BIMI Migration Slidedeck 2020 · 2020. 9. 16. · bimi.berkeley.edu Immigration Slide Deck Purpose...

Berkeley Interdisciplinary Migration InitiativeBIMI Migration

Slide Deck

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What is BIMI?

We are a partnership of faculty, researchers and students who investigate human mobility, immigrants’ integration and the ways migration transforms societies around the world.

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@BIMIatBerkeley

Subscribe to the BIMI Newsletter

[email protected]

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Immigration Slide DeckPurpose

Immigration has come to the forefront of national and international debates in the U.S. and around the world. Unfortunately, existing and accurate research on migration is often not easy to find or understand.

This slide deck includes seven modules that examine different aspects of migration: global migration, demographics, migrant illegality, immigration enforcement, immigration impact on the U.S., immigrant integration, and migration motives.

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Immigration Slide DeckPurpose (continued)

We have kept textual explanations to a minimum, enough to explain the figure, to emphasize the graphs/figures themselves. The final graphs/figures are culled from books, articles, datasets, policy briefs, and working papers. Some graphs were recreated to match slide format. As a result, this slide deck intends to serve as a comprehensive set of some of the most important trends in U.S. migration.

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CONTENTS

5

DEFINITIONS 6 - 7

GLOBAL MIGRATION 8 - 12

DEMOGRAPHICS 13 - 27

MIGRANT ILLEGALITY 28 - 36

IMMIGRATION ENFORCEMENT 37 - 41

IMMIGRATION IMPACT 42 - 51

INTEGRATION 52 - 62

MIGRATION MOTIVES 63 - 69

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Term DefinitionAsylum seeker When people flee their own country and seek sanctuary in another country,

they apply for asylum – the right to be recognized as a refugee and receivelegal protection and material assistance. An asylum seeker mustdemonstrate that his or her fear of persecution in his or her home country iswell-founded (Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees(UNHCR)).

Liminal Legality Liminal legality is an “in-between” immigration status in which immigrantsmay possess social security numbers and work permits, but have noguarantee of becoming residents of the U.S. or eventual citizenship(1) Temporary Protective Status (TPS)(2) Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA or DACAmented)

Immigrants / Migrants Individuals born outside of the country, or the foreign-born population. Thisincludes: Lawful permanent residents (LPRs), refugees and asylees, theundocumented, and individuals holding liminal legality statuses.

6

https://www.unrefugees.org/refugee-facts/what-is-a-refugee/

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Term DefinitionNonimmigrants Temporary Visitors

(1) Nonimmigrant considered “not residents” (e.g., tourists)(2) Nonimmigrant considered “residents’ (e.g., for work or school)

Refugee Someone who has been forced to flee his or her country because ofpersecution, war or violence. A refugee has a person who is unable orunwilling to return to his or her home country because of ”well-founded fearof persecution” due to race, political opinion, religion, national-origin, ormembership in a particular social group (United Nations 1951 Conventionand 1967 Protocols).

Undocumented Individuals living in the U.S. without U.S. citizenship or other legalimmigration status. They are often categorized into two groups:(1)Entered ”without inspection”(2)Visa overstayers

U.S. Citizens A person born in the United States (or its outlying possessions) or whoacquired U.S. citizenship upon naturalization as provided by law and whohas not subsequently lost such citizenship

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https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/statusofrefugees.aspx

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Global Migration

8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Who are international migrants today?

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Number of global migrants have increased, yet the proportion has remained stableTotal and proportion of global migrants, 1970 - 2019

2.3 2.3

2.9 2.83.2

3.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

0

50000000

100000000

150000000

200000000

250000000

300000000

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2019

84 M 102 M 153 M 174 M 221 M 272 M

Source: (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs 2019) 9

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One in every 30 people globally are international migrants2018


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In 2018, 52% of international migrants were male and 48% were female

2.7

3.6

4.8

5.5

7.5

8.8

10

11

11.2

10.1

7.1

4.3

3.4

3.3

2.8

3.4

4.3

5.3

5.6

7.2

8.2

9.2

10.1

10.4

9.6

6.9

4.4

3.5

3.3

2.8

70-74

65-69

60-64

55-59

50-54

45-49

40-44

35-39

30-34

25-29

20-24

15-19

10-14

5-9

0-4


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Northern America (including the U.S., Canada, Bermuda, Greenland, and Saint Pierre and Miquelon) is the third largest receiving region.

