Bio-CP Chapter 7 Cell Notes
I. Cell = Building block of all living organisms
A. Robert Hooke (1665) observed cork under a
crude microscope
1. He called the boxes “cells” because they
looked like little rooms that priests lived
in.
B. Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1673) was
the first to observe living cells.
II. Cell Theory (Schleiden 1838, Schwann
1839, & Virchow 1855)
A. Cell Theory States:
1. All living things are composed of cells.
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and
function in living things.
3. New cells come from division of preexisting
cells.
http://dels.nas.edu/bls/stemcells/what-is-a-stem-cell.shtml
Who was one of the first people to identify
and see cork cells?
1. Anton van Leeuwenhoek
2. Robert Hooke
3. Matthias Schleiden
4. Rudolf Virchow
Anton va
n Leeuw
enhoek
Robert H
ooke
Matth
ias Sch
leid
en
Rudolf Virc
how
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The work of Schleiden and Schwann can be
summarized by saying that
1. all plants are made of cells.
2. all animals are made of
cells.
3. plants and animals have
specialized cells.
4. all plants and animals are
made of cells.
all pla
nts a
re m
ade of c
ells.
all anim
als ar
e made o
f ce...
plants
and anim
als h
ave ..
.
all pla
nts a
nd anim
als ar..
.
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B. The cell contains inherited information that
is used as instructions for growth &
development. -DNA
http://fajerpc.magnet.fsu.edu/Education/2010/Lectures/26_DNA_Transcription.htmhttp://www.brown.edu/Courses/BI0032/gentherp/introsex1.htm
III. Classification of cells (Not all cells are
alike – 200 different kinds in the human
body) according to complexity
A. Prokaryotic cells
1. Most ancient and simplest
(unicellular).
Blue-green algae
(Cyanobacteria)
2. Do not have an organized nucleus (i.e.
naked DNA).
3. Do not have any membrane bound
organelles, but they have
ribosomes, cell membranes, and
usually cell walls.
See… no nucleus!!!
See…Cell Wall!!!
4. Bacteria
5. Unicellular Organisms Only
6. Relatively small in size
7. “Bad” Bacteria -Bacteria that cause illness
and disease
a. Bacterial diseases examples: tuberculosis,
tetanus, syphilis, cholera, bubonic plague
b. How do you treat a Bacterial Infection?
i. If prevention fails, take antibiotics
ii. Antibiotics kill bacteria without harming the
cells of humans or animals
iii. Many antibiotics are produced naturally by
living organisms Ex: penicillin
B. Eukaryotic cells (Have a Nucleus)
1. Relatively younger (evolutionary
scale)
2. Have DNA organized into
chromosomes in a nucleus.
3. Have membrane bound organelles.
4. Most cells are in this
group.
a. Plants, Animals,
Protists, fungi
3. Have membrane bound organelles.
5. Unicellular (amoeba) or multicellular
(spider)
6. Relatively large in size
7. Divides duties among the different
organelles.
Cells fall into two broad categories,
depending on whether they
1. have a cell wall.
2. contain genetic material.
3. have a nucleus.
4. contain chloroplasts.
have a
cell w
all.
conta
in genetic
mat
erial.
have a
nucle
us.
conta
in ch
loro
plast
s.
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Which cell structure contains the cell’s
genetic material and controls many of the
cell’s activities?
1. organelle
2. nucleus
3. cell envelope
4. cytoplasm
organelle
nucleus
cell e
nvelo
pe
cyto
plasm
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Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
CytoskeletonSection 7-2
Venn DiagramsCell membrane
Contain DNA
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Which of the following contain a nucleus?
1. prokaryotes
2. bacteria
3. eukaryotes
4. organelles
prokar
yotes
bacte
ria
eukary
otes
organelle
s
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Eukaryotes usually contain
1. a nucleus.
2. specialized organelles.
3. genetic material.
