Bio Boost Technology

A research and development project for

Braking Wind Racing

Submitted by Upwind Research and Development

a division of Uncle Len’s Baked Beans

Executive Summary

This research project was commissioned by Braking Wind Racing to investigate the feasibility of Bio Boost Technology as it may apply to on demand rapid automotive acceleration protocols or as the crude folks at Braking Wind Racing prefer to say “Fart to Pass.” The project scope included Bio Boost product production potential analysis, bio boost product energy potential analysis, bio boost product collection evaluation, perform an environmental impact study, prepare recommendations for pre-race protocols and product delivery system, and perform a patent review for potential commercialization.

Historical Perspective

Flatulence is defined in the medical literature as "flatus expelled through the anus" or the "quality or state of being flatulent", which is defined in turn as "marked by or affected with gases generated in the intestine or stomach; likely to cause digestive flatulence." The root of these words is from the Latin flatus - "a blowing, a breaking wind". Flatus is also the medical word for gas generated in the stomach or bowels. These standard definitions do not reflect the fact that a proportion of intestinal gas may be composed of swallowed environmental air, and hence flatus is not totally generated in the stomach or bowels. The scientific study of this area of medicine is termed flatology.

It is normal for humans to pass flatus per rectum, although the amount and the frequency may vary greatly between individuals. It is also normal for intestinal gas passed per rectum to have a characteristic feculent odor, although this too may vary in concentration. Flatus is brought to the rectum by specialized contractions of the muscles in the intestines and colon. The noises commonly associated with flatulence ("Blowing a raspberry") are caused by the vibration of the anal sphincter, and occasionally by the closed buttocks

Non-medical definitions of the term include "the uncomfortable condition of having gas in the stomach and bowels", "A state of excessive gas in the alimentary canal". These definitions highlight that many people consider "bloating", abdominal distension or increased volume of intestinal gas to be synonymous with the term flatulence (although this is technically inaccurate). Colloquially, flatulence may be referred to as "farting", "passing gas", "breaking wind" or simply (in American English) "gas" or (British English) "wind".

Fart lighting has been a novelty practice primarily among males or college students for decades. This essentially free natural energy resource has for the most part gone untapped and its potential as a fuel source needs to be more fully investigated. The Braking Wind Racing Team intends to field test this bio manufactured energy source in an automotive application as an intermittent boost to engine output to facilitate a rapid vehicular acceleration relative to other nearby vehicles to positively improve linear positioning. Field testing is to be done during the 24 Hours of LeMons endurance race in September of 2013. This Bio Boost Technology once successfully tested can be made available as one more step to help alleviate the national dependence on foreign energy sources.

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Boost Product Production Potential

Production

Flatus (intestinal gas) is mostly produced as a byproduct of bacterial fermentation in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, especially the colon. There are reports of aerophagia (excessive air swallowing) causing excessive intestinal gas, but this is considered rare. >99% of the volume of flatus is composed of non-odorant gases. These include oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and methane. Nitrogen is not produced in the gut, but a component of environmental air. Patients who have excessive intestinal gas that is mostly composed of nitrogen may have aerophagia. Hydrogen, carbon dioxide and methane are all produced in the gut and contribute 74% of the volume of flatus in normal subjects. Methane and hydrogen are flammable, and so flatus containing adequate amounts of these can be ignited. However, not all humans produce flatus that contains methane. For example, in one study of the feces of nine adults, only five of the samples contained archaea capable of producing methane.

The remaining trace (<1% volume) compounds give flatus its odor. Historically, compounds such as indole, skatole, ammonia and short chain fatty acids were thought to cause the odor of flatus. More recent evidence proves that the major contribution to the odor of flatus comes from a combination of volatile sulfur compounds (VSC). It is known that hydrogen sulfide (H2S), methyl mercaptan (MM, methanethiol, MT), dimethyl sulfide (DMS), dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) and dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS) are present in flatus. The Benzopyrrole volatiles indole & skatole actually have a mothball type odor, and therefore probably do not contribute greatly to the characteristic odor of flatus.

