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Bimodal Imaging Using Neutrons and X-rays A. Kaestner , M. Morgano, J. Hovind, E. Lehmann Neutron Imaging and Activation Group Laboratory for Neutron Scattering and Imaging Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
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Page 1: Bimodal Imaging Using Neutrons and X-rays - ndt.net · Bimodal Imaging Using Neutrons and X-rays A. Kaestner , M. Morgano, J. Hovind, E. Lehmann Neutron Imaging and Activation Group

Bimodal Imaging Using Neutrons and X-rays

A. Kaestner, M. Morgano, J. Hovind, E. LehmannNeutron Imaging and Activation Group

Laboratory for Neutron Scattering and Imaging

Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland

Page 2: Bimodal Imaging Using Neutrons and X-rays - ndt.net · Bimodal Imaging Using Neutrons and X-rays A. Kaestner , M. Morgano, J. Hovind, E. Lehmann Neutron Imaging and Activation Group

Outline

Introduction

Beamlines

Examples

Summary

A. Kaestner et al., Bimodal Neutron/X-ray Imaging DIR2015, Ghent, June 2015 2(23)

Page 3: Bimodal Imaging Using Neutrons and X-rays - ndt.net · Bimodal Imaging Using Neutrons and X-rays A. Kaestner , M. Morgano, J. Hovind, E. Lehmann Neutron Imaging and Activation Group

Introduction Beamlines Examples Summary

Introduction

A. Kaestner et al., Bimodal Neutron/X-ray Imaging DIR2015, Ghent, June 2015 3(23)

Page 4: Bimodal Imaging Using Neutrons and X-rays - ndt.net · Bimodal Imaging Using Neutrons and X-rays A. Kaestner , M. Morgano, J. Hovind, E. Lehmann Neutron Imaging and Activation Group

Introduction Beamlines Examples Summary

Typical neutron imaging experiment and challenges

Hydrology

• Segmentation accuracy

• Estimate water content

Cultural heritage

• Segmentation accuracy

• Material classification

Buildung materials

• Estimate water content

• Dimensional changes

Material science

• Penetration power

• Ambiguous readings

A. Kaestner et al., Bimodal Neutron/X-ray Imaging DIR2015, Ghent, June 2015 4(23)

Page 5: Bimodal Imaging Using Neutrons and X-rays - ndt.net · Bimodal Imaging Using Neutrons and X-rays A. Kaestner , M. Morgano, J. Hovind, E. Lehmann Neutron Imaging and Activation Group

Introduction Beamlines Examples Summary

Why multiple modalities?

Reasons to select or reject a specific imaging method

Advantages

• Good transmission

• Good contrast

• Relevant features visible

• Materials can be identified

Disadvantages

• Low transmission

• Low contrast

• Not all features visible

• Ambiguous response

Purpose of multi-modality

Match the advantages of each method against the disadvantages ofthe other methods to obtain more information than using eachmethod individually.

A. Kaestner et al., Bimodal Neutron/X-ray Imaging DIR2015, Ghent, June 2015 5(23)

Page 6: Bimodal Imaging Using Neutrons and X-rays - ndt.net · Bimodal Imaging Using Neutrons and X-rays A. Kaestner , M. Morgano, J. Hovind, E. Lehmann Neutron Imaging and Activation Group

Introduction Beamlines Examples Summary

Neutron and X-ray – What is the difference?

