BIO 244 GENERAL MICROBIOLOGYChapter 10

Identification and Classification of Microorganisms

_________________

The science of classifying organisms: Provides ________________ for

organisms Provides a ______________ for

identifying organisms

CLASSIFICATION of MICROORGANISMSSystematics or phylogeny:

The study of the _____________ history of organismsAll Species Inventory (2001-2025)To identify all species of life on Earth

Taxonomic scheme favored by most microbiologists: ____________ system

(before three domain system, five kingdom system used)

Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

Bacteria Archaea Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia

Bacteria Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia

The three-domain system

The six-kingdom system

The traditional five-kingdom system

THE THREE _________ SYSTEM

Figure 10.1

TAXONOMIC HIERARCHY

Figure 10.5

• Taxonomic hierarchies

• Classification categories arranged in hierarchical order

• Species – group of ___________ isolates or strains

• Most basic unit

• Genus – group of related species

• Family – collection of similar genera

• Order – collection of similar families

• Class – collection of similar orders

• Phylum – collection of similar classes

• Kingdom – collection of similar phyla

• Domain – collection of similar kingdoms

• Most ______________ unit

• New taxonomic category

PRINCIPLES of TAXONOMY

SPECIES DEFINITION

• ____________ SPECIES:

• A group of closely related organisms that _____ among themselves

• PROKARYOTIC SPECIES:

• A population of cells with similar characteristics

• ______: Population of cells derived from a single cell

• Strain: ______________________ within a clone

• VIRAL SPECIES:

• Population of viruses with similar characteristics that occupies a particular ____________ niche

PROKARYOTE DOMAINS

Figure 10.6

• _____________:

• Multicellular; no cell walls; chemoheterotrophic

• PLANTAE:

• Multicellular; cellulose cell walls; usually photoautotrophic

• FUNGI:

• Chemoheterotrophic; unicellular or multicellular; cell walls of _______; may develop from spores or hyphal fragments

• PROTISTA:

• Unicellular, eukaryotic organisms; classification usually based on ____________

DOMAIN EUKARYAKINGDOMS

___________ NOMENCLATURENames Given According to International Code

for the Nomenclature of BacteriaScientific binomial Source of Genus name Source of

Specific epithet

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Honors _________ The disease

__________________ typhimurium

Honors Daniel Salmon

Stupor (typh-) in mice (muri-)

Streptococcus pyogenes

Chains of cells (strepto-)

Forms pus (pyo-)

Penicillium notatum Tuftlike (penicill-) Spores spread in wind (nota)

_________ ________ Corkscrew-like (trypano-, borer; soma-body)

Honors Oswaldo Cruz

__________________

•• Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology•Provides identification schemes for _____________ bacteria and archaea

•Morphology, differential staining, biochemical tests

•• Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology•Provides phylogenetic information (______________ history) on bacteria and archaea

•Based on ________ sequencing•rRNA genes in DNA are sequenced using PCR

•• Approved Lists of Bacterial Names•Lists species of known prokaryotes

•Based on published articles

BERGEY’S MANUAL- reference for identifying bacteria- reference for classifying bacteria

MAIN METHODS used in the IDENTIFICATION of _______________

PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERISTICS

CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS

MICROSCOPIC MORPHOLOGY

___________ PROPERTIES

___________ PROPERTIES

FATTY ACID ANALYSIS

___________ CHARACTERISTICS

NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCES

rRNA SEQUENCES

MAIN METHODS used in BACTERIAL IDENTIFICATION

• _____________ MORPHOLOGY

• MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS:

• (Very useful for identifying eukaryotic microorganisms)

• ______________ STAINING:

• Gram staining, acid-fast staining

• BIOCHEMICAL TESTS:

• Determines presence of ________________

• ________________ TESTS:

• Based on presence of an organism or immune response to organisms

• Slide agglutination

• ______ (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay)Figure 10.8

IDENTIFICATION BASED ON ________________

BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY

NEMATODE MORPHOLOGY

ADULT WORM

OVUM

BACTERIAL IDENTIFICATION______________ CHARACTERISTICS _____________ ASSAYS

COMMON ____________ ASSAYS

BIOCHEMICAL ASSAYS_________________

_________________ KEY

• Used for _____________ identification

• Based on series of _________ questions

• Each question has one of ______

possible answers

Figure 10.7

• Slide ___________________:

• Combine known antiserum + ________________

• Combine ____________________________________ in patient serum with known antigen

• Visualization of antigen antibody reactions antigen antibody reactions through the formation of clumps

____________ ASSAYS

Figure 10.10

ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY

• _____________• Antigen or antibody is tagged with an ___________

• Enzyme substrate is added and ______ is produced

• _____________ composition

• Guanine + cytosine moles% (GC)

• DNA _____________

• Electrophoresis of restriction enzyme digests

• rRNA sequencing

• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

_____________ ANALYSIS

Figure 10.14

NUCLEIC ACID _________________

Figure 10.15

IDENTIFICATION of BACTERIA using DNA PROBES

Figure 10.16