In one study, H2S concentration was shown to correlate convincingly with perceived malodor of flatus, followed by MM and DMS. This is supported by the fact that H2S may be the most abundant VSC present. However, these results were generated from subjects who were eating a diet high in pinto beans to stimulate flatus production. Others report that MM was the greatest contributor to the odor of flatus in patients not on under any specific dietary alterations. It has now been demonstrated that MM, DMS and H2S (described as decomposing vegetables, unpleasantly sweet/wild radish and rotten eggs respectively) are all present in human flatus in concentrations above their odor perception thresholds. Furthermore, it is known that increased dietary sulfur containing amino acids significantly increases the odor of flatus. It is therefore likely that the odor of flatus is created by a combination of VSC, with minimal contribution from non-sulfur volatiles.

The incidence of odoriferous compounds in flatulence emissions increases from herbivores, such as cattle, through omnivores to carnivorous species. Such odor can also be caused by the presence of large numbers of micro flora bacteria and/or the presence of feces in the rectum. Diets high in protein, especially sulfur containing amino acids have been demonstrated to significantly increase the odor of flatus.

Normal flatus volume and intestinal gas dynamics

Normal flatus volume range is around 476 to 1491ml per 24 hours. This variability between individuals is greatly dependent upon diet. Similarly the number of flatus episodes per day is variable; the normal

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range is given as 8-20 per day. The volume of flatus associated with each flatulence event again varies (5-375ml). The volume of the first flatulence upon waking in the morning is significantly larger than those during the day. This may be due to buildup of intestinal gas in the colon during sleep, the peak in peristaltic activity in the first few hours after waking and/or the strong prokinetic effect of rectal distension on the rate of transit of intestinal gas. It is now known that gas is moved along the gut independently of solids and liquids, and this transit is more efficient in the erect position compared to when supine. It is thought that large volumes of intestinal gas present low resistance, and can be propelled by subtle changes in gut tone, capacitance and proximal contraction and distal relaxation. This process it thought not to affect solid and liquid intra-luminal contents.

Researchers investigating the role of sensory nerve endings in the anal canal did not find them to be essential for retaining fluids in the anus, and instead speculate that their role may be to distinguish between flatus and feces, thereby helping detect a need to defecate or to signal the end of defecation.

The sound varies depending on the tightness of the sphincter muscle and velocity of the gas being propelled, as well as other factors, such as water and body fat. The auditory pitch (sound) of the flatulence outburst can also be affected by the anal embouchure. Among humans, flatulence occasionally happens accidentally, such as incidentally to coughing or sneezing or during orgasm; on other occasions, flatulence can be voluntarily elicited by tensing the rectum or "bearing down" on stomach or bowel muscles and subsequently relaxing the anal sphincter, resulting in the expulsion of flatus.

Etiology

Intestinal gas is composed of varying quantities of exogenous sources (air that is ingested through the nose and mouth) and endogenous sources (gas produced within the digestive tract). The exogenous gases are swallowed (aerophagia) when eating or drinking or increased swallowing during times of excessive salivation (as might occur when nauseated or as the result of gastro esophageal reflux disease). The endogenous gases are produced either as a by-product of digesting certain types of food, or of incomplete digestion. Anything that causes food to be incompletely digested by the stomach and/or small intestine may cause flatulence when the material arrives in the large intestine, due to fermentation by yeast or prokaryotes normally or abnormally present in the gastrointestinal tract.

Flatulence-producing foods are typically high in certain polysaccharides, (especially oligosaccharides such as inulin). Those foods include beans, lentils, dairy products, onions, garlic, scallions, leeks, turnips, rutabagas, radishes, sweet potatoes, potatoes, cashews, Jerusalem artichokes, oats, wheat, and yeast in breads. Cauliflower, broccoli, cabbage, Brussels sprouts and other cruciferous vegetables that belong to the genus Brassica are commonly reputed to not only increase flatulence, but to increase the pungency of the flatus.]

In beans, endogenous gases seem to arise from complex oligosaccharides (carbohydrates) that are particularly resistant to digestion by mammals, but which are readily digestible by gut flora – microorganisms (methane-producing archaea; Methanobrevibacter smithii) that inhabit the digestive

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tract. These oligosaccharides pass through the upper intestine largely unchanged, and when they reach the lower intestine, bacteria feed on them, producing copious amounts of flatus.

In the case of people who have lactose intolerance, intestinal bacteria feeding on lactose can give rise to excessive gas production when milk or lactose-containing substances have been consumed.

