’, Church History, 74 (2005),

39–67Julian Goodare, ‘Men and the witch-hunt in Scotland’, in Alison Rowlands

(ed.), Witchcraft and Masculinities in Early Modern Europe (Basingstoke, 2009),148–70

Julian Goodare, ‘The cult of the seely wights in Scotland’, Folklore, 123 (2012),198–219

Julian Goodare, ‘Witchcraft in Scotland’, in Brian P. Levack (ed.), The Oxford Hand-book of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe and Colonial America (Oxford, 2013),300–17

Julian Goodare, Lauren Martin and Joyce Miller (eds.), Witchcraft and Belief inEarly Modern Scotland (Basingstoke, 2008). Contents:

• Julian Goodare, ‘Scottish witchcraft in its European context’, pp. 26–50• Lauren Martin and Joyce Miller, ‘Some findings from the Survey of Scottish

Witchcraft’, pp. 51–70• Edward J. Cowan, ‘Witch persecution and popular belief in Lowland Scotland:

the Devil’s decade’, pp. 71–94• Lizanne Henderson, ‘Witch hunting and witch belief in the Gàidhealtachd’,

pp. 95–118• Lauren Martin, ‘Scottish witchcraft panics re-examined’, pp. 119–43• Joyce Miller, ‘Men in black: appearances of the Devil in early modern Scottish

witchcraft discourse’, pp. 144–65• Brian P. Levack, ‘Demonic possession in early modern Scotland’, pp. 166–84• Owen Davies, ‘A comparative perspective on Scottish cunning-folk and

charmers’, pp. 185–205

Bibliography of Scottish Witchcraft 239

• Michael Wasser, ‘The mechanical world-view and the decline of witch-beliefsin Scotland’, pp. 206–26

• Hugh Cheape, “‘Charms against witchcraft”: magic and mischief in museumcollections’, pp. 227–48

Alaric Hall, ‘Getting shot of elves: healing, witchcraft and fairies in the Scottishwitchcraft trials’, Folklore, 116 (2005), 19–36

Alaric Hall, ‘Folk-healing, fairies and witchcraft: the trial of Stein Maltman,Stirling 1628’, Studia Celtica Fennica, 3 (2006), 10–25

Alaric Hall, ‘The etymology and meanings of eldritch’, Scottish Language, 26(2007), 16–22

Alison Hanham, ‘ “The Scottish Hecate”: a wild witch chase’, Scottish Studies, 13(1969), 59–65

R. L. Harris, ‘Janet Douglas and the witches of Pollock: the background of scepti-cism in Scotland in the 1670s’, in S. R. McKenna (ed.), Selected Essays on ScottishLanguage and Literature: A Festschrift in Honor of Allan H. MacLaine (Lewiston,NY, 1992), 97–124

Lizanne Henderson, ‘The road to Elfland: fairy belief and the Child Ballads’,in Edward J. Cowan (ed.), The Ballad in Scottish History (East Linton, 2000),54–72

Lizanne Henderson, ‘The survival of witchcraft prosecutions and witch belief insouth west Scotland’, Scottish Historical Review, 85 (2006), 54–76

Lizanne Henderson, ‘Charmers, spells and holy wells: the repackaging of belief’,Review of Scottish Culture, 19 (2007), 10–26

Lizanne Henderson (ed.), Fantastical Imaginations: The Supernatural in ScottishHistory and Culture (East Linton, 2009). Contents:

• Edward J. Cowan, ‘The discovery of the future: prophecy and second sight inScottish history’, pp. 1–28

• Louise Yeoman, ‘Away with the fairies’, pp. 29–46• George M. Brunsden, ‘Seventeenth- and eighteenth-century astrology and the

Scottish popular almanac’, pp. 47–69• Hugh Cheape, ‘From natural to supernatural: the material culture of charms

and amulets’, pp. 70–90• Colin Kidd, ‘The Scottish Enlightenment and the supernatural’, pp. 91–109• Douglas Gifford, ‘ “Nathaniel Gow’s toddy”: the supernatural in Lowland

Scottish literature from Burns and Scott to the present day’, 110–140• Lizanne Henderson, ‘Witch, fairy and folktale narratives in the trial of Bessie

Dunlop’, pp. 141–66• Margaret Bennett, ‘Stories of the supernatural: from local memorate to

Scottish legend’, pp. 167–84• John MacInnes, ‘The Church and traditional belief in Gaelic society’,

pp. 185–95• Juliette Wood, ‘Lewis Spence: remembering the Celts’, pp. 196–211• Valentina Bold, ‘The Wicker Man: virgin sacrifice in Dumfries and Galloway’,

pp. 212–20Lizanne Henderson, ‘ “Detestable slaves of the Devil”: changing ideas about

witchcraft in sixteenth-century Scotland’, in Edward J. Cowan and LizanneHenderson (eds.), A History of Everyday Life in Medieval Scotland, 1000 to 1600(Edinburgh, 2011), 226–53

240 Bibliography of Scottish Witchcraft

Lizanne Henderson, ‘The witches of Bute’, in Anna Ritchie (ed.), Historic Bute:Land and People (Edinburgh, 2012), 151–61

Lizanne Henderson and Edward J. Cowan, Scottish Fairy Belief: A History (EastLinton, 2001)

Michael Hunter, ‘The discovery of second sight in late 17th-century Scotland’,History Today, 51:6 (June 2001), 48–53

Ronald Hutton, ‘Witch-hunting in Celtic societies’, Past and Present, 212 (August2011), 43–71

Clare Jackson, ‘Judicial torture, the liberties of the subject, and Anglo-Scottishrelations, 1660–1690’, in T. C. Smout (ed.), Anglo-Scottish Relations from 1603 to1900 (Oxford, 2005), 75–101

Laura Kolb, ‘Playing with demons: interrogating the supernatural in Jacobeandrama’, Forum for Modern Language Studies, 43 (2007), 337–50

Christina Larner, ‘English and Scotch witches’, New Edinburgh Review, 11 (Febru-ary 1971), 25–9

Christina Larner, ‘James VI and I and witchcraft’, in Alan G. R. Smith (ed.), TheReign of James VI and I (London, 1973), 74–90

Christina Larner, ‘Two late Scottish witchcraft tracts: Witch-Craft Proven andThe Tryal of Witchcraft’, in Sydney Anglo (ed.), The Damned Art: Essays in theLiterature of Witchcraft (London, 1977), 227–45

Christina Larner, ‘ “Crimen exceptum”? The crime of witchcraft in Europe’, inV. A. C. Gatrell, Bruce Lenman and Geoffrey Parker (eds.), Crime and the Law:The Social History of Crime in Europe since 1500 (London, 1980), 49–75

Christina Larner, Enemies of God: The Witch-Hunt in Scotland (London, 1981)Christina Larner, ‘Witch-beliefs and witch-hunting in England and Scotland’,

History Today, 31:2 (February 1981), 32–6Christina Larner, The Thinking Peasant: Popular and Educated Belief in Pre-Industrial

Culture (Gifford Lectures in Natural Theology, 1982) (Glasgow, 1982)Christina Larner, Witchcraft and Religion: The Politics of Popular Belief (Oxford,

1984). Contents:• ‘James VI and I and witchcraft’, pp. 3–22• ‘The crime of witchcraft in Scotland’, pp. 23–33• “‘Crimen exceptum”? The crime of witchcraft in Europe’, pp. 35–67• ‘Witch beliefs and accusations in England and Scotland’, pp. 69–78• ‘Witchcraft past and present: (i) Is all witchcraft really witchcraft? (ii) Was

witch-hunting woman-hunting? (iii) When is a witch-hunt a witch-hunt?’,pp. 79–91

• ‘Relativism and ethnocentrism: popular and educated beliefs in pre-industrialculture (The Gifford Lectures in Natural Theology, 1982)’, pp. 95–165