4. all of the above
a nucle
us.
specia
lized o
rganelle
s.
genetic m
ateria
l.
all of t
he above
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C. Viruses (neither prokaryotic nor
eukaryotic)
1. Viruses are non-cellular particles made
up of genetic material (DNA) and protein
2. Viruses invade living cells
Influenza Virus
HIV VirusBacteriophage
3. Are Viruses Alive?
a. Like living things, viruses have genetic
material and they can pass this on to future
generations
b. BUT, unlike living things, viruses are not
made of cells
c. Outside of a cell, they don't reproduce, feed,
or grow
d. Therefore, most biologists consider viruses
nonliving
IV. Endosymbiote Theory
A. Single-celled organisms engulfed other one-celled organisms.
1. Digestion did not occur.
2. The two organisms lived symbiotically.
3. Over millions of generations, these engulfed organisms became organelles.
B. Evidence:
1. Mitochondria and Chloroplasts have their own DNA
2. They also divide independent of the cell.
http://commonweb.unifr.ch/biol/pub/zoology/Homepage/Trypanos/projects/mitogeneralities.htm
http://www.wacotrib.com/news/content/news/stories/2008/01/15/01152008wacbrokenpromise3WEB.htmlhttp://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/071101_genealogy http://www.rite.or.jp/English/lab/pamphlet_plants.html
V. Why are most cells about the same
(tiny) size?
A. To maximize the surface area to
volume ratio.
http://bio1151.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/lab/limits/
What is the surface area and volume of
the 4 cm cube below?
Volume = _______ cm3;
Surface Area = ______cm2
4 cm
4 cm
4 cm
V= l ∙ w ∙ h
= 4 ∙ 4 ∙4
= 16 ∙ 4
= 64 cm3
SA = 6 s2
= 6 (4 ∙ 4)
= 6 (16) = 96 cm2
64
96
What if we cut the cube into eight 2 cm
squares?
V= l ∙ w ∙ h
= 2 ∙ 2 ∙ 2
= 4 ∙ 2
= 8 (8 squares)
= 64 cm3
SA = 6 s2
= 6 (2 ∙ 2)
= 6 (4)
= 24 (8 squares)
= 192 cm2
http://bioserv.fiu.edu/~walterm/FallSpring/cell_components/cell_talk.htm
Outsideof cell
Insideof cell(cytoplasm)
Cellmembrane
Proteins
Proteinchannel Lipid bilayer
Carbohydratechains
Section 7-3
Figure 7-12 The Structure of the
Cell Membrane
Plasma membrane
Controls what comes in and out
(semi-permeable);
Made of a phospholipid bilayer
Cell wall (animal cells lack cell wall)
Found in some cells, including plants, algae,
fungi and nearly all prokaryotes
Provides support & protection
Surrounds the cell membrane (allows water and
gases to pass through)
Nucleus (pl. Nuclei)
Controls cell functions by controlling
protein synthesis, contains the genetic
information (DNA)
http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/thenewgenetics/chapter1.html
Nucleolus
Dense region within nucleus; produces
ribosomes (ribosome assembly begins
here)
Which of the following is a function of the
nucleus?
1. stores DNA
2. controls most of the
cell’s processes
3. contains the information
needed to make proteins
4. all of the above store
s DNA
contro
ls m
ost o
f the ce
ll’...
conta
ins t
he info
rmat
ion...
all of t
he above
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Which of the following statements explains
why the nucleus is important to cells?
1. Only eukaryotes have nuclei.
2. Only prokaryotes have nuclei.
3. The nucleus contains coded
instructions for making proteins.
4. The nucleus is surrounded by a
nuclear envelope.
25Answer Now
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25%
25%
25%
Nuclear Envelope
Double membrane layer which surrounds
the nucleus; thousands of pores allow
material into and out of the nucleus
Chromatin/Chromosomes
Chromatin = loose DNA
Chromosome = condensed DNA (wound tightly
around proteins and coiled up), Visible under
microscope (Seen during cell division)
Cytoplasm
Material surrounding nucleus includes the
fluid & organelles, site of important
chemical reactions; Cytosol-fluid portion
http://www2.puc.edu/Faculty/Gilbert_Muth/botglosn.htm
Ribosomes
Made of RNA and proteins; Sites of protein
synthesis (proteins are made here);
http://www.uic.edu/classes/phar/phar331/lecture3/
Ribosomes
Instructions on how to make the specific
protein come from the DNA; Found free
in the cytosol or associated with ER
http://www.ehow.com/about_4752555_role-does-ribosome-play-translation.html
Which of the following is NOT found in
the nucleus?