Interest in the causes of flatulence was spurred by high-altitude flight and the space program; the low atmospheric pressure, confined conditions, and stresses peculiar to those endeavors were cause for concern. In the field of mountaineering, the phenomena of high altitude flatus expulsion was first recorded over two hundred years ago.

Production Volume

One method of increasing the volume of flatus produced is dietary modification, increasing the amount of fermentable carbohydrates.

Certain spices have been reported to counteract the production of intestinal gas and must be avoided as part of pre-race dietary planning, most notably the closely related cumin, coriander, caraway and others such as ajwain, turmeric, asafoetida (hing), epazote, and kombu kelp (a Japanese seaweed). Most starches, including potatoes, corn, noodles, and wheat, produce gas as they are broken down in the large intestine. Rice is the only starch that does not cause gas. The amount of water-soluble oligosaccharide in beans that may contribute to production of intestinal gas is reputed to be reduced by a long period of soaking followed by boiling, but at a cost of also leaching out other water-soluble nutrients. Also, intestinal gas can be reduced by fermenting the beans, and making them less gas-inducing, and/or by cooking them in the liquor from a previous batch. Some legumes also stand up to prolonged cooking, which can help break down the oligosaccharides into simple sugars. On the other hand, fermented bean products such as miso are less likely to produce as much intestinal gas. Fermentative lactic acid bacteria such as Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus plantarum reduce flatulence in human intestinal tract.

Probiotics (live yogurt, kefir, etc.) are reputed to reduce flatulence when used to restore balance to the normal intestinal flora. Live (bioactive) yogurt contains, among other lactic bacteria, Lactobacillus acidophilus which may be useful in reducing flatulence. L. acidophilus may make the intestinal environment more acidic, supporting a natural balance of the fermentative processes. L. acidophilus is available in supplements (some believe non-dairy is best]). Prebiotics, which generally are non-digestible oligosaccharides, such as fructooligosaccharide, generally increase flatulence in a similar way as described for lactose intolerance.

Digestive enzyme supplements may significantly reduce the amount of flatulence caused by some components of foods not being digested by the body and thereby promoting the action of microbes in the small and large intestines. It has been suggested that alpha-galactosidase enzymes, which can digest certain complex sugars, are effective in reducing the volume and frequency of flatus. The enzymes alpha-galactosidase, lactase, amylase, lipase, protease, cellulase, glucoamylase, invertase, malt diastase,

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pectinase, and bromelain are available, either individually or in combination blends, in commercial products.

The antibiotic rifaximin, often used to treat diarrhea caused by the microorganism E. coli, may reduce both the production of intestinal gas and the frequency of flatus events.

Bio Boost Energy Potential

Pyroflatulence is the practice of igniting the gases produced by human flatulence, often producing a flame of a blue hue, hence the act being known colloquially as a "blue angel", "blue dart", or in Australia, a "blue flame".

The composition of farts varies dramatically among individuals. Flatulence produces a mixture of gases with the following six as major components:

carbon dioxide ,

hydrogen ,

hydrogen sulfide ,

methane ,

nitrogen ,

oxygen .

Methane burns in oxygen forming water and carbon dioxide often producing a blue hue (ΔHc = -891 kJ/mol), as:

CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

Hydrogen sulfide also combusts (ΔHc = -519 kJ/mol) to

2H2S(g) + 3O2(g) → 2SO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

The odor associated with flatus is due to hydrogen sulfide, skatole, indole, volatile amines and short chain fatty acids. These substances are detectable by olfactory neurons in concentrations as low as 10 parts per billion, hydrogen sulfide being the most detectable.

Gas production

Some of the gases are produced by bacteria which live in symbiosis within the large intestines of humans and other mammals. The gases are created as a by-product of the bacteria's digestion of food into relatively simpler substances. The oxygen and nitrogen component of flatus can be accounted for by aerophagy, while the CO2 component results from the reaction of stomach acids (HCl) with pancreatic bile (NaHCO3).

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Environmental impact

Flatulence is often blamed as a significant source of greenhouse gases, owing to the erroneous belief that the methane released by livestock is in the flatus. While livestock account for around 20% of global methane emissions, 90–95% of that is released by exhaling or burping.

