Date post: | 27-Mar-2015 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | ava-dunlap |
View: | 218 times |
Download: | 5 times |
Big theme in biology:
Structure and function are related!
This is true at all levels of organization: at the levels of molecules, organelles, cells,
tissues, organs, and organisms.
Note log scale.
Types of Cells1. Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes Bacteria Animals
Archaea Plants
Fungi
Protists
2. Categories based on differentiation
Contrasting the size and complexity of prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cellsProkaryotic cell
Nucleoidregion
Nucleus
Eukaryotic cell Organelles
TE
M 1
5,00
0
Col
oriz
ed T
EM
15,
000
Fig 4.3A
Fig 24.1A. Engulfment of bacteria by macrophage
Comparing sizes of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
NucleusSmooth endoplasmicreticulumRough
endoplasmicreticulum
Ribosomes
Golgiapparatus
Plasma membrane
Mitochondrion
Flagellum
Not in mostplant cells Lysosome
Centriole
Microtubule
CytoskeletonIntermediatefilament
Microfilament
Peroxisome
Figure 4.4A A “typical” animal cell
Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
Cell Organelles in Cytoplasm
Organelle (part) Function (job)Mitochondria “powerhouse” converts food energy in to
usable energy (ATP)
ER Carries proteins throughout the cell.
Ribosomes Makes proteins
Golgi Bodies Receives, packages & sends materials.
Chloroplasts(plant only)
Captures light energy to make food energy
Vacuoles storage
Lysosomes Chemicals for breakdown.
Fig 4.5. The nucleus: the cell’s genetic control center.
NucleusChromatin
Nucleolus
Pore
Ribosomes
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Two membranesof nuclearenvelope
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Nuclearenvelope
Rough ER
Ribosomes
Smooth ER
TE
M 4
5,0
00
Figure 4.7
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth ER has a variety of functions, eg making lipids.Rough ER makes membranes and proteins.
Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food.
Organization of a “typical” plant cell
Centralvacuole
Not inanimalcells
Chloroplast
Cell wall
Golgiapparatus
Nucleus
Microtubule
CytoskeletonIntermediatefilament
Microfilament
Ribosomes
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
Mitochondrion
Peroxisome
Plasma membrane
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Figure 4.4B
Fig 4.14
TE
M 9
,75
0
Chloroplast
Stroma
Intermembranespace
Inner and outermembranes
Granum
Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy.
18
Human Cells: Organelles & Subcellular Structures
Genetic headquarters: Nucleus
Manufacturing:Nucleus, Ribosomes, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi.
Breakdown of materials (digestion):Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
Energy Processing: Mitochondria
Support, Movement, and Communication:Cytoskeleton, Cell Walls, Extracellular matrix, Cell junctions
Cellular and sub-cellular levels
• Cell membrane has surface area of 1/30 the surface area of period on typical page. • Nucleus has a surface area of 1/10 of cell membrane.
Organelles and Subcellular Structures
ManufacturingNucleus, Ribosomes, Rough ER, Smooth ER, Golgi Apparatus. (Connected through endomembrane system.)
Breakdown:Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Vacuoles
Energy Processing:Chloroplasts, Mitochondria
Support, Movement, and Communication:Cytoskeleton, Cell Walls, Extracellular matrix, Cell junctions