0 20 40 60 80 100

Oceania

Latin America and the Caribbean

Africa

Northern America

Europe

Asia

Millions

2019201520102005


Asia (84M) and Europe (82M) had the largest increase in migrationImmigrant destination regions, 2005 - 2019

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DemographicsWho are today’s U.S. immigrants?

13

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

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Immigrants as a percentage of U.S. population has remained stable? (total number has increased)1840 - 2018

This graph shows the trend in number of immigrants and their share of the total U.S. population from 1840 to 2018.

Source: (Migration Policy Institute 2018a)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

1850 1880 1910 1940 1970 2000 2012 2015 2018

Imm

igra

nts

as a

% o

f the

U.S

. Pop

ulat

ion

Num

ber o

f Im

mig

rant

s

Milli

ons

2.2M

9.7% 13.7%

44.7M

14

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Nine countries have a foreign-born population of 1M or more living in the U.S.2019


Mexico11.5 M

China2.9 M

India2.7 M

Philippines2.0 M

Vietnam1.4 M

El Salvador1.4 M

Cuba1.3 M

South Korea1.1 M

Dominican Republic1.1 M

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Where do immigrants live?Traditional Destination States

Immigrants have traditionally chosen to settle certain places. Since the 1960s, immigrants have often settled in seven states, or traditional destination states:

CaliforniaNew YorkFloridaTexasNew JerseyIllinoisMassachusetts

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Yet, immigrants are moving to new destination states since the early 2000s. The number of foreign-born individuals increased in 14 states (listed in descending order of growth):

South CarolinaAlabamaTennesseeDelawareArkansasSouth DakotaNevada

Where do immigrants live?New Destination States

GeorgiaKentuckyNorth CarolinaWyomingIdahoIndiana Mississippi

17

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Immigrants are younger (mostly 20-64 years old) than U.S. born individuals2017

Source: (Radford and Noe-Bustamante 2019)

10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10

Younger than 55 to 9

10 to 1415 to 1920 to 2425 to 2930 to 3435 to 3940 to 4445 to 4950 to 5455 to 5960 to 6465 to 6970 to 7475 to 7980 to 8485 to 89

90 and older

Percent

FemalesMales

Ages Foreign-born

10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10

Younger than 55 to 9

10 to 1415 to 1920 to 2425 to 2930 to 3435 to 3940 to 4445 to 4950 to 5455 to 5960 to 6465 to 6970 to 7475 to 7980 to 8485 to 89

90 and older

Percent

FemalesMales

U.S.-bornAges

18

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Immigrant participation in the labor force has increased2018

1980 1990 2000 2010 2018

6.7%

6.2%

17.2%

13.7%

Foreign-born as share of total population

Foreign-born as share of total labor force

Source: (Migration Policy Institute 2018b) 19

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0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017

Arrivals: Asians outnumber Latinx Immigrants% of immigrants arriving in the U.S. in each year who are ...

Post-1965, Latinx immigrants have composed a large proportion of the total new arrivals to the U.S. Since 2009, Asians have outnumbered Latinx immigrants in new arrivals.