Christina Larner, ‘Healing in pre-industrial Britain’, in Mike Saks (ed.), AlternativeMedicine in Britain (Oxford, 1992), 25–34

Jacqueline E. M. Latham, ‘The Tempest and King James’ Daemonologie’, ShakespeareStudies, 28 (1975), 117–23

Brian P. Levack, ‘The great Scottish witch-hunt of 1661–1662’, Journal of BritishStudies, 20 (1980), 90–108

Brian P. Levack (ed.), Witchcraft in Scotland (New York, 1992). Reprints. Contents:• F. Legge, ‘Witchcraft in Scotland’, Scottish Review, 18 (1891), 257–88• Christina Larner, ‘The crime of witchcraft in Scotland’, in her Witchcraft and

Religion: The Politics of Popular Belief (Oxford, 1984), 23–33

Bibliography of Scottish Witchcraft 241

• John Ferguson, ‘Bibliographical notes on the witchcraft literature of Scotland’,Proceedings of the Edinburgh Bibliographical Society, 3 (1895), 37–124

• G. F. Black, ‘A calendar of cases of witchcraft in Scotland, 1510–1727’, Bul-letin of the New York Public Library, 41 (1937), 811–47, 917–36; 42 (1938),34–74

• Edward J. Cowan, ‘The darker vision of the Scottish Renaissance: the Devil andFrancis Stewart’, in Ian B. Cowan and Duncan Shaw (eds.), The Renaissance andReformation in Scotland (Edinburgh, 1983), 125–40

• Christina Larner, ‘Witch-beliefs and witch-hunting in England and Scotland’,History Today, 31:2 (February 1981), 32–6

• Brian P. Levack, ‘The great Scottish witch-hunt of 1661–1662’, Journal of BritishStudies, 20 (1980), 90–108

• W. N. Neill, ‘The professional pricker and his test for witchcraft’, ScottishHistorical Review, 19 (1922), 205–13

• M. A. Murray, ‘The “Devil” of North Berwick’, Scottish Historical Review, 15(1918), 310–21

• William Roughead, ‘The witches of North Berwick’, in his The Riddle of theRuthvens and Other Studies (Edinburgh, 1936), 144–66

• Helen Stafford, ‘Notes on Scottish witchcraft cases, 1590–91’, in NortonDowns (ed.), Essays in Honor of Conyers Read (Chicago, Ill., 1953), 96–118,278–84

• A. E. Truckell (ed.), ‘Unpublished witchcraft trials’, Transactions of theDumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society, 3rd ser., 51(1975), 48–58, and 52 (1976), 95–108

• James Hutchisone, ‘A sermon on witchcraft in 1697’, ed. George Neilson,Scottish Historical Review, 7 (1910), 390–9

Brian P. Levack (ed.), New Perspectives on Witchcraft, Magic and Demonology, vol.iii: Witchcraft in the British Isles and New England (London, 2001). Reprints.Contents include:

• P. G. Maxwell-Stuart, ‘The fear of the king is death: James VI and the witchesof East Lothian’, in W. G. Naphy and Penny Roberts (eds.), Fear in Early ModernSociety (Manchester, 1997), 209–25

• S. W. McDonald, A. Thom and A. Thom, ‘The Bargarran witch trial: apsychiatric reassessment’, Scottish Medical Journal, 41 (1996), 152–8

Brian P. Levack, ‘Judicial torture in Scotland during the age of Mackenzie’, StairSociety Miscellany, iv (2002), 185–98

Brian P. Levack, ‘State-building and witch-hunting in early modern Scotland’,in Johannes Dillinger, Jürgen M. Schmidt and Dieter R. Bauer (eds.),Hexenprozess und Staatsbildung: Witch-Trials and State-Building (Bielefeld, 2008),77–95

Brian P. Levack, Witch-Hunting in Scotland: Law, Politics and Religion (London,2008). Contents:

• ‘Witch-hunting in Scotland and England’, pp. 1–14• ‘Witchcraft and the law in early modern Scotland’, pp. 15–33• ‘King James VI and witchcraft’, pp. 34–54• ‘Witch-hunting in revolutionary Britain’, pp. 55–80• ‘The great Scottish witch-hunt of 1661–2’, pp. 81–97• ‘Absolutism, state-building, and witchcraft’, pp. 98–114• ‘Demonic possession and witch-hunting in Scotland’, pp. 115–30

242 Bibliography of Scottish Witchcraft

• ‘The decline and end of Scottish witch-hunting’, pp. 131–44• ‘Witch-hunting and witch-murder in early eighteenth-century Scotland’,

pp. 145–61Emily Lyle, Fairies and Folk: Approaches to the Scottish Ballad Tradition (Trier, 2007)J. A. MacCulloch, ‘The mingling of fairy and witch beliefs in sixteenth and

seventeenth century Scotland’, Folk-Lore, 32 (1921), 227–44Stuart Macdonald, The Witches of Fife: Witch-Hunting in a Scottish Shire, 1560–1710

(East Linton, 2002)Stuart Macdonald, ‘Torture and the Scottish witch-hunt: a re-examination’,

Scottish Tradition, 27 (2002), 95–114Stuart Macdonald, ‘Enemies of God revisited: recent publications on Scottish

witch-hunting’, Scottish Economic and Social History, 23 (2003), 65–84S. W. McDonald, ‘The Devil’s mark and the witch-prickers of Scotland’, Journal of

the Royal Society of Medicine, 90 (1997), 507–11S. W. McDonald, ‘The witch doctors of Scotland’, Scottish Medical Journal, 43

(1998), 119–22S. W. McDonald, A. Thom and A. Thom, ‘The Bargarran witch trial: a psychiatric

reassessment’, Scottish Medical Journal, 41 (1996), 152–8William Mackay, ‘The Strathglass witches of 1662’, Transactions of the Gaelic

Society of Inverness, 9 (1879–80), 113–21Hugh V. McLachlan, ‘Witchcraft belief and social reality’, Philosophical Journal, 14

(1977), 99–110Hugh V. McLachlan, ‘The Bargarran witchcraft scare of the 1690s’, History

Scotland, 7:5 (May 2007), 14–19Hugh V. McLachlan and J. K. Swales, ‘Witchcraft and anti-feminism’, Scottish

Journal of Sociology, 4 (1980), 141–66Hugh McLachlan and Kim Swales, ‘The bewitchment of Christian Shaw: a

reassessment of the famous Paisley witchcraft case of 1697’, in YvonneG. Brown and Rona Ferguson (eds.), Twisted Sisters: Women, Crime and Deviancein Scotland since 1400 (East Linton, 2002), 54–83

J. M. McPherson, Primitive Beliefs in the North-East of Scotland (London, 1929)M. A. Manzaloui, ‘St. Bonaventure and the witches in “Macbeth” ’, Innes Review,

14 (1963), 72–4Lauren Martin, ‘Witchcraft and family: what can witchcraft documents tell

us about early modern Scottish family life?’, Scottish Tradition, 27 (2002),7–22

W. Matheson, ‘The historical Coinneach Odhar and some prophecies attributedto him’, Transactions of the Gaelic Society of Inverness, 46 (1969–1970),66–88

P. G. Maxwell-Stuart, ‘The fear of the king is death: James VI and the witches ofEast Lothian’, in W. G. Naphy and Penny Roberts (eds.), Fear in Early ModernSociety (Manchester, 1997), 209–25

P. G. Maxwell-Stuart, ‘Witchcraft and the kirk in Aberdeenshire, 1596–97’,Northern Scotland, 18 (1998), 1–14

P. G. Maxwell-Stuart, Satan’s Conspiracy: Magic and Witchcraft in Sixteenth-CenturyScotland (East Linton, 2001)

P. G. Maxwell-Stuart, ‘Witchcraft and magic in eighteenth-century Scotland’, inOwen Davies and Willem de Blécourt (eds.), Beyond the Witch Trials: Witchcraftand Magic in Enlightenment Europe (Manchester, 2004), 81–99