Neutrons

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• Interacts with nucleus

• No direct relation with Z

• Isotope sensitive

X-rays

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• Interacts with electrons

• Direct relation with Z

• Attenuation ∼ density

A. Kaestner et al., Bimodal Neutron/X-ray Imaging DIR2015, Ghent, June 2015 6(23)

Page 7: Bimodal Imaging Using Neutrons and X-rays - ndt.net · Bimodal Imaging Using Neutrons and X-rays A. Kaestner , M. Morgano, J. Hovind, E. Lehmann Neutron Imaging and Activation Group

Introduction Beamlines Examples Summary

Comparing Neutrons with X-rays

Neutrons

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A. Kaestner et al., Bimodal Neutron/X-ray Imaging DIR2015, Ghent, June 2015 7(23)

Page 8: Bimodal Imaging Using Neutrons and X-rays - ndt.net · Bimodal Imaging Using Neutrons and X-rays A. Kaestner , M. Morgano, J. Hovind, E. Lehmann Neutron Imaging and Activation Group

Introduction Beamlines Examples Summary

Combinations for different applications

Hydrology

NH

3.48

O

0.18

Si

0.12

Al

0.10

XH

0.18

O

0.15

Si

0.33

Al

0.38

Cultural heritage

NH

3.48

Fe

1.20

Cu

1.00

Pb

0.37

XH

0.18

Fe

1.55

Cu

2.00

Pb

22.80

Buildung materials

NH

3.48

O

0.18

C

0.63

Si

0.12

Fe

1.20

XH

0.18

O

0.18

C

0.30

Si

0.33

Fe

1.55

Material science

NAl

0.10

Fe

1.20

Ti

0.59

Ni

2.10

XAl

0.38

Fe

1.55

Ti

0.74

Ni

1.98

A. Kaestner et al., Bimodal Neutron/X-ray Imaging DIR2015, Ghent, June 2015 8(23)

Page 9: Bimodal Imaging Using Neutrons and X-rays - ndt.net · Bimodal Imaging Using Neutrons and X-rays A. Kaestner , M. Morgano, J. Hovind, E. Lehmann Neutron Imaging and Activation Group

Introduction Beamlines Examples Summary

Beamlines

A. Kaestner et al., Bimodal Neutron/X-ray Imaging DIR2015, Ghent, June 2015 9(23)

Page 10: Bimodal Imaging Using Neutrons and X-rays - ndt.net · Bimodal Imaging Using Neutrons and X-rays A. Kaestner , M. Morgano, J. Hovind, E. Lehmann Neutron Imaging and Activation Group

Introduction Beamlines Examples Summary

SINQ – The neutron spallation source at PSI

A. Kaestner et al., Bimodal Neutron/X-ray Imaging DIR2015, Ghent, June 2015 10(23)

Page 11: Bimodal Imaging Using Neutrons and X-rays - ndt.net · Bimodal Imaging Using Neutrons and X-rays A. Kaestner , M. Morgano, J. Hovind, E. Lehmann Neutron Imaging and Activation Group

Introduction Beamlines Examples Summary

Neutron imaging beamlines at PSI

NEUTRAFeatures

• Termal neutrons.

• In-line X-ray source

• Highly activated samples[Lehmann et al., 2001]

ICON

Features

• Cold neutrons

• Micro tomography (6.5 µm)

• Energy selector

• Grating interferometer[Kaestner et al., 2011]

A. Kaestner et al., Bimodal Neutron/X-ray Imaging DIR2015, Ghent, June 2015 11(23)

Page 12: Bimodal Imaging Using Neutrons and X-rays - ndt.net · Bimodal Imaging Using Neutrons and X-rays A. Kaestner , M. Morgano, J. Hovind, E. Lehmann Neutron Imaging and Activation Group

Introduction Beamlines Examples Summary

Geometries for combined neutron and X-ray imaging

Inline Oblique Slanted

Neutrons

X-ray

X-ra

y

Neutrons

Neutrons

X-ray

(a) (b) (c)

A. Kaestner et al., Bimodal Neutron/X-ray Imaging DIR2015, Ghent, June 2015 12(23)

Page 13: Bimodal Imaging Using Neutrons and X-rays - ndt.net · Bimodal Imaging Using Neutrons and X-rays A. Kaestner , M. Morgano, J. Hovind, E. Lehmann Neutron Imaging and Activation Group