Asians

Latinx

20

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About 1M green cards are issued a yearNumber of green cards issued annually in the U.S., 1820 - 2018

1820 1835 1850 1865 1880 1895 1910 1925 1940 1955 1970 1985 2000 2015

19071.3M

20181.1M

19141.2M

19911.8M

Source: (U.S. Department of Homeland Security 2019) 21

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Permanent residency cards may have numerical limits set by Congress

Non-immediate family members

Immediate family

Employment

Source: (U.S. Department of State – Bureau of Consular Affairs 2020) 22

None

226,000

140,000

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Family-based categories of permanent legal migration (U.S.)Immediate family of U.S. Citizens Numerical Limit

Spouses None

Unmarried children under age 21 None

Parents of U.S. citizens who are age 21 and older None

Family-sponsored preference immigrants Numerical Limit

1st Preference Unmarried children age 21 and older of U.S. citizens 23,400

2nd Preference a) Spouses and children of legal permanent residents (LPRs)

b) Unmarried adult sons and daughters of legal permanent residents (LPRs)

114,200*

3rd Preference Married adult sons and daughters of U.S. citizens 23,400

4th Preference Siblings of U.S. citizens who are age 21 and older 65,000

Source: (Gelatt 2019) 23

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Employment-based preference immigrants Numerical Limit

1st Preference Foreign nationals of “extraordinary ability,” outstanding

professors and researchers, multinational executives and

managers

40,040

2nd Preference Foreign nationals who hold advanced degrees or demonstrate

exceptional ability in the sciences, arts, or business

40,040

3rd Preference -Skilled workers (with degree and 2-years of experience)

-Professional workers (with a Bachelor’s degree)

-Other workers (foreign nationals performing unskilled labor)

40,040 (no more than 10,000 visas are

available for “other worker”)*

4th Preference “Special immigrants” including religious workers, international

organization employees, etc.

9,940

5th Preference Immigrant investors 9,940

Humanitarian Immigrants Numerical Limit

Refugees President sets an annual ceiling

Asylees None

Other Numerical Limit

Diversity Visa 55,000*

Source: (Gelatt 2019) 24

Non-familial categories of permanent legal migration (U.S.)

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Lowest number of refugees admitted in 2018Total number of refugees admitted to the U.S. per year, 1980-2018

-

50

100

150

200

250

1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016

Thou

sand

s

22K26K

207K

122K

Source: (U.S. Department of Homeland Security 2019b) 25

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0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018

Thou

sand

s

At most, 40,000 asylum cases per year have been granted in the U.S.Total number of asylum cases in the U.S., 1990 - 2018

Affirmative asylum-seekers have yet to begin the deportation process in the courts.

Defensive asylum-seekers are defending themselves in immigration court.

Total

Affirmative

Defensive


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Most nonimmigrant admissions in the U.S. are visitors from North America2018

Yet, the highest number of student and exchange visitors come from Asia.

Source: (U.S. Department of Homeland Security 2018) 27

SouthAmerica Oceania

NorthAmerica Europe Asia

37.9 M 18.3 M 15.3 M

6.8 M 1.9 M

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Migrant IllegalityWho are undocumented immigrants in the U.S.?

28

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

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Why does migrant [il]legality matter?

Immigration status affects the daily relationships and lives of immigrants that consequently affect their incorporation into the U.S.

So, who is undocumented?

IMMIGRANT INCORPORATION

Relations with state

(police, ICE, government)

Relations with

institutions (schools, hospitals,

etc.)

Relations with people

(friends, family,

coworkers, others)

29

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48.4% of undocumented immigrants are Mexican Country of origin of undocumented immigrants, 2018

A growing number of undocumented immigrants are from El Salvador, India, Guatemala, Honduras, and China.

Source: (Center for Migration Studies 2019) 30

Mexico

India

HondurasHaiti

Guatemala

ElSalvador China

Brazil

48.4%

6.5%

5.9%5.4%

3.7%

3.4%

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More men are undocumented than womenTotal number of undocumented immigrants by gender, 2010 - 2018

2010 2018

4.8M

5.7M6.4M

5.3M


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In 2018, 77% of undocumented immigrants were in the labor force or 7.4M individuals.


77%

Not in labor force

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In 2018, 96% of undocumented immigrants in the labor force were employed or 7.1M individuals.