Bibliography of Scottish Witchcraft 243

P. G. Maxwell-Stuart, Abundance Of Witches: The Great Scottish Witch-Hunt (Stroud,2005); reprinted as The Great Scottish Witch-Hunt (Stroud, 2007)

P. G. Maxwell-Stuart, ‘King James’s experience of witches, and the 1604 EnglishWitchcraft Act’, in John Newton and Jo Bath (eds.), Witchcraft and the Act of1604 (Leiden, 2008), 31–46

Joyce Miller, Magic and Witchcraft in Scotland (Musselburgh, 2004)Scott Moir, ‘The crucible: witchcraft and the experience of family in early modern

Scotland’, in Elizabeth Ewan and Janay Nugent (eds.), Finding the Family inMedieval and Early Modern Scotland (Aldershot, 2008), 49–59

Chris Neale, The 17th Century Witch Craze in West Fife: A Guide to the Printed Sources(Dunfermline District Libraries, 1980)

W. N. Neill, ‘The professional pricker and his test for witchcraft’, Scottish HistoricalReview, 19 (1922), 205–13

W. N. Neill, ‘The last execution for witchcraft in Scotland, 1722’, Scottish HistoricalReview, 20 (1923), 218–21

Lawrence Normand, ‘Modernising Scottish witchcraft texts’, EnterText, 3 (2003),227–37

D. J. Parkinson, ‘ “The Legend of the Bishop of St Androis Lyfe” and the survival ofScottish poetry’, Early Modern Literary Studies, 9:1 (May 2003), electronic journal

Coleman O. Parsons, Witchcraft and Demonology in Scott’s Fiction (Edinburgh,1964)

Diane Purkiss, ‘Sounds of silence: fairies and incest in Scottish witchcraft stories’,in Stuart Clark (ed.), Languages of Witchcraft: Narrative, Ideology and Meaning inEarly Modern Culture (London, 2001), 81–98

Diane Purkiss, ‘Losing babies, losing stories: attending to women’s confessions inScottish witch-trials’, in Margaret Mikesell and Adele Seeff (eds.), Culture andChange: Attending to Early Modern Women (Newark, Del., 2003), 143–58

Anthony Ross, ‘Incubi in the Isles in the thirteenth century’, Innes Review, 13(1962), 108–9

Sir Walter Scott, Letters on Demonology and Witchcraft (London, 1884; firstpublished 1830)

Charles K. Sharpe, A Historical Account of the Belief in Witchcraft in Scotland(London, 1884; first published 1818)

Jacqueline Simpson, ‘ “The weird sisters wandering”: burlesque witchery inMontgomerie’s Flyting’, Folklore, 106 (1995), 9–20

Alex Sutherland, The Brahan Seer: The Making of a Legend (Bern, 2009)Margo Todd, ‘Fairies, Egyptians and elders: multiple cosmologies in post-

Reformation Scotland’, in Bridget Heal and Ole Peter Grell (eds.), The Impact ofthe European Reformation: Princes, Clergy and People (Aldershot, 2008), 189–208

Michael Wasser, ‘The privy council and the witches: the curtailment of witchcraftprosecutions in Scotland, 1597–1628’, Scottish Historical Review, 82 (2003),20–46

Emma Wilby, ‘The witch’s familiar and the fairy in early modern England andScotland’, Folklore, 111 (2000), 283–305

Emma Wilby, Cunning Folk and Familiar Spirits: Shamanistic Visionary Traditions inEarly Modern British Witchcraft and Magic (Brighton, 2005)

Emma Wilby, The Visions of Isobel Gowdie: Magic, Witchcraft and Dark Shamanismin Seventeenth-Century Scotland (Brighton, 2010)

244 Bibliography of Scottish Witchcraft

Liv Helene Willumsen, ‘Witches in Scotland and northern Norway: two case stud-ies’, in Peter Graves and Arne Kruse (eds.), Images and Imaginations: Perspectiveson Britain and Scandinavia (Edinburgh, 2007), 35–67

Liv Helene Willumsen, ‘A narratological approach to witchcraft trial: a Scottishcase’, Journal of Early Modern History, 15 (2011), 531–60

Liv Helene Willumsen, ‘Seventeenth-century witchcraft trials in Scotland andnorthern Norway: comparative aspects’, History Research, 1:1 (December 2011),61–74

Liv Helene Willumsen, Witches of the North: Scotland and Finnmark (Leiden, 2013)Juliette Wood, ‘A Celtic sorcerer’s apprentice: the magician figure in Scottish tra-

dition’, in Roderick J. Lyall and Felicity Riddy (eds.), Proceedings of the ThirdInternational Conference on Scottish Language and Literature (Glasgow, 1983),127–42

Jenny Wormald, ‘The witches, the Devil and the king’, in Terry Brotherstone andDavid Ditchburn (eds.), Freedom and Authority: Scotland, c.1050–c.1650 (EastLinton, 2000), 165–80

Louise A. Yeoman, ‘The Devil as doctor: witchcraft, Wodrow, and the widerworld’, Scottish Archives, 1 (1995), 93–105

John R. Young, ‘The Scottish parliament and witch-hunting in Scotland underthe covenanters’, Parliaments, Estates and Representation, 26 (2006), 53–65

4. Unpublished theses

Michelle Brock, ‘The Fiend in the Fog: A History of Satan in Early ModernScotland’ (University of Texas at Austin PhD thesis, 2012)

Anna L. Cordey, ‘Witch-Hunting in the Presbytery of Dalkeith, 1649 to 1662’(University of Edinburgh MSc by Research thesis, 2003)

John Gilmore, ‘Witchcraft and the Church in Scotland subsequent to theReformation’ (University of Glasgow PhD thesis, 1948)

Lizanne Henderson, ‘Supernatural Traditions and Folk Beliefs in an Age of Tran-sition: Witchcraft and Charming in Scotland, c.1670–1740’ (University ofStrathclyde PhD thesis, 2004)

Paula Hughes, ‘The 1649–50 Scottish Witch-Hunt, with Particular Reference tothe Synod of Lothian and Tweeddale’ (University of Strathclyde PhD thesis,2008)

Paul M. Kidd, ‘King James VI and the Demonic Conspiracy: Witch-Huntingand Anti-Catholicism in 16th- and early-17th-century Scotland’ (University ofGlasgow MPhil thesis, 2004)

Margaret C. Kintscher, ‘The Culpability of James VI of Scotland, Later James I ofEngland, in the North Berwick Witchcraft Trials of 1590–91’ (San Jose StateUniversity MA thesis, 1991)

Christina Larner (née Ross), ‘Scottish Demonology in the Sixteenth and Seven-teenth Centuries and its Theological Background’ (University of EdinburghPhD thesis, 1962)

Lauren Martin, ‘The Devil and the Domestic: Witchcraft, Women’s Work andMarriage in Early Modern Scotland’ (New School for Social Research, New York,PhD thesis, 2003)

Bibliography of Scottish Witchcraft 245

Joyce Miller, ‘Cantrips and Carlins: Magic, Medicine and Society in thePresbyteries of Haddington and Stirling, 1600–1688’ (University of Stirling PhDthesis, 1999)

Laura Paterson, ‘The Witches’ Sabbath in Scotland’ (University of Edinburgh MScby Research thesis, 2011)

Sarah Rhodes, ‘King James VI of Scotland, His Treatise Daemonologie, and theSubsequent Influence on Witchcraft Prosecution in Scotland’ (College ofCharleston and the Citadel MA thesis, 2009)

Jane Ridder-Patrick, ‘Astrology in Early Modern Scotland, ca. 1543–1726’ (Uni-versity of Edinburgh PhD thesis, 2012)

Elizabeth Robertson, ‘Panic and Persecution: Witch-Hunting in East Lothian,1628–1631’ (University of Edinburgh MSc by Research thesis, 2009)

Liv Helene Willumsen, ‘Seventeenth Century Witchcraft Trials in Scotland andNorthern Norway’ (University of Edinburgh PhD thesis, 2008)

Index

Note: Asterisks ∗ denote persons accused of being witches.