Since New Zealand produces large amounts of agricultural product, it is in the unique position of having high methane emissions from livestock compared to other greenhouse gas sources. The New Zealand government is a signatory to the Kyoto Protocol and therefore attempts are being made to reduce greenhouse emissions. To achieve this, an agricultural emissions research levy was proposed, which promptly became known as a "fart tax" or "flatulence tax". It encountered opposition from farmers, farming lobby groups and opposition politicians.

The United States is currently not signed to the Kyoto Protocol and regulation of human produced methane is only done by widely varying unwritten socially imposed standards.

The potential for background noise pollution associated with this technology is believed to minimal as decibel levels for the majority of test subjects were barely noticeable in comparison to our control vehicle (Uncle Leonard’s 2000 Ram 2500 diesel pickup truck with Cummins engine.) The research also indicates that if noise levels to become an issue of consequence the application of some well place petroleum jelly could successfully mitigate the problem.

The odiferous impact on the environment was not evaluated as a part of this project once it was determined that other research on this aspect was already underway and producing positive results (see section on patent reviews.)

Bio Boost Product Delivery System Considerations

Bio Boost on Demand Delivery

The successful deployment of this technology in its intended application will depend on a high degree of both the predictability of resource availability and variably intermittent accessibility. This required the review of the two most obvious delivery system strategies. One is the design and construction of an electro-mechanical assist device for collection, storage, and dispersal. The other is the operational ability to produce on demand flatulent discharges (or as some may say “farting at will.”)

Historical comment on the ability to fart at will is observed as early as Saint Augustine's The City of God (5th century AD). Augustine mentions men who "have such command of their bowels, that they can break wind continuously at will, so as to produce the effect of singing". The fact that mankind in general has lost this ability he attributes to the first sin of Adam and Eve and its consequences with respect to body control. Intentional passing of gas and its use as entertainment for others appear to have been

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somewhat well known in pre-modern Europe, according to mentions of it in medieval and later literature, including Rabelais.

In the Innu mythology of Canada, Matshishkapeu (literally the "Fart Man") is the most powerful spirit, a legendary shaman capable of inflicting gastrointestinal pain or relief.

There are also a number of scattered references to ancient and medieval flatulists, who could produce various rhythms and pitches with their intestinal wind. Saint Augustine in City of God (De Civitate Dei) (14.24) mentions some performers who did have "such command of their bowels, that they can break wind continuously at will, so as to produce the effect of singing." Juan Luis Vives in his 1522 commentary to Augustine's work, testifies to having himself witnessed such a feat, a remark referenced by Michel de Montaigne in an essay.

The professional farters of medieval Ireland were called braigetori. They are listed together with other performers and musicians in the 12th century Tech Midchúarda, a diagram of the banqueting hall of Tara. As entertainers, these braigetori ranked at the lower end of a scale headed by bards, fili, and harpers.[2][3]

In Japan, during the Edo period, flatulists were known as "heppiri otoko" (屁放男), lit. "farting men."

Mr. Methane, Paul Oldfield, born in Macclesfield, Cheshire, North West England, is better known by his stage name Mr. Methane. He is a British farter or "professional farter" who started performing in 1991; he briefly retired in 2006 but restarted in mid-2007; he claims to be the only performing professional farter in the world. He has worked on railroads before focusing on his flatulence performances.

According to When Will I Be Famous? (2003), a BBC book on British variety acts, Oldfield discovered his ability at the age of fifteen when practising yoga. The next day he performed twenty rapid fire rasping farts in under a minute for a group of his friends. It became so popular he made it into a regular event.

In the late 1980s, Oldfield turned professional, performing as an opening act for the Macclesfield-based bands The Screaming Beavers and The Macc Lads. The latter wrote a song about him on their album The Beer Necessities. Oldfield subsequently travelled to New York, USA, where he appeared as a guest on the Howard Stern Show as the "British Blaster". While in New York, Mr. Methane also performed a series of farts on Broadway.

In July 2004 Q magazine voted Mr. Methane's album mrmethane.com the second most bizarre album ever released in a Q special edition entitled "The 150 Greatest Rock Lists Ever".

In 2009 Oldfield auditioned for Britain's Got Talent, where he announced his intention to "put the art into fart", but failed to make it through to the live finals, after being "buzzed" out by all three judges - despite two of them, Morgan & Holden, laughing uncontrollably - and received negative reaction from some of the audience - other audience members are visibly seen to be in hysterics - in less than two minutes during his flatulist performance of the Blue Danube waltz, with Simon Cowell calling him "a disgusting creature". That same year, Mr. Methane also auditioned for Das Supertalent in Germany, but was eliminated in the semi-finals.