96%

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46% of undocumented immigrants are visa overstayers2017

This map highlights the countries of origins of visa overstayers or individuals who entered the U.S. with a visa.

Source: (Warren 2017)

©2020Mapbox©OpenStreetMap

34

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California has the most DACAmented recipients2020

Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) is a temporary protection from deportation and eligibility for work permits (valid for 2-years).

Eligibility Requirements:

● Graduated/enrolled in school/military

● No criminal record

● Present in the U.S. on June 15, 2012

Source: (Migration Policy Institute 2020)

102,000

253,000

519,000

46,000

20,000

96,000

30,000

65,00085,000

10,000

22,00027,000

33,000

33,000

53,00014,000

14,000

14,000

61,000

16,000

19,000

18,000

18,000

12,000

13,000

13,000

11,000

11,00011,000

11,000

4,000

4,000

6,000

6,000

6,000

9,0003,000

5,000

5,000


35

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255K TPS recipients (the highest number) are from El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua 2019

Immigrants with Temporary Protected Status (TPS) have time-limited permission to live/work in the U.S. due to unsafe conditions in their country of origin (e.g., natural disaster, war, etc.).

Source: (U.S. Department of Homeland Security 2019a) 36


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Immigration Enforcement

37

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Who is impacted by immigration enforcement?

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0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

1927 1937 1947 1957 1967 1977 1987 1997 2007 2017

Milli

ons

Number of apprehensions

In recent years, arrests have been decreasing signaling changes in migration patterns.

Immigration arrests have increased post-19651927 - 2018


Data refer to Border Patrol apprehensions and administrative arrests.

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Returns are confirmed movement of an inadmissible or deportable alien out of the United States without an order of removal.

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

1927 1937 1947 1957 1967 1977 1987 1997 2007 2017

Millions

Number of apprehensions Number of returns

Number of immigrant returns are similar to arrestsuntil the 2010s1927 - 2018

Source: (U.S. Department of Homeland Security 2019b)

1950s“Operation Wetback” –

the program of massive

sweeps targeting

Mexican immigrants and

Mexican American

citizens.

39

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Mexican immigrants are “returned” at higher numbers without an order of removal2018


3K

5.5K

7.3K

18K

41.6K

India

China

Philippines

Canada

Mexico

bimi.berkeley.edu

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

1927 1937 1947 1957 1967 1977 1987 1997 2007 2017

Milli

ons

Number of apprehensions Number of removals

Immigrant removals have increased since 19901935 - 2018

Removals are the compulsory and confirmed movement of an inadmissible or deportable alien out of the United States with an order of removal.


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ImpactWhat are American’s views on immigrants?

42

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

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In 2019, almost 2/3 Americans said immigrants are essential to the nation

% who say …

Source: (Brockway and Doherty 2019) 43

America's openness to people from all over the world is essential to who we are as a nation

If America is too open to people from around the world, we risk losing our identity as a nation

68 6862

29 26 33

Total

2017 2018 2019

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In 2019, more Republicans say America risks its ‘identity as a nation’ if it is too open to foreigners

% who say …

Source: (Brockway and Doherty 2019) 44

If America is too open to people from around the world, we risk losing our identity as a nation

47 4737

84 85 86

48 4457

14 13 11

Rep/Lean Rep Dem/Lean Dem2018 2019 2017


2017 2018 2019

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33

4025

3815

29

1831

4042

1824

3441

2544

62

5570

5878

66

7962

5754

8171

6055

7151

Who views immigrants as “essential”?2019

Source: (Brockway and Doherty 2019)

Total

MenWomen

WhiteBlack

Hispanic

Ages 18-29

30-4950-64

65+

Postgrad

College gradSome college

HS or less

Among whites…

College degreeNo college degree

If America is too open to people from

around the world, we risk losing our

identity as a nation


45

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Increased border security and path to legal status are important immigration policy goals% who say each is a ________ goal for U.S. immigration policy, 2019