Aberdeen, 121, 124, 167, 180, 181,183–4, 196, 205–7

county of, 19, 24, 55, 143Acheson, Agnes, 108Acheson, Janet,∗ 71–2Adair, Mr William, 210Adam, Isobel,∗ 226Adams, Margaret, 108–9Adie, Lilias,∗ 227admiral, 57–60adulterers, adultery, 17, 21–2, 24–6,

35, 87, 131Aikenhead, Thomas, 213Airlie, earls of, 18Alexander, Agnes, 107Alexander, Elspeth,∗ 163aliens, 7, 121, 124, 129–30, 132, 135Alloa, 131, 156, 163, 164, 180Amazonia, 146, 153, 155America, 152Amsterdam, 195Anderson, Agnes,∗ 113–14Anderson, Elizabeth,∗ 172, 176Anderson, Grissel,∗ 227Anderson, Isobel,∗ 220Angus, county of, 18, 23–4

countesses of, see Erskine, Mary;Leslie, Margaret; Lyon, Jean

earls of, see DouglasAnnan, 181Anne of Denmark, queen of Scots, 28,

34, 55Anstruther (Easter and Wester), 180,

186, 192, 217anthropology, 4, 7, 69–70, 82, 145–6,

153, 158Antwerp, 195apparitions, 127–8, 135, 137, 151, 216

see also hallucinationsArbroath, 24, 27, 180, 183

Argyll, earls of, see CampbellArmstrong, Anne,∗ 163assizes, 19, 25, 45, 71, 72, 79, 226Atholl, 59, 166Auldearn, 7, 140–1, 144, 152, 161Ayr, 180

Bain, Margaret,∗ 202Bainzie, Robert,∗ 219, 220Bairnis, Gilbert, 196Balcanquall, Robert, minister of

Tranent, 100Balfour, Alison,∗ 9–10Balmerino, 163

parish of, 196–7Banff, 180

county of, 19Bannatyne, Margaret,∗ 114Barbour, Margaret,∗ 113–14Barclay, Margaret,∗ 203Bargarran, see witchcraft panicsBarker, Janet,∗ 191Barns, 50, 55

see also East Barns; West BarnsBaron, Isobel,∗ 207Baron, Jacob, merchant of Edinburgh,

41Belhaven, 73Bell, Bessie, 106, 109Bell, William, bailie of Pittenweem,

227Bellenden, Adam, bishop of

Dunblane, 72, 82–3benandanti, 137, 143, 145–7, 154Benbecula, 148Benevento, 166Bergen, 53, 58Berwick, county of, 184bierricht (cruentation), 106, 119Biggar, presbytery of, 89, 91, 93, 97

246

Index 247

birlawmen, 76Bishop, Janet,∗ 10Bizet, Jean, 227Black, Elizabeth,∗ 61, 163Black, Thomas,∗ 129Blackie, Janet,∗ 113Blair, Robert, minister of Holywood,

221–2Blåkulla, 166blasphemy, 21, 22, 87Bohuslän, 60Bologna, 166Bo’ness, 180, 184–5, 192, 217Bonnyman, Jean, 206Bonnyman, Marjorie, 168Bordeaux, 166Borders, 22, 184Borthwick, Alexander, 89Bothwell, earl of, see Stewart, Francisbourtree, see elder treeBowndie, Barbara,∗ 60‘Boy of Leith’, 166Braidhead, Janet,∗ 151branks, 104–5Brechin, 180, 204, 206Bridge of Awe, 141Brisbane, James, 225Brown, Isobel,∗ 101Brown, Jean,∗ 219Brown, Katherine, 218Brown, Robert, 163Brown, Thomas,∗ 226–7Broxmouth, 76Bruce, Elspeth,∗ 166Bryson, John, 76Bryson, Margaret, 77Bryson, Patrick, 76–7Bryson, Patrick, younger, birlawman,

76Buchanan, Janet,∗ 114Burntcastle, 199Burntisland, 180, 183, 185, 187Burroughs, George,∗ 223Bute, 142, 150, 167

Caerlaverock, parish of, 221–2Caithness, 227–8Caithness and Orkney, synod of, 228Calderwood, Alexander, 105

Calderwood, David, historian, 38calendar customs, 73

Christmas, 56, 58, 61Hallowe’en, 34, 168Lammas, 44Lent, 131–2Martinmas, 120Midsummer, 44

Callendar, Bessie,∗ 227Calmar War, 52Campbell, Archibald, 4th earl of

Argyll, 23Campbell, Archibald, 5th earl of

Argyll, 19, 23, 31Campbell, John, 1st earl of Loudoun,

chancellor, 99Canada, 52Canon Episcopi, 131, 162Canongate, 33, 165, 180, 188, 190,

195Carberry, battle of, 22Carmichael, Mary,∗ 227Carrington, parish of, 119Cass, Robert, of Fordell, 2Castle Hill (Edinburgh), 191, 196,

201–3, 208Cathie, George, witch-pricker, 92,

93–4, 96cats, 126, 165, 167, 219

witch riding on cat, 161–3, 169, 171see also shape-shifting

cattle, 67, 71, 74, 77, 78, 83, 141, 148,190, 217

see also dairyingChalmers, William, 125charity, refusal of, 217Charles I, king of Great Britain, 85Charles II, king of Great Britain, 94,

97, 99, 166charmers, charming, see magical

practitionersChartes, Geillis,∗ 109, 112–13Christen the Tailor,∗ 52Christian IV, king of

Denmark-Norway, 50–3, 55, 56Christsonday, 129circuit courts, see justice ayresClark, Margaret,∗ 220Clerk, Christine,∗ 98

248 Index

Clochtow, 125Cock, Janet,∗ 5, 84, 106, 109, 110, 112,

116–17, 118, 125Cockburn, John, 126–7, 135cocks, 161, 162–3, 171Coke, William,∗ 198, 200Colden, Janet, 116Colden, Mary, 116Colville, Alexander, of Blair, justice

depute, 72, 83, 97confessions, 88–9, 93, 99, 103, 114,

118, 170–2, 196–7and demonology, 49, 53, 55, 61–2,

87–8, 112, 129, 149and folk belief, 6–7, 58, 129–31,

133–6, 140–3, 160–9retraction of, 113, 189, 203of specific witches, 7, 10, 26, 38,

56–8, 61–2, 71, 90, 93, 98, 101,109, 112–13, 115–16, 120, 129,131–2, 134, 140–3, 149, 151,155, 161–9, 175, 184–5, 189,191, 203, 226–7, 228

see also memory; tortureconsulting witches, 36, 39, 42, 44–6,

85–6, 204, 213Copenhagen, 51Corbridge, 163Cornfoot, Janet,∗ 226–7Corsica, 150–2Coutts, Janet,∗ 89–90, 91–3, 96covenanters, covenants, 85, 87, 89,

141, 184, 190Cowan, Walter,∗ 114Cowie, Janet,∗ 167Cowper, Patrick, minister of

Pittenweem, 226Craig, Jean,∗ 100Crail, 50, 55, 180, 185–6Cranston, parish of, 220Crawford, Isobel,∗ 203Crichton, parish of, 114Crighton, Robert, 217crimen exceptum, 24–5, 27, 28–9, 30Crockett, Elizabeth,∗ 131Cromwell, Oliver, 94, 97–100crows, 151, 164, 174

see also shape-shiftingcruentation, see bierricht

Cullen, 180Culross, 180, 185–6, 198, 199Cumming, Isobel,∗ 169Cunningham, Alan, 50Cunningham, Alexander, 50, 63Cunningham, John, of Barns, 50Cunningham, John, governor of