Introduction Beamlines Examples Summary

Xtra the NX-setup at NEUTRA

a

Neutrons/X-rays

b

c

db

e

f

Components

a X-ray source

b Neutron flight tube

c Beam limiter

d Midi camera box

e Maxi camera box

f Sample environment

Neutrons

• Thermal neutron spectrum

• Almost parallel beam

• Camera/Scintillator

X-rays

• 350kV, 75W source

• Almost parallel beam

• Camera/Scintillator

A. Kaestner et al., Bimodal Neutron/X-ray Imaging DIR2015, Ghent, June 2015 13(23)

Page 14: Bimodal Imaging Using Neutrons and X-rays - ndt.net · Bimodal Imaging Using Neutrons and X-rays A. Kaestner , M. Morgano, J. Hovind, E. Lehmann Neutron Imaging and Activation Group

Introduction Beamlines Examples Summary

The NX-setup at ICON

a

c

e

d

f

b

bc

Neutrons

Components

a Neutron imaging system

b Flat panel detector

c X-ray source

d Neutron beam limiter

e Frame for X-ray beamline

f Neutron flight tube

Neutrons

• Cold neutron spectrum

• Almost parallel beam

• Camera/Scintillator

X-rays

• 150kV, 75W source

• Cone beam (42◦)

• Flat panel detector

A. Kaestner et al., Bimodal Neutron/X-ray Imaging DIR2015, Ghent, June 2015 14(23)

Page 15: Bimodal Imaging Using Neutrons and X-rays - ndt.net · Bimodal Imaging Using Neutrons and X-rays A. Kaestner , M. Morgano, J. Hovind, E. Lehmann Neutron Imaging and Activation Group

Introduction Beamlines Examples Summary

Chosen X-ray components

X-ray source

Hamamatsu L12161-07

Tube voltage 40–150 kV

Tube current 0–500 µA

Power 75W

Spot size 7–50 µm

Cone angle 42◦

Detector

PaxScan 2530HE

Active area 24.9×30.2 cm2

Pixels 1792×2176

Pixel pitch 139 µm

Frame rate 9 fps (full frame)

A/D conv 16 bits

A. Kaestner et al., Bimodal Neutron/X-ray Imaging DIR2015, Ghent, June 2015 15(23)

Page 16: Bimodal Imaging Using Neutrons and X-rays - ndt.net · Bimodal Imaging Using Neutrons and X-rays A. Kaestner , M. Morgano, J. Hovind, E. Lehmann Neutron Imaging and Activation Group

Introduction Beamlines Examples Summary

Examples

A. Kaestner et al., Bimodal Neutron/X-ray Imaging DIR2015, Ghent, June 2015 16(23)

Page 17: Bimodal Imaging Using Neutrons and X-rays - ndt.net · Bimodal Imaging Using Neutrons and X-rays A. Kaestner , M. Morgano, J. Hovind, E. Lehmann Neutron Imaging and Activation Group

Introduction Beamlines Examples Summary

Zuger Degen

Experiment using the Xtra option at NEUTRA.

Neutrons

• Wood structure

• Better metal penetration

X-rays

• Amalgam inlays

• Wood shape

[Mannes et al., 2015]

A. Kaestner et al., Bimodal Neutron/X-ray Imaging DIR2015, Ghent, June 2015 17(23)

Page 18: Bimodal Imaging Using Neutrons and X-rays - ndt.net · Bimodal Imaging Using Neutrons and X-rays A. Kaestner , M. Morgano, J. Hovind, E. Lehmann Neutron Imaging and Activation Group

Introduction Beamlines Examples Summary

Roots in the rhizosphere

Experiment using the cone beam X-ray source in-line at ICON.