Source: (Daniller 2019)

40

33

32

28

28

34

40

26

21

18

18

29

10

15

8

16

Increase security along U.S.-Mexico border

Establish a way for immigrants here illegallyto stay legally

Take in refugees escaping from war andviolence

Increase deportations of those in the U.S.illegally

Very important

Somewhat important

Not too important

Not at all important

46

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Little has changed on views of immigration% who say each is a very/somewhat important goal for U.S. immigration policy, 2019


28 33

14 17

3946

3436

31 31

3736

2016 2019 2016 2019 2016 2019

Total Rep/Lean Rep Dem/Lean DemVery important Somewhat important

(1)Establish a way

for immigrants here illegally to

stay legally

47

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(2)Increase

deportations of those in the U.S.

illegally 3946 47 51

15 10

3736 33

32

2621

2016 2019 2016 2019 2016 2019


48

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(3)Take in refugees

escaping from violence and war

29 32

13 15

43 47

3240

28

43

3638

2016 2019 2016 2019 2016 2019


49

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General public overestimates the number of immigrants in the U.S. and across nationsEstimates Versus Official Statistics, 2009

U.S. general public believes that immigrants make up 35% of population while official statistics estimate about 14% in the U.S.

Source: (Wunderlich et al. 2009) 50

3735

27 26 25 24 23 2320

14

10 911

13 13

6.5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Canada UnitedStates

UnitedKingdom

France Netherlands Spain Germany Italy

Perception Reality

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United Kingdom respondents described immigrants as a problem at higher rates% of respondents who described immigrants as a problem by country, 2008 - 2013

Approximately 50% of Americans described immigrants as a problem compared to 60% of the British

6166 65 68 64

50 53 52 53 47

3943 42

465039

44 44 43

32

0

20

40

60

80

100

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

United Kingdom United States France Germany

Source: (The German Marshall Fund of the United States 2014) 51

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Integration

52

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

How are immigrants integrated into the U.S.?

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Traditional measures of immigrant integration into a new country include:

53

Socioeconomic StatusTimeEducation

GenerationNaturalizationLanguage

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0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

Educational attainment among U.S. immigrants% of immigrants ages 25 and older whose highest level of education is a _______, 1960 – 2017

The percent of immigrants ages 25 and older who have a bachelor’s or postgraduate degree has been steadily increasing since 1960.

Bachelor’s

Post-graduate

Source: (Radford and Noe-Bustamante 2019) 54

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Recently arrived immigrants have higher educationEducational attainment of U.S.-born, immigrant, and recently arrived immigrants, 2018

Recently arrived immigrants hold Bachelor’s degree at higher rates than U.S. born.

Source: (Migration Policy Institute 2018b) 55

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Less than 9thgrade

9th - 12th Grade High SchoolDiploma or GED

Some College orAssociate's

Degree

Bachelor'sDegree or

Higher

U.S. Born Immigrants Recently Arrived

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Most immigrants have lived in the U.S. for over 10 years% of foreign-born population who have lived in the U.S. _____, 1970-2017

For example, 72.2% of immigrants in 2017 and 69.4% in 1970 have been in the U.S. over 10 years.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

Over 10 years

0 to 10 years


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Immigrants’ annual household income and personal earnings has slightly increased over last 30 yearsAnnual and personal earnings of immigrants, 1990-2017

The annual household and personal earnings of immigrants has been gradually increasing.

The drop in both household income and personal earnings in 2010 is due to the effects of the 2008 economic recession.