Finnmark, 3, 49–66 passimCunningham, William, of West Barns,

50Cupar, 180, 186, 196–7, 218

presbytery of, 93, 186Currie, Agnes,∗ 227Currie, Janet,∗ 108curses, 58, 68, 71, 72, 75, 77–8, 103–6,

219, 223Cuthbertson, Margaret,∗ 10

Dail, Janet,∗ 113–14, 115–16dairying, 74, 75, 78, 79–80Dalkeith, 1, 5, 125, 180

parish of, 105presbytery of, 1–2, 8, 10, 97, 103–20

passim, 189–90, 200dancing, 58, 110, 126, 143–4, 167, 171‘Davidson, Archibald’, 38Dawson, John, 200dead, the, 138, 143–4, 165, 209demonic pact, 12, 13, 49, 53, 54, 56,

71, 72, 87, 112, 141, 218demonic possession, 117, 127, 215,

218–19, 221–2, 224–9demons, 124, 131, 135–6, 165Denmark, 36, 52, 192

see also Anne of Denmark;Christian IV

Deuart, Alexander,∗ 220Devil, 7, 12, 28, 42, 68, 86, 117

appearance of, 56–8, 60, 127–9, 135,137, 167, 218, 227

in shape of dog, 57–8in shape of horse, 217, 228in shape of rat, 126, 129Devil’s mark, 6, 71, 72, 80, 87, 93,

99, 129, 131–2sex with Devil, 60, 129, 130–4, 172,

219, see also incubi and succubisee also demonic pact; demonic

possession; demons

Index 249

Dick, Alison,∗ 198, 200Dick, Elizabeth,∗ 217Dickson, Alexander, 105Dingwall, 180Dobson, Margaret,∗ 164dogs, 59, 115, 219

see also Devil; shape-shiftingDonaldson, Robert, 144donas de fuera, 143, 154Dornoch, 181, 225Douglas, Archibald, 5th earl of Angus,

40Douglas, Archibald, 6th earl of Angus,

40Douglas, Archibald, 8th earl of Angus,

3, 34–6, 38–9, 40–1, 42–3, 44–5Douglas, James, 106Douglas, James, 4th earl of Morton,

regent of Scotland, 29Douglas, Janet, 43Douglas, Margaret, 40Douglas, Margaret, countess of

Lennox, 40Douglas, Robert, 35Douglas, William, 9th earl of Angus, 3,

40–6Douglas, William, 10th earl of Angus,

43, 45–6Douglas, William, 7th earl of Morton,

35, 43Douglas, William, of Lochleven, later

6th earl of Morton, 35, 42–3,44, 46

doves, 77dovecotes, 77, 83see also shape-shifting

Dowlach, Janet,∗ 219dreams, 106, 122–4, 127, 137, 143–5,

150–1, 156, 160, 170, 219Drew, William,∗ 223–4Duchill, Margaret,∗ 61, 156, 163Duffus, Lord, see Sutherland, JamesDumbarton, 98, 180Dumfries, 125, 169, 180, 181, 192,

200, 202, 205, 220, 221county of, 217, 221–2

Dunbar, 72, 73, 180parish of, 67–8, 71, 73–4, 77, 79presbytery of, 71–2, 97

Duncan, Geillis,∗ 34, 202–3Duncan, Margaret,∗ 126Dundas, 125Dundas, Robert, king’s advocate, 227Dundee, 19, 180, 181, 183Dunehill of Spot, 72Dunfermline, 180, 185–6

presbytery of, 90, 93earl of, see Seton, Alexander

Dunhame, Margaret,∗ 197, 199Dunkeld, 24Dunnet, parish of, 220Durie, Marjorie,∗ 90Dysart, 180, 182, 185–7

earthquakes, 145East Barns, 67–71, 73–81, 168East Lothian, county of, 34, 55, 164,

184, 189, 224Easter Ross, 226Edinburgh, 1–2, 5, 35, 55, 97, 178,

180–2, 183, 197, 198executions in, 191, 196, 201–3, 204,

208, 220justiciary court in, 71, 72, 77, 88,

126, 220presbytery of, 97proximity to, 1–2, 103, 186witchcraft cases in, 188–92, 193, 195see also Castle Hill

Edisdatter, Karen,∗ 56–7Eglinton, earl of, see Montgomery,

Hughelder tree, 161, 163, 171Elgin, 164, 165, 167, 180, 206

county of, 17, 18, 19, 22, 24Elliot, Isobel,∗ 164Elphinstone, Agnes,∗ 110elves, 144

elf arrows, 140–2, 144, 148–50, 162,163

Engagement (1648), 85, 87England, 3, 22, 29, 45, 60, 85, 94, 166,

179, 207, 210witch-hunting in, 3, 6, 9, 69, 91,

104, 127Erskine, Annas, 201, 204Erskine, Isobel, 201, 204

250 Index

Erskine, John, 1st earl of Mar, regentof Scotland, 29

Erskine, John, of Dun, superintendentof Angus, 20, 23–4, 27

Erskine, Margaret,∗ 106, 109–11Erskine, Mary, countess of Angus, 35Erskine, Robert, 201, 204estates, committee of, 88, 89–90, 92,

94, 97–8, 101, 199Estonia, 54Ewen, Katherine, 126execution of witches, 1, 6, 10, 19, 71,

191, 196–214 passim, 220Eyemouth, 101, 164

fairies, 6, 7, 128, 133–5, 140–58passim, 162, 165–6, 169, 216, 234

fairy archers, 141, 151, 156fairyland, 129, 166–7, 172see also elves; seely wights

Falkland, 181, 185familiar spirits, 86fatalism, 152–5, 172Ferguson, Agnes,∗ 27Ferguson, Isobel,∗ 105–6, 109, 112–13Fian, John,∗ 165, 167, 196, 205Fife, county of, 17, 18, 19, 22, 50, 55,

93, 97, 110towns in, 183, 188, 192–3

Finlayson, Janet,∗ 187Finlayson, Margaret,∗ 90Finnie, Agnes,∗ 84, 126–7, 137, 190–1Finnmark, 3, 49–66 passimfish, fishing, 53, 54, 57, 73, 79, 168,

179, 184Flinker, Bessie,∗ 165flying, 6–8, 9, 58–9, 122–3, 129, 141,

159–76 passimForbes, Harry, minister of Auldearn,

141, 145Forfar, 181

county of, 18, 19, 23, 24, 27, 163,166, 183

fornicators, fornication, 87, 131, 220Forres, 180Forrest, Jean, 106Forth, Firth of, 178, 183–4, 186, 193Fortrose, 181, 226Fortune, Alexander, 71

France, 166, 226Frank, John, 199Fraser, John, 216Frazer, James, 228‘Frisland’, 50, 63–4Friuli, 137, 143, 145Fulton, Margaret,∗ 166–7

Gaelic, see HighlandsGagge, Claus, governor of Finnmark,

52Galloway, 97Galt, Maud,∗ 90general assembly, 19, 20–2, 25–7,

85–6, 89, 99commission of, 85–6, 89, 99, 222

Geneva, 189–90, 195Gentleman, Janet,∗ 126Germany, 4, 104, 187, 191, 208Gillies, Neil, 225Gilmerton, 190Glamis, Lord and master of, see LyonGlasgow, 22, 31, 55, 126, 180, 181,

192presbytery of, 90

Glass, John,∗ 226Gordon, Ambrose, 126Gordon, George, 5th earl of Huntly, 28Gordon, Janet, 206Gowdie, Isobel,∗ 7, 9, 140–58 passim,

160, 161–4, 166, 167, 172Graham, Sir David, of Fintry, 28Graham, Elspeth,∗ 116Graham, James, 5th earl of Montrose,