1. cytoplasm
2. nucleolus
3. chromatin
4. DNA
cyto
plasm
nucleolu
s
chro
mat
inDNA
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Which organelle makes proteins using
coded instructions that come from the
nucleus?
1. Golgi apparatus
2. mitochondrion
3. vacuole
4. ribosome
Golgi a
pparatu
s
mito
chondrio
n
vacuole
riboso
me
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Endoplasmic reticulum
(Rough- ribosomes) (Smooth- no ribosomes)
Rough: Assembles, Prepares & Transports proteins
for export via the Golgi apparatus
Smooth: Lipid (steroids) synthesis site; Breaks down
toxic substances; parts of the cell membrane are
made here
http://www.colorado.edu/intphys/Class/IPHY3730/02nervestructure.html http://course1.winona.edu/sberg/308s08/Lec-note/IntracellularCompA.htm
Golgi apparatus
Membrane sacs that receive, chemically
modify, and repackage proteins into
forms the cell can use, expel, or store.
http://bioserv.fiu.edu/~walterm/FallSpring/cell_components/cell_talk.htm
Which sequence correctly traces the path of
a protein in the cell?
1. rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi
apparatus, released from the cell
2. ribosome, smooth endoplasmic reticulum,
chloroplast
3. smooth endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome,
Golgi apparatus
4. mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum,
cell membrane 25Answer Now
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Vacuole
Temporary stores water, nutrients (proteins &
carbs), salts, or wastes; enlarged in plant
cells; provides support and structure in plants
(turgor pressure-rigid)
http://activity.ntsec.gov.tw/lifeworld/english/content/gene_cc1.html
Lysosomes
Contain digestive enzymes that break down
food particles (carbs, lipids, & proteins),
viruses, bacteria, and worn out cell parts
(Cellular stomach)
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/lysosomes/lysosomes.html
http://bioserv.fiu.edu/~walterm/FallSpring/cell_components/cell_talk.htm
http://www.sflorg.com/sciencenews/scn110608_01.html
http://anatomy.iupui.edu/courses/histo_D502/D502f04/lecture.f04/cell.f04/cellf04.html
Mitochondria
Breaks down food (organic) molecules
releasing the energy stored in chemical bonds
to produce ATP (energy currency)
Adenosine Triphosphate “Power House”
Bound by a double membrane
http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/cellresp/glucose.html
Which organelle breaks down compounds
into small particles that the cell can use?
1. Golgi apparatus
2. lysosome
3. endoplasmic reticulum
4. mitochondrion
Golgi a
pparatu
s
lyso
som
e
endoplasm
ic re
ticulu
m
mito
chondrio
n
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Which organelle converts the chemical
energy stored in food into compounds that
are more convenient for the cell to use?
1. chloroplast
2. Golgi apparatus
3. endoplasmic reticulum
4. mitochondrion
chlo
ropla
st
Golgi a
pparatu
s
endoplasm
ic re
ticulu
m
mito
chondrio
n
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Chloroplasts (Autotrophs)(Heterotrophs organisms
that cannot produce its own food lack
chloroplasts)
Contain green pigment-chlorophyll which traps
the sun’s light energy.
http://www.karencarr.com/tmpl1.php?CID=301 http://207.239.98.140/upperschool/science/Classes/AllBiology/bio/biotext/biowilson/Main%20Info/Helpful%20Websites.htm
Photosynthesis: transforms light energy into
chemical energy and stores that energy in food
molecules (sugars & starches- carbohydrates).
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/C/chloroplasts.html
Bound by a double membrane
Which organelles help provide cells with
energy?
1. mitochondria and
chloroplasts
2. rough endoplasmic
reticulum
3. smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
4. Golgi apparatus and
ribosomesm
itoch
ondria and ch
loro
...
rough
endopla
smic
reti.
