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Chapter 1Achieving Personal Health

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Wellness Continuum

• The wellness continuum helps distinguish between the medical model of health andthe wellness concept; most individualsmove back and forth across the continuumfrom illness to wellness.

• The wellness continuum includes prevention, behaviors, illness or disease,and a neutral point.

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Homeostasis and Health

• The body has mechanisms that regulate physiological processes within certain limits foroptimal functioning.

• Homeostasis is the regulation of body systems to produce a relatively constant physiological state.

• Homeostatic mechanisms are responsible formaintaining normal blood pressure, bodytemperature, heart rate, and blood glucose levels.

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Models of Health — Medical Model

• Health is the absence of one or more of the

―five Ds‖— death, disease, discomfort,disability, and dissatisfaction.• Relies almost exclusively on biological

explanations of disease and illness and oninterpreting them in terms of malfunction.

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Models of Health — Medical Model

Terminology• Vital statistics measure the health status of a

population.• Prevalence describes the predominance of a

disease in a population.

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Models of Health — Medical Model

• Incidence means the occurrence of particular diseases; the frequency at whichcertain diseases occur; the number of people

who contract a disease or illness within aspecific given period of time.

• Morbidity data are statistics on the numberof people suffering from illness in a given

population.• Mortality data are the number of deaths in a

given population.

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Models of Health — Environmental Model

• Based on analyses of ecosystems andenvironmental risks to health, such as

socioeconomic status (SES), level ofeducation, and various environmentalfactors.

• Health is defined in terms of the quality of a person’s adaptation to the environment asconditions change.

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Models of Health — Environmental Model

• Focuses on conditions outside the individualthat affect his or her health, such as quality

of air and water, living conditions, exposureto harmful substances, SES, socialrelationships, and the available health caresystem.

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Models of Health — Holistic Model

• Encompasses the physiological, mental,emotional, social, spiritual, andenvironmental aspects of individuals and

communities.• Emphasizes that each person has the

capability and the responsibility foroptimizing his or her sense of well-being,

practicing self-healing, and creating feelingsand conditions that help prevent disease and

promote and maintain health.

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Models of Health — Holistic Model

• Positive wellness.• Holistic health, or wellness, is a dynamic,

ongoing process.

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Six Dimensions of Health and Wellness

• Emotional wellness requires understandingemotions and coping with problems that arise ineveryday life.

• Intellectual wellness involves having a mind opento new ideas and concepts.

• Spiritual wellness is the state of harmony betweenyou and others.

• Occupational wellness is being able to enjoy whatyou are doing to earn a living or to contribute tosociety.

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Six Dimensions of Health and Wellness

• Social wellness is the ability to perform socialroles effectively, comfortably, and withoutharming others.

• Physical wellness is a healthy body maintained byeating right, exercising regularly, avoidingharmful habits, making informed and responsible

decisions about health, seeking medical care whenneeded, and participating in activities that help to

prevent illness.

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Lifestyle Diseases – Diabetes

• Diabetes is a disease in which the amount of sugarin the blood increases to unhealthy levels due to a

malfunction in the body’s sugar -regulating system.• Type 1 diabetes (insulin-dependent) was formerly

referred to as ―juvenile diabetes.‖ • Type 2 diabetes (non-insulin-dependent) was

formerly referred to as ―maturity onset‖ diabetes. – Associated with being overweight

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Lifestyle Diseases – Nearsightedness

• Nearsightedness is when vision is affected bylifestyle.

• During early development, a child’s eyes adapt tothe visual information they receive from theenvironment.

• Watching TV and computer screens closely andreading books, magazines, and newspapers formany hours daily cause myopia.

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Healthy People 2010

• Goals: – Help all people to live longer and improve the

quality of their lives – Eliminate health disparities among segments of

the U.S. population• It consists of 467 health objectives grouped into28 focus areas.

• Healthy People 2010 was developed with a greaterunderstanding of advances in preventive therapies,vaccines and other pharmaceuticals, assistivetechnologies, and computerized systems, as wellas heightened awareness and demand for

preventive health services and quality health care.

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Health Issues of College Students

• Mental health• Food and weight• Health care• Substance use and abuse

• Sexual and relationship health• Accidents and injuries

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Making Healthy Changes: The HealthBelief Model

• Factors include: – Perceived susceptibility – Perceived seriousness – Perceived benefits of taking action – Barriers to taking action – Cues to action

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The Transtheoretical Model

• Acknowledges that behavior change goesthrough the following stages:

– Precontemplation – Contemplation – Preparation – Action – Maintenance – Termination

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It Starts with You

• No smoking• Get 7 to 8 hours of sleep per night• Maintain a healthy body weight• Get regular exercise

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It Starts with You

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