94, 97, 99Graham, Richard,∗ 35, 39Grangehill, 144Grant, Sir Francis, of Cullen, 225Grant, Marion,∗ 121, 128Gray, Helen,∗ 125, 126, 205Greenland, 3, 51–2Greenlaw, parish of, 220Greenock, 181Grintoun, Christian,∗ 75–6Guthrie, Helen,∗ 166Guyana, 146, 157

Index 251

Haddington, 114, 179, 180, 188presbytery of, 89, 93–4, 96–8sheriff court of, 205earl of, see Hamilton, Thomas

Hairstains, Janet,∗ 221–2Haldane, Isobel,∗ 169Haliburton, Elspeth,∗ 113–14Hall, James, 51hallucinations, 8, 122–3, 136Hamilton, 180Hamilton, Alexander,∗ 223Hamilton, Mr Patrick, of Little

Preston, 2Hamilton, Thomas, 1st earl of

Haddington, 2Hammerfest, 54Hanseatic League, 53Hardie, Robert, 117Hardie, William, 117Harper, Janet, 222Harries, Richard, 222hawthorn tree, 161, 163, 171Hay, Bessie, 144Hay, John, of Park, 142, 145Hay, William, canon lawyer, 130–1,

162headgear (caps, hats, kerchiefs), 71–2,

75, 78, 82, 162, 165–6, 173healing, 5, 6, 67, 71, 75, 80, 143–4,

146, 153, 155, 191see also magical practitioners

Helsingør, 57Henderson, Bessie,∗ 205heresy, heretics, 28, 202, 207–8herring, see fishHeslope, Bessie,∗ 221–2Hewison, Jean,∗ 114Highlands, Highlanders, 11, 23,

141–2, 148, 183Gaelic culture, 152, 162, 163

Hill, Agnes,∗ 108Hodge, Janet, 78, 80Home, Margaret, 74Home, Thomas, 75, 77Honningsvåg, 54Hopkins, Matthew, 3‘Horne, Janet’,∗ 162–3, 225Horseburgh, Janet,∗ 226–7

horses, 74, 77, 106, 110, 148, 156, 217fairies riding on, 149witch flying on horse, 162see also Devil; shape-shifting

Howat, Janet,∗ 163Howie, Janet,∗ 114Humbie, parish of, 164Hume, David, of Godscroft, 34, 38–9,

40Hume, Patrick, of Polwarth, 168Hungary, 145, 155, 168Hunt, Robert, 4Hunter, Marion,∗ 162Huntly, earl of, see Gordon, GeorgeHutcheson, Elizabeth,∗ 184

Iceland, 54idolatry, 22, 222imprisonment, 88, 98, 108, 114, 141,

196–7, 202incest, 22, 25–6, 87, 138, 204incubi and succubi, 130–1, 137Innes, William, minister of Thurso,

228interrogation, see confessionsInveraray, 181Inveresk, parish of, 108, 113–14Inverkeithing, 20, 180, 182, 185–6Inverness, 180, 181, 192, 222Ireland, 97, 220Irvine, 180, 203

Jack, Margaret,∗ 226James VI, king of Scots, 2–3, 28, 29,

34, 36–7, 40–3, 198Daemonologie (1597), 2, 45, 56,

130–1Jedburgh, 180, 184

presbytery of, 93Johnston, Arthur, 183Johnstone, Agnes,∗ 107, 113–14Johnstone, David,∗ 113–14Johnstone, Geillis,∗ 25juries, see assizesjustice ayres, 18, 19, 22, 26

circuit courts, 220, 222, 223justice general, 19, 116Justice, Jon, 198

252 Index

justiciary, commissions of, 2, 9–10, 72,88, 178, 226, 229

general commissions, 89–90court of, 9, 72, 88, 116, 127, 188,

189, 191, 201, 220

kanaimà, 146–7, 153, 155, 157Keill, Mary,∗ 226Keith, George, 4th Earl Marischal, 35Keith, Janet, Lady Glamis, 35Kelso, 180, 184Kennedy, Janet,∗ 44Kennoway, James, 212Kennoway, John, 199, 212Kiberg, 56–7Killilan, 166Kilmalcolm, 166Kilrenny, 181Kilsyth, battle of, 194Kincaid, John, witch-pricker, 197King, William,∗ 113–14, 116Kinghorn, 180Kinross, 180

county of, 183kirk sessions, 5, 33, 71, 83, 85, 87–8,

92, 104–5, 108–12, 143, 178,187–8, 200

Kirk, Robert, minister of Aberfoyle,216

Kirk, William, 198–9Kirkbean, parish of, 221Kirkbride, parish of, 220Kirkcaldy, 180, 185–6, 198, 200

presbytery of, 55Kirkcudbright, 180, 192, 198, 217,

223–4Kirkmichael, parish of, 219Kirkpatrick, Helen,∗ 220Knowis, Lilias, 80Knox, John, reformer, 11, 20, 23, 32Kofoed, Hans Olsen, governor of

Finnmark, 52Kola, 52–3

Lachlan, Jean,∗ 161Laing, Beatrix,∗ 226–7Laing, Margaret,∗ 220Laing, Megot,∗ 164, 171Laird, Margaret, 218–19, 225

Lanark, 162, 180, 190presbytery of, 93

Langside, battle of, 27Lauder, 180, 184Lawrie, John, 109Lawson, Agnes,∗ 108Lawson, Meg,∗ 220Lawson, Nicolas,∗ 226–7lawyers, 2, 72, 130, 162, 188Leach, Marion, 105Leirmont, Mr Robert, 43Leith, 42, 180, 181, 183, 189–90, 201

see also ‘Boy of Leith’Lennox, countess of, see Douglas,

Margaretlesbianism, 101Leslie, Alexander, 206Leslie, Beatrix,∗ 107–8, 112–13, 119,

126Leslie, Margaret, countess of Angus, 35Lhuyd, Edward, antiquary, 141, 151,

153Liberton, parish of, 129, 165, 189Lindsay, Alexander, 1st Lord Spynie,

36, 37–8, 40–1, 42, 46Lindsay, James,∗ 169Lindsay, Robert, of Pitscottie,

historian, 19Lindsay, Thomas,∗ 164Linlithgow, 180, 188

presbytery of, 97Lithgow, Walter, 109Livingston, 159Lochleven, 41

castle of, 23, 27Lochmaben, 181Lockie, Janet,∗ 161Logie, Catherine,∗ 199, 200London, 108, 192, 195Lothian and Tweeddale, synod of, 92,

97, 98Louddon, Alexander, 199Loudoun, earl of, see Campbell, JohnLouvine, John, 110Lowrie, James, 200Lowther, Christopher, 1, 5, 6, 10, 13Lucas, Janet,∗ 124–5Lumsden, James, of Airdrie, 40–2, 46,

48

Index 253

Lyder Horn, 58Lyle, Janet,∗ 113–14Lyon, Jean, countess of Angus, 3,

34–48 passimLyon, John, 8th Lord Glamis, 35Lyon, Thomas, master of Glamis, 37,

38

MacCalzean, Euphemia,∗ 35, 36, 59,168, 189

execution of, 44, 45–6, 202–3, 204McGhie, Rosina, 125McGhie, William, 125–6McGill, Thomas, 219McGuffock, Janet, Lady Tonderghie,

12McIlmichael, Donald,∗ 204McInlay, Margaret,∗ 98Mackenzie, Sir George, of Rosehaugh,

114–15, 164McKeoner, Janet,∗ 223–4Maclay, Alexander, 226MacMillan, John,∗ 113, 120McMurich, Margaret,∗ 98McMurray, Janet,∗ 217McNairn, John, 219McNairn, Mary, 219McQuicken,∗ 222McRobert, Janet,∗ 217–18, 220McRorie,∗ 222McWilliam, John,∗ 98Madrid, 195magical practitioners, 71, 76, 82, 110,