26K 28K 26K30K

49K

53K50K

56K

1990 2000 2010 2017


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More than 50% of immigrants are English proficient% of foreign-born population ages 5 and older who are English proficient, 1980-2017


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

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Immigrants naturalize at higher numbers near political eventsAnnual number of naturalized citizens, 1907-2018

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1907 1917 1927 1937 1947 1957 1967 1977 1987 1997 2007 2017

Thou

sand

s 1996Presidential Election (Bill Clinton)LPRS legalized under the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) became eligible to naturalizeIllegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 passed (anti-immigrant legislation)

2000Presidential Election (George W. Bush)

2008Presidential Election (Barack Obama)Economic recession

Source: (U.S. Department of Homeland Security 2019c) 59

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What do we mean by generations since migration?1st

generation

1.5 generation

2nd generation

2.5 generation

3rd generation

3+ generation

Born overseas and migrated as an adult

Born overseas and migrated as a child

Born in the country of U.S. with 1 or 2 immigrant parentsBorn in the country of U.S. with 1 immigrant parentGrandparents were immigrants

Everyone who does not have immigrant parents

60

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First- and second-generation immigrants% of U.S. population who are _ generation immigrants, 1900-2017

In 2017, the 1st and 2nd generation immigrants made up one fourth (or 26%) of the total U.S. population.


0

5

10

15

20

25

1895 1905 1915 1925 1935 1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005 2015

1st generation14%

2nd generation12%

61

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Mexican Americans’ years of education stagnate with generational status2008

The average number of years of education for 1stgeneration immigrants was < 8 years.

Source: (Telles and Ortiz 2008) 62

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

YearsofEducation

ParentsofOriginalRespondents

1stGeneration

2ndGeneration

3rdGeneration

4th+Generation

OriginalRespondents

1stGeneration

2ndGeneration

3rdGeneration

4th+Generation

ChildrenofOriginalRespondents

1stGeneration

2ndGeneration

3rdGeneration

4th+Generation

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Migration MotivesWhy do people migrate?

63

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

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Economic

Social

Cultural Political

Environment

64

Why people migrate?

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Cultural and social theories

Personal ties and social networks enable migration (e.g., parents, siblings, extended family members, and friends) or social network/capital theory

Historical connections between countries (e.g., labor programs contracts between the U.S. and Mexico) influence cultural norms of sending countries, or cumulative causation theory

Source: (Massey 2017) 65

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Economic theoriesMacro-level

Segmented labor theory suggests that international migration is caused by geographic differences in supply and demand of labor in modern societies.

World systems theory proposes that capitalist economic relations (e.g., U.S. company investments) across the world (e.g., precapitalistic nations) perpetuate interest in migration to the U.S.

66Source: (Massey 2017)

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Economic theoriesMicro-level

Neoclassical economics labor theory of migration proposes that individuals are the decision-making unit and thus migrate to optimize their income.

“New economics” of labor migration theory counters and suggests that families or households want to minimize risks to earnings.

67Source: (Massey 2017)

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Environmental & climate theoriesPersons or groups of persons who, for compelling reasons of sudden or progressive changes in the environment that adversely affect their lives or living conditions, are obliged to leave their homes or choose to do so, either temporarily or permanently, and who move either within their country or abroad.

Examples• Natural disasters• Environmental degradation / climate

change

Source: (International Organization for Migration 2014) 68

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Political theoriesState policies increase or decrease migration patterns by the laws and policies (formal and informal) they enact.

State violence – due to international or civil war or persecution of certain groups –drive people to migrate.

Examples• State deregulation• Changes in migration laws

69Source: (Zolberg 1999)

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The cluster graphs show changes in migration from Mexico over 45 years. Who migrates and why Mexicans migrate to the U.S. has changed continuously.

Example: Mexican migration motives have changed over time1965-2010

Source: (Garip 2017) 70

Contact Us!

71

@BIMIatBerkeley

bimi.berkeley.edu

https://bimi.berkeley.edu/

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References

72

Data Sources

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Brockway, Claire, and Carroll Doherty. 2019. Growing Share of Republicans Say U.S. Risks Losing Its Identity If It Is Too Open to Foreigners. Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center.

Center for Migration Studies. 2019. “State-Level Unauthorized Population and Eligible-to-Naturalize Estimates.” Retrieved July 1, 2020 (http://data.cmsny.org/).

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