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Le Pétomane (/ l ə ̍ p ɛ t ə m eɪ n / , French pronunciation: [ləpetɔˈman]) was the stage name of the French flatulist (professional farter) and entertainer Joseph Pujol (June 1, 1857 – 1945). He was famous for his remarkable control of the abdominal muscles, which enabled him to seemingly fart at will. His stage name combines the French verb péter, "to fart" with the -mane, "-maniac" suffix, which translates to "fartomaniac". The profession is also referred to as "flatulist", "farteur", or "fartiste".

It is a common misconception that Joseph Pujol actually passed intestinal gas as part of his stage performance. Rather, Pujol was able to "inhale" or move air into his rectum and then control the release of that air with his anal sphincter muscles. Evidence of his ability to control those muscles was seen in the early accounts of demonstrations of his abilities to fellow soldiers.

Joseph Pujol was born in Marseilles, one of 5 children stonemason/sculptor François Pujol and his wife Rose. Soon after Pujol left school, he had a strange experience while swimming in the sea. He put his head under the water and held his breath, whereupon he felt an icy cold penetrating his rear. He ran ashore in fright and was amazed to sense water pouring from his anus. A doctor assured him that there was nothing to worry about.

When he served in the army, he told his fellow soldiers about his special ability, and repeated it for their amusement, sucking up water from a pan into his rectum and then projecting it up to several yards. He found that he could suck in air as well. A baker, Pujol would sometimes entertain his customers by imitating musical instruments, and claim to be playing them behind the counter. Pujol decided to try the stage, and debuted in Marseilles in 1887. When his act was well received, he moved to Paris, where he appeared at the Moulin Rouge in 1892.

Some of the highlights of his stage act involved sound effects of cannon fire and thunderstorms, as well as playing "'O Sole Mio" and "La Marseillaise" on an ocarina through a rubber tube in his anus. He could also blow out a candle from several yards away. His audience included Edward, Prince of Wales; King Leopold II of the Belgians; and Sigmund Freud.

In 1894, the managers of the Moulin Rouge sued Pujol for an impromptu exhibition he gave to aid a friend struggling with economic difficulties. Pujol was fined 3,000 francs, and the Moulin Rouge lost their star attraction as the disagreement led him to set up his own travelling show called the Theatre Pompadour.

In the following decade Pujol tried to 'refine' and make his acts 'gentler'; one of his favorite numbers became a rhyme about a farm which he himself composed, and which he punctuated with the usual anal renditions of the animals' sounds.

With the outbreak of World War I, Pujol, horrified by the inhumanity of the conflict, retired from the stage and returned to his bakery in Marseilles. Later he opened a biscuit factory in Toulon. He died in 1945, aged 88, and was buried in the cemetery of La Valette-du-Var, where his grave can still be seen today. The Sorbonne offered his family a large sum of money to study his body after his death, but they refused the offer.

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Le Pétomane left an enduring legacy and has inspired a number of artistic works. These include several musicals based on his life, such as The Fartiste (awarded Best Musical at the 2006 New York International Fringe Festival) and Seth Rozin's A Passing Wind which was premiered at the Philadelphia International Festival of the Arts in 2011. In addition, Le Pétomane was added to David Lee's 2007 reworked revival of the 1953 Broadway play Can-Can, which had originally been written by Abe Burroughs and Cole Porter. The updated play, staged at the Pasadena Playhouse, featured musical theatre actor Robert Yacko as the fartiste, with sound effects provided by the band's trombone and piccolo players. More recently, the re-released works of English toilet humour specialist Ivor Biggun include "Southern Breeze", a song about a "Famous French Farteur" who describes in rhyme a stroll through a farmyard, accompanied by appropriate farting noises.

Los Angeles-based Sherbourne Press published Jean Nohain and F. Caradec's Le Pétomane as a small hardcover English language edition in 1967. Due to its ‘sensitive’ nature, the usual national publicity venues shied away, some claiming that an author was needed for interviews (both elderly writers lived in France). However, ‘behind the curtain’ acceptance created a buzz within the national radio/TV promotional circuit and word-of-mouth discussion kept the book in stores for several years. Dorset Press, a division of Barnes & Noble, reissued the book in 1993.