144, 166–7, 189attempt to criminalise, 85–6comparison with witches, 10, 12,

107–8, 217–18see also midwives

Maitland, John, of Thirlestane,chancellor, 35

Man, Andrew,∗ 128–30, 135, 143Mar, countess of, see Murray, Annabell

earl of, see Erskine, JohnMar, Violet,∗ 29Marischal, Earl, see Keith, Georgemarriage, 37–8, 83, 187–8

marital status of witches, 12–13,184–5, 187–8, 200

Mary, queen of Scots, 21–3, 27–8

Masterton, Bessie,∗ 90Maxwell, Elizabeth,∗ 169Maxwell, George, of Pollok, 169Maxwell, Sir John, of Pollok, 225mazzeri, 150–2Mearns, 23Melrose, Margaret,∗ 71–2memory, 113–14, 144, 150, 186

false memory, 124, 126, 132–3, 135,138, 142

Mercator, Gerhard, 63–4Meslet, William, 74, 76, 77–8Messindiu, 167midwives, 107–8, 210Millar, Janet,∗ 125Minnigaff, parish of, 12Mitchell, Christian,∗ 167, 207Mitchell, James, 138Mitchell, William, 224Moffat, Bessie,∗ 116Monro, Margaret,∗ 226Montgomerie, Alexander, 168Montgomery, Hugh, 3rd earl of

Eglinton, 26Montgomery, William, 227–8Montrose, 180, 181, 183

earl of, see Graham, JamesMoray, earls of, see StewartMorrison, William, merchant of

Dysart, 187Morton, Andrew, 78Morton, earls of, see DouglasMorton, Patrick, 226Muir, John, of Caldwell, 26Muirhead, Helen,∗ 200Murdoch, Margaret, 218–19, 225Murray, Annabell, countess of Mar, 29,

33Murray, James, of Pardewis, 33Murray, Robert, of Abercairny, 29Murray, Sir William, of Tullibardine,

33Musselburgh, 115, 116, 189Myles, Margaret,∗ 220–1

Nairn, 180county of, 144

Napier, Barbara,∗ 35, 36, 38, 43–5, 189,203

254 Index

Naples, 195Nauchtie, Christian,∗ 165NcCuill, Marie More,∗ 142NcLevin, Margaret,∗ 142NcWilliam, Margaret,∗ 142,

148–9necromancers, necromancy, 11, 86,

222Netherlands, 4, 166, 179, 184,

217neuroscience, 8, 123New England, 127New Galloway, 181Newbattle, parish of, 105Newburgh, 181, 182, 185Newes from Scotland (c.1591), 166, 168Newton, parish of, 108–9, 113–14Nicinnarich, Mary,∗ 226nightmares, see dreams; sleep paralysis‘Niknevin’,∗ 19, 26, 30–1Nilsdatter, Lisbet,∗ 62Nimmo, Robert, 217Nin-Gilbert, Margaret,∗ 228Nisbet, William, birlawman, 76Nithsdale, 200Normandy, 54North Berwick, 34, 168, 180

North Berwick panic, see witchcraftpanics

Norway, 3, 28, 55see also Finnmark

notaries, 29

Ogill, Margaret, 77–8, 80Ogilvy, James, 5th Lord, 23–4, 27Ogilvy, Sir John, of Inverquharity, 23,

27ointments for flight, 170, 173Old Testament, 20Olsdatter, Gundell,∗ 61Olsen, Morten,∗ 52Olson, Margaret,∗ 228Omgang, 57, 62Or, Marion,∗ 143Øresund, 52Orkney, 9, 60, 134, 218Oswald, Margaret,∗ 84out-of-body experiences, 169–71, 176Oyne, parish of, 219

Paisley, 181, 218Paiston, 20, 164Paiston, Janet,∗ 112, 129Paplay, Marjorie,∗ 60Paris, 195Parish, Barbara,∗ 159, 167parliament, 18, 21, 22, 24, 32, 85–7,

89–91, 94, 97–9, 101, 223Paterson, Christian,∗ 112–13, 120Paterson, Mailie,∗ 161Paton, Robert, minister of Dumfries,

221–2peasants, 53, 104, 110–11, 115, 117,

160, 171, 189peasant society, 4, 80–1, 177, 191

Peebles, 89, 91–2, 96, 180, 184, 190,199, 205

county of, 184presbytery of, 93–4, 97, 100

Penicuik, parish of, 110Penman, Gideon,∗ 164, 166Penninghame, parish of, 219Perth, 149, 169, 180, 181, 183

county of, 55, 183Petmurchie, goodman of, 124–5, 126Philp, Margaret, 168physicians, 188Pinkerton, 74Pittenweem, 180, 185–6, 192, 226–7plague, 79, 190, 192Pogavie, Agnes,∗ 129Polwarth, see Hume, Patrickpopulation, 96–7, 178–84, 189–90,

192–3possession, see demonic possessionPratt, Katherine, 165, 174presbyteries, 5, 85, 87–9, 92, 98,

186presbyterianism, 85, 87, 216, 219,

222, 226, 229see also kirk sessions

Prestonpans, 77, 129, 165privy council, 2, 12, 19, 20, 41, 72, 89,

101, 169, 187, 197, 200, 204,222–3, 225, 226

property of convicted witches, 89,116, 187, 199–200, 212

proverbs, 37, 47, 152Provost, Margaret,∗ 226

Index 255

psychoanalysis, 8psychology, 121, 134–6, 150, 159,

169–71see also neuroscience;

psychoanalysisPurdie, Christian,∗ 110

quarrels, 5, 58, 67–8, 70–2, 75–81, 83,103–8, 116–17, 125–7, 125

see also curses

Rae, Peter, minister of Kirkbride, 220ragwort, 162Ramage, Margaret,∗ 113–14rape, 124, 226Rathven, parish of, 128rats, see DevilRatter, Andrew,∗ 223Ratter, Elizabeth,∗ 223Ratter, Katherine,∗ 223Rattray, George,∗ 222–3Rattray, Lachlan,∗ 222–3ravens, 151, 164

see also shape-shiftingRedcastle, 24Redmond, Molly, 12Reformation, 2, 21, 23–4, 86–7, 153–4,

190, 208see also heresy

Reid, John, minister of Lochrutton,221–2

Renfrew, 180county of, 218–19, 225

Reoch, Elspeth,∗ 134, 135, 138reputations of witches, 4–6, 10–11,

103–20 passim, 127, 177, 192reputations of specific witches, 5,

68, 71, 74, 76, 78, 83, 217, 218,220, 226

Rhynd, Mary,∗ 166Richardson, William, 106Ritchie, James, 116–17Robertson, Margaret,∗ 126–7Rome, 195Ross, county of, 224

see also Easter RossRothesay, 181Roxburgh, county of, 184Rule, Elspeth,∗ 220

Russia, 53–4Rutherglen, 180

sabbath, breach of, 22, 226witches’ sabbath, see witches’

meetingsSaers, Janet,∗ 203Salem, 127, 223Salisbury Crags, 1, 5Sami people, 52, 53, 54, 56Sampson, Agnes,∗ 3, 35, 38–9, 43–5,

158, 168, 175Sandie, George, 79Sandilands, James, 7th Lord

Torphichen, 224Sandilands, Patrick, 224Sanquhar, 181Savoy, duchy of, 189Sawrey, Colonel Roger, 203Scientific Revolution, 215scolding, see quarrelsScot, Michael, 165–6Scotland, Elizabeth,∗ 184Scott, Elspeth,∗ 109–10Scott, Margaret,∗ 114Scott, Sir Walter, 120Scott, William, 126Scott, William, bailie of Dalkeith, 5,

116second sight, 151–2, 216seely wights, 7, 162Seith, Elspeth,∗ 163Selkirk, 180, 184

county of, 184Sempill, William, 169session, court of, 2, 28, 40Seton, Alexander, 1st earl of