Neutrons

• Roots visible

• Textured soil

• Stones transparent

X-rays

• Roots visible as voids

• Soil homogeneous

• Stones visible

A. Kaestner et al., Bimodal Neutron/X-ray Imaging DIR2015, Ghent, June 2015 18(23)

Page 19: Bimodal Imaging Using Neutrons and X-rays - ndt.net · Bimodal Imaging Using Neutrons and X-rays A. Kaestner , M. Morgano, J. Hovind, E. Lehmann Neutron Imaging and Activation Group

Introduction Beamlines Examples Summary

Segmentation using Bivariate histogram

Background

Roots

Soil

Roots

Soil

Background

Background

Roots and soil

kgro

H1

H2

H0

• Classes better separated

• Linear decision lines

H0 : N (m0,C0)

H1 : N (m1,C1)

H2 : N (m2,C2)

A. Kaestner et al., Bimodal Neutron/X-ray Imaging DIR2015, Ghent, June 2015 19(23)

Page 20: Bimodal Imaging Using Neutrons and X-rays - ndt.net · Bimodal Imaging Using Neutrons and X-rays A. Kaestner , M. Morgano, J. Hovind, E. Lehmann Neutron Imaging and Activation Group

Introduction Beamlines Examples Summary

Summary

A. Kaestner et al., Bimodal Neutron/X-ray Imaging DIR2015, Ghent, June 2015 20(23)

Page 21: Bimodal Imaging Using Neutrons and X-rays - ndt.net · Bimodal Imaging Using Neutrons and X-rays A. Kaestner , M. Morgano, J. Hovind, E. Lehmann Neutron Imaging and Activation Group

Introduction Beamlines Examples Summary

Outlook

Instrumentation

• Complete beamline installation at ICON

• Evaluate need for shielding to minimize crosstalk

• Evaluate operation parameters

• Develop calibration methods

Handling multimodal data

• Multimodal reconstruction

• Registration methods

• Multivariate segmentation

• Multivariate estimation

• Visualization

A. Kaestner et al., Bimodal Neutron/X-ray Imaging DIR2015, Ghent, June 2015 21(23)

Page 22: Bimodal Imaging Using Neutrons and X-rays - ndt.net · Bimodal Imaging Using Neutrons and X-rays A. Kaestner , M. Morgano, J. Hovind, E. Lehmann Neutron Imaging and Activation Group

Introduction Beamlines Examples Summary

Conclusions

• The sum of two is more than each alone.

• Neutrons and X-rays work well together.

• Two beamlines for NX imaging at PSI.

• Research applications in• Energy storage• Porous media• and Cultural heritage https://youtu.be/VESMU7JfVHU

Welcome to submit proposals

Submission portal at http://duo.psi.ch

A. Kaestner et al., Bimodal Neutron/X-ray Imaging DIR2015, Ghent, June 2015 22(23)

Page 23: Bimodal Imaging Using Neutrons and X-rays - ndt.net · Bimodal Imaging Using Neutrons and X-rays A. Kaestner , M. Morgano, J. Hovind, E. Lehmann Neutron Imaging and Activation Group

Introduction Beamlines Examples Summary

Bibliography I

Kaestner, A., Hartmann, S., Kuehne, G., Frei, G., Gruenzweig, C., Josic,L., Schmid, F., and Lehmann, E. (2011).

The ICON beamline - A facility for cold neutron imaging at SINQ.

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment,659(1):387 – 393.

Lehmann, E. H., Vontobel, P., and Wiezel, L. (2001).

Properties of the radiography facility NEUTRA at SINQ and its potentialfor use as european reference facility.

Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation, 16(2-6):191–202.

Mannes, D., Schmid, F., Frey, J., Schmidt-Ott, K., and Lehmann, E.(2015).

Combined neutron and x-ray imaging for non-invasive investigations ofcultural heritage objects.

In Lehmann, E., Kaestner, A., and Mannes, D., editors, Proceedinings of

the 10th World Conference on Neutron Radiography. Paul ScherrerInstitute, Physics Procedia, Elsevier Science Publishers.

A. Kaestner et al., Bimodal Neutron/X-ray Imaging DIR2015, Ghent, June 2015 23(23)


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