The character has been portrayed several times in film. In 1979 Ian MacNaughton made a short humorous film, written by Galton and Simpson called Le Pétomane, based on Pujol's story and starring veteran comic actor Leonard Rossiter. The 1983 Italian movie Il Petomane, directed by Pasquale Festa Campanile and starring Ugo Tognazzi, gives a poetic rendition of the character, contrasting his deep longing for normalcy with the condition of 'freak' to which his act relegated him. The 1998 documentary Le Pétomane by Igor Vamos examines Joseph Pujol's place in history through archival films (none of which actually include him), historical documents, photographs, recreations and fake or tongue-in-cheek interviews.

Roland the Farter (known in contemporary records as Roland le Fartere) was a medieval flatulist who lived in 12th-century England. He held Hemingstone manor in Suffolk and 30 acres (120,000 m2) of land in return for his services as a jester for King Henry II. Each year he was obliged to perform "Unum saltum et siffletum et unum bumbulum" (one jump, one whistle, and one fart) for the King's court at Christmas.

Roland is listed in the 13th century English Liber Feodorum (Book of Fees).

Delivery System Recommendations

Although evident by the above discourse that humans have the ability to produce on demand the bio boost fuel resource, this study did not have the technology available to determine if this ability is a genetic based ability that is only available to a fortunate few (for some reason current gene mapping organizations were insensitive to diverting resources away from current medical applications for this scientific inquiry) or can be acquired universally through intense mental discipline and applied directed meditation therapy. In either case since there is insufficient time between now and September to develop a gene splicing technology for insertion of a yet to be discovered “fart at will” gene or since a psychiatric evaluation completed via distant behavioral observation of the Braking Wind Racing

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personnel has shown insufficient mental acuity to develop the necessary control of physiological process to reliably “fart at will” it is this study’s recommendation that an electro-mechanical assist device be developed.

Patent and Legal Review

Patent Review

An exhaustive review of the patent records identified the following patents of similar subject matter.

In 1998, Chester "Buck" Weimer of Pueblo, Colorado received a patent for the first undergarment that contained a replaceable charcoal filter. The undergarments are air-tight and provide a pocketed escape hole in which a charcoal filter can be inserted. In 2001 Mr. Weimer received the Ig Nobel Prize for Biology for his invention.

A similar product was released in 2002, but rather than an entire undergarment, consumers are able to purchase an insert similar to a party-liner that contains activated charcoal. The inventors, Myra and Brian Conant of Mililani, Hawaii still claim on their website to have discovered the undergarment product in 2002 (eight years after Chester Weimer filed for a patent for his product), but state that their tests "concluded" that they should release an insert instead.

In May 2000, a U.S. patent was issued for a "Toy gas fired missile and launcher assembly", a product that would allow one's "colonic gases" to be stored for later ignition to "fire the missile into space."

Legal Review

In January 2011, the Malawi Minister of Justice, George Chaponda, said that Air Fouling Legislation would make public farting illegal in his country. The media had a field day with punning headlines when they reported the story. Later, the minister withdrew his statement.

Based on the above reviews no conflicts in patent availability were identified as existing patents are for environmental controls and space exploration. However, it is recommended that design for the Bio Boost Collection System stay away from a reliance on sealed undergarments as its initial product confinement mechanism.

Study Recommendations

Recipe Modifications: All recommendations for modification of the “Uncle Len’s Baked Beans” recipes are considered proprietary information and have been submitted separately.

Pre-Race Dietary Protocols: Will be issued a minimum two weeks prior to the race. In the meantime all Braking Wind Racing personnel are to avoid spices and dietary supplements identified within this report as having a negative impact on flatulence production.

Bio Boost Delivery System: It is recommended that an electro-mechanical assist system be developed based on the system schematic provided in the Attachment 1 to this study report.

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Attachment 1

ITEM Description Quantity1 Driver suit with optional Bio Boost Containment (added belt) 1 per driver2 Flexible tygon tubing 13 12 volt compressor 14 Check valve 25 Bio Boost Storage Chamber 16 Normally closed solenoid valve 17 Normally open switch 2

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