Dunfermline, chancellor, 25Seton, David, bailie of Tranent, 34, 36shamanism, 7, 15, 162

dark shamanism, 140–58 passimfollowing-the-goddess shamanism,

143–5, 153, 157warrior shamanism, 142–3, 145, 153see also benandanti; Canon Episcopi;

donas de fuera; fairies; mazzeri;táltos

Shanks, Meg, 109

256 Index

shape-shifting, 58–9, 67, 72, 75, 126,164, 172

witch as ape, 126witch as bee, 164witch as cat, 58, 61, 75, 106, 126,

156, 162, 164, 217, 227–8, 233witch as crow, 164witch as dog, 58, 61, 125–6witch as dove, 164witch as hare, 164witch as hen, 164witch as horse, 163witch as raven, 164witch as sow, 126witch as wolf, 58

Shaw, Christian, 218–19, 225–6sheep, 74Shetland, 205, 220, 223Shirie, Isobel,∗ 160, 163, 171Siberia, 7, 147, 152Sicily, 143sieves, 12, 159, 168, 175Simpson, Cuthbert, 78Simpson, Elspeth, 105Sinclair, George, 173

Satan’s Invisible World Discovered(1685), 137, 216

Skirving, James, 89Skirving, Richard, 89slander, 71, 88, 104, 108–9, 112, 168,

206, 220sleep deprivation, ‘watching’, 90, 99,

133, 197sleep paralysis, 7, 106, 108, 121–39

passim, 169–70, 172, 174, 176see also out-of-body experiences

Smellie, Janet,∗ 210–11Smith, Elspeth,∗ 101Smith, George, 67, 73–8Smith, James, 72Smith, John, 67, 74–5, 77Smith, William, 76Smith, William, birlawman, 76Somerville, John, minister of

Caerlaverock, 221Sørensdatter, Kirsten,∗ 57–9, 60, 61South Queensferry, 180, 182, 199, 200Southside, 218Spark, Agnes,∗ 163

Spott, parish of, 224Spottiswoode, John, historian, 39Spynie, Lord, see Lindsay, AlexanderSt Andrews, 19, 26, 180, 183, 185–6,

208presbytery of, 55university of, 50

Stein, Marion,∗ 200Stensgar, William, 218Stevenson, Margaret,∗ 113Stewart, Alexander, 5th earl of Moray,

144Stewart, Christian,∗ 165, 167Stewart, Francis, 5th earl of Bothwell,∗

3, 28, 35, 39, 42, 45, 60Stewart, Helen,∗ 205Stewart, James, earl of Moray, regent

of Scotland, 17–20, 22–8, 31, 32,33

Stewart, John,∗ 169Stewart, Mary,∗ 218Stewart, Colonel William, 42Stewart, Sir William,∗ 18–19Stirling, 61, 180

county of, 55Stirling, John, 165, 174Stirt, Euphemia,∗ 227Stockholm, 195storm-raising, 28, 34, 55, 59, 79, 155,

167–8Stout, Janet,∗ 163Stranraer, 180Stratton, Janet,∗ 35, 38, 44straws (for witches’ flight), 140, 159,

161–5, 171Stromness, 218Sutherland, county of, 162, 225Sutherland, James, 2nd Lord Duffus,

166swallows, 162, 167Sweden, 52, 60, 174

see also Blåkullaswine, 74, 76

see also shape-shiftingSzabó, Katalin,∗ 155

Tacitus, 208Tain, 180táltos, 145–6

Index 257

Tarbot, James, 218–19Taylor, Helen,∗ 101, 164Taylor, John,∗ 151Taylor, Katherine,∗ 218Thom, Bessie,∗ 207Thompson, Christopher, 223Thompson, Hugh, 223Thompson, Thomas, 107Thomson, Agnes,∗ 113Thomson, Bessie,∗ 202–3Thomson, Elspeth,∗ 125–6Thorgiersdatter, Mette,∗ 61Thurso, 192, 228Tonderghie, Lady, see McGuffock,

JanetTorphichen, Lord, see Sandilands,

JamesTorryburn, parish of, 186, 227, 228Torthorwald, parish of, 222torture, 9–10, 25, 28, 34, 57, 59, 61,

90, 113, 129, 132, 185, 203,234

see also sleep deprivationtowns, 1, 4–5, 81, 145, 177–95 passim,

197–8Traill, Janet,∗ 149trances, 7, 133, 144–5, 148, 150,

224Tranent, 93, 94, 100, 165Tweedie, Marion,∗ 110Twynholm, 217

Uist, 148Umpherston, George, 78, 80Ure, Marion,∗ 126Urral, Grissel, 168, 206

Vadsø, 54Vardø, 54, 56, 58, 61, 66

Vardøhus Castle, 50, 53–4, 57, 59,62

Veitch, Marion,∗ 164Venice, 192visionary experience, 6–7, 143–54,

219, 231processions, 143, 151, 156see also apparitions; dreams;

out-of-body experiences; secondsight; shamanism; trances

Walker, Margaret,∗ 108Wallace, Lilias,∗ 226Walls, 220Wanton, Bessie,∗ 218–19, 220Warao, 146water ordeal, 55, 56, 57, 59Watson, Janet,∗ 106, 115Watson, Margaret (1),∗ 161–4, 171Watson, Margaret (2),∗ 161Watson, Margaret (3),∗ 220, 223Watt, Isobel, 109Webster, Agnes,∗ 205Weir, Jean,∗ 11, 201, 204Weir, Major Thomas, 10–11, 204Wemyss, 181, 186West Barns, 50, 73West Lothian, county of, 178, 185,

188Westminster, 166Wharrie, Janet,∗ 222whirlwinds, 140, 141, 145, 162, 164–6White, Janet,∗ 227Whithorn, 181Wigtown, 180

presbytery of, 222Wilkieson, Christian,∗ 220Williamson, Elspeth,∗ 227Wilson, Christian,∗ 106, 112Wilson, Helen, 109Wilson, Helen,∗ 129Wilson, John, 108–9Wilson, Margaret,∗ 151Wilson, Marion, 105Wilson, Mary,∗ 227Wishart, Janet,∗ 126witchcraft act (1563), 2, 21, 86, 204,

211, 213witchcraft panics, 1, 3–4, 112–13, 118,

185–6, 190, 228of 1568–1569, 2, 17–33 passimof 1590–1591 (North Berwick), 1,

2–3, 17, 20, 26, 28–30, 33,34–48 passim, 55–6, 165, 166,168, see also Newes from Scotland

of 1597, 2, 3, 17, 25, 55–6of 1628–1631, 3, 8, 17, 72of 1649–1650, 3, 5, 17, 85–102

passim, 103, 199

258 Index

witchcraft panics – continuedof 1661–1662, 3, 4, 5, 17, 103, 129of 1697 (Bargarran), 164, 166, 169,

172, 220, 225of 1699–1700, 4, 215, 218–19, 225

witches’ meetings, 53–4, 55, 58–62,72, 120, 161, 163–5, 167, 169, 227

witches’ sabbaths, 55, 142, 154–5,160, 166, 172

see also dancingwitch-hunters, 1–4, 13, 17, 62, 97, 99,

111, 187, 212witch-pricking, 88, 91–3, 99, 109,

114–15, 197, 200, 228see also Devil’s mark

Wodrow, Robert, minister ofEastwood, 137, 224, 228

women, 53–4, 69, 104–5, 108–10

motherhood, 125women’s work, 79–81, 185, 206see also Devil, sex with; lesbianism;

marriageWood, Anna,∗ 217Wood, Christiane, 63Wood, Elspeth,∗ 166Wrath, Agnes,∗ 226

Young, Isobel,∗ 5–6, 9, 13, 67–84passim

Young, James, 73Young, Margaret,∗ 187Young, Thomas, 73Young, William (1), 73Young, William (2), 108, 126

Zeno, Nicolo, the younger, 63