..
smooth
endoplasm
ic re
t...
Golgi a
pparatu
s and ri
b...
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Which organelle would you expect to find
in plant cells but not animal cells?
1. mitochondrion
2. ribosome
3. chloroplast
4. smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
mito
chondrio
n
riboso
me
chlo
ropla
st
smooth
endoplasm
ic re
t...
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Section 7-2
Figure 7-11 CytoskeletonCytoskeleton
Network of protein filaments that helps the cell
maintain shape and move around; Includes
Microfilaments, Microtubules, and
Intermediate Filaments
http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/lect06.htm
http://www.immediart.com/catalog/product_info.php?cPath=61_78&products_id=456
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/microfilaments/microfilaments.html
Cilia (microtubules)
Hair-like projections; Propel unicellular
organisms & helps fluids to move over the cell
surface in multicellular organisms
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/19533.htm
http://bioserv.fiu.edu/~walterm/FallSpring/cell_components/cell_talk.htm
Which structures carry out cell movement?
1. cytoplasm and
ribosomes
2. nucleolus and nucleus
3. microtubules and
microfilaments
4. chromosomes
cyto
plasm
and ri
bosom
es
nucleolu
s and n
ucleus
micr
otubule
s and m
icro...
chro
moso
mes
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Flagella (microtubules)
Whip-like tail; Propels organisms (& sperm)
http://bioserv.fiu.edu/~walterm/FallSpring/cell_components/cell_talk.htm
Centrioles (microtubules)
Organelles believed to aid in movement of
chromosomes in animal cells during cell
division
Plant Cell
Nuclearenvelope
Ribosome(attached)
Ribosome(free)
Smooth endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleolus
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrion
Cell wall
CellMembrane
Chloroplast
Vacuole
Section 7-2
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Animal Cell
Centrioles
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Nuclearenvelope
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Smooth endoplasmicreticulum
Mitochondrion
CellMembrane
Ribosome(free)
Ribosome(attached)
Section 7-2
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Animal Cells Plant Cells
Centrioles
Cytoskeleton
Venn Diagrams
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
NucleusEndoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cell Wall
Chloroplasts
VI. Organization
A. Cell Tissue Organ
Organ System
B. Tissue = Group of cells that perform the same function
1. Examples: nerve tissue, muscle tissue
http://bioliscious.blogspot.com/2008/02/compendium-of-chapters-1-4-chpt-1-1.html
C. Organ = two or more tissues that function together
1. Examples: Brain, leaf, heart
http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/301notes1.htm
D. Organ System = group of organs that work together
1. Examples: Nervous system, circulatory system
Which of the following is a logical
organization?
20Answer Now
1. cell, tissue, organ system, organ,
organism
2. tissue, organ, cell, organism, organ
system
3. organism, cell, tissue, organ
system, organ
4. cell, tissue, organ, organ system,
organism
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A group of cells with similar structure and
function, together form a(n)
1. organism.
2. organelle.
3. tissue.
4. organ.
5. organ system.
organism
.
organelle
.
tissu
e.
organ.
organ sy
stem
.
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The basic living unit of all plants and
animals is the
1. cell.
2. chemical.
3. organ.
4. organelle.
5. tissue.
cell.
chem
ical.
organ.
organelle
.
tissu
e.
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Muscle cell Smooth muscle tissue Stomach Digestive system
Section 7-4
Levels of Organization
Practice Labeling Structures
http://www.phschool.com/webcodes10/inde
x.cfm?wcprefix=cbd&wcsuffix=3072&fu
seaction=home.gotoWebCode&x=0&y=0
Label (In your Head)
Cell Modela specific function that contributes to cell survival.
B
C
D
A
Leaf Cell
Images from:
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/golgi/golg
iapparatus.html
Are All Cells Alike?All living things are made up of cells. Some organisms
are composed of only one cell. Other organisms are made up of many cells.
1. What are the advantages of a one-celled organism?
2. What are the advantages of an organism that is made up of many cells?
Think of the Answers; Discuss with a partner; Write on Separate piece of paper