BVB-IEEE Manthan ‘06 SAE-INDIA BVB Collegiate Club . Keywords: Bio-diesel, Jatropha – Promotion, Plantation , Economy,Comparision , Performance in race car 1. Introduction to jatropha as a bio fuel Fig no1: Jatropha Shrub or tree grows to height of 6 m, with spreading branches and stubby twigs, with milky or yellowish rufescent exudates. Leaves deciduous, alternate but apically crowded, ovate, acute to acuminate, 3 to 5-lobed in outline, 6–40 cm long, 6–35 cm broad, the petioles 2.5– 7.5 cm long. Flowers several to many in greenish cymes, yellowish, bell-shaped; sepals 5, broadly deltoid. Jatropha curcas (Kattamanakku) is an oil plant. The botanic name Jatropha is derived from Greek, "Jatras" meaning Doctor and "trophe," Nutrition The potential of Jatropha oil as a diesel substitute has already been recognized by Indian scientists, and several landowners in India have even started plantations of this tree. It is however still a very low yielding wild plant, yielding on an average about 200 to 500 kg seed per acre. In fact, this is true of most of the oil- bearing tree species in India. Most of them do not yield more than about 100 to 250 kg of oil per acre. The species of oil- bearing plants that are raised as field crops have been subjected to intense plant breeding input, and therefore yield at least four times as much oil. Jatropha is a plant that can survive under adverse conditions, but under poor agronomic conditions, the yield would be even lower. And there are many other species, that would give more money per unit area than Jatropha, even on waste land. Jatropha the wonder plant produces seeds with an oil content of 37%. The oil can be combusted as fuel without being refined. It burns with clear smoke-free flame, tested successfully as fuel for simple diesel engine. The by- products are press cake a good BIO-DIESEL FOR IC ENGINES JATROPHA: A BOON FOR AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRIES Samrat.S.theertha. T.A.Phani Shankar [email protected][email protected]B.V.B.C.E.T. HUBLI. Abstract: The concept of ALTERNATIVE FUELS in a fast catching trend, primarily in non oil producing nations like India, Brazil etc. Among them Bio-Fuel is probably the most catchy phrase that is being repeatedly stressed upon. Thought is being given only to the feasibility of various plant extractable fuels from the technical point of view. This paper however deals with the feasibility of Bio – Fuels as an alternative fuel from the point of view of its potential to offset regular agricultural products on account of it having commercial value if established as a feasible alternative. This paper, from food security point of view expresses thoughts towards the pros and cons of adopting bio fuels more specifically, JATROPHA. Unlike petroleum biofuel is renewable and bio degradable. Burning it is cleaner than the burning fossil fuels as it produces a fraction of the CO 2 . Carbon dioxide emissions resulting from the productions of bio fuels are likely to be less than 15% compare to petrol diesel.
Transcript
BVB-IEEE Manthan ‘06SAE-INDIA BVB Collegiate Club
.
Keywords: Bio-diesel, Jatropha – Promotion, Plantation , Economy,Comparision , Performance in race car
1. Introduction to jatropha as a bio fuelFig no1:
Jatropha Shrub or tree grows to height of 6 m, with spreading branches and stubby twigs, with milky or yellowish rufescent exudates. Leaves deciduous, alternate but apically crowded, ovate, acute to acuminate, 3 to 5-lobed in outline, 6–40 cm long, 6–35 cm broad, the petioles 2.5–7.5 cm long. Flowers several to many in greenish cymes, yellowish, bell-shaped; sepals 5, broadly deltoid.
Jatropha curcas (Kattamanakku) is an oil plant. The botanic name Jatropha is derived from Greek, "Jatras" meaning Doctor and "trophe," Nutrition
The potential of Jatropha oil as a diesel substitute has already been recognized by Indian scientists, and several landowners in India have even started plantations of this tree. It is however still a very low yielding wild plant, yielding on an average about 200 to 500 kg seed per acre. In fact, this is true of most of the oil-bearing tree species in India. Most of them do not yield more than about 100 to 250 kg of oil per acre. The species of oil-bearing plants that are raised as field crops have been subjected to intense plant breeding input, and therefore yield at least four times as much oil. Jatropha is a plant that can survive under adverse conditions, but under poor agronomic conditions, the yield would be even lower. And there are many other species, that would give more money per unit area than Jatropha, even on waste land.
Jatropha the wonder plant produces seeds with an oil content of 37%. The oil can be combusted as fuel without being refined. It burns with clear smoke-free flame, tested successfully as fuel for simple diesel engine. The by-products are press cake a good organic fertilizer, oil contains also insecticide
Originating in the Caribbean, the jatropha was spread as a valuable hedge plant to Africa and Asia by Portuguese traders. Currently the tree is widely used as a poverty reduction measure in Tamil Nadu, India. The rail line between Mumbai and Delhi is planted with Jatropha and the train itself runs on 15-20% biodiesel. Useful in drought conditions the trees provide watershed restoration, permaculture, oil for generators and water pumps, and compost and enclosures for gardening. This method is called the "Jatropha System".
Bio diesel includes a high cetane number, low sulphur , low volatility and the presence of Oxygen atoms in the fuel moleculeExpected efficiency is achieved through Bio diesel.Bio diesel performs better than the Petroleum diesel
A. Chemistry of jatropha:
Analysis of the Jatropha seed shows the following chemical composition:
Moisture 6.20%
Protein 18.00 %
Fat 38.00 %
Carbohydrates 17.00 %
Fiber 15.50 %
Ash 5.30 %
The oil content is 35 – 40% in the seeds and 50 – 60% in the kernel. The oil contains 21% saturated fatty acids and 79% unsaturated fatty acids .There are some chemical elements in the seed which are poisonous and render the oil not appropriate for human consumption.
BIO-DIESEL FOR IC ENGINESJATROPHA: A BOON FOR AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRIES
Abstract: The concept of ALTERNATIVE FUELS in a fast catching trend, primarily in non oil producing nations like
India, Brazil etc. Among them Bio-Fuel is probably the most catchy phrase that is being repeatedly stressed upon. Thought is being given only to the feasibility of various plant extractable fuels from the technical point of view. This paper however deals with the feasibility of Bio – Fuels as an alternative fuel from the point of view of its potential to offset regular agricultural products on account of it having commercial value if established as a feasible alternative. This paper, from food security point of view expresses thoughts towards the pros and cons of adopting bio fuels more specifically, JATROPHA. Unlike petroleum biofuel is renewable and bio degradable. Burning it is cleaner than the burning fossil fuels as it produces a fraction of the CO2. Carbon dioxide emissions resulting from the productions of bio fuels are likely to be less than 15% compare to petrol diesel.
BVB-IEEE Manthan ‘06SAE-INDIA BVB Collegiate Club
Few advantages of Jatropha are given below:
Bio-Diesel are agriculture oriented Jatropha is adapted to a wide range of
climates and soils Jatropha bi- diesel readily mixes with
diesel fuel and it runs in any diesel engine without modification.
It can grow almost on any type of soil whether gravelly, sandy or saline and thrives even on the poorest stony soils and rock crevices.
A number of researches have shown that jatropha bio-diesel has fuel properties and provides engine performance that is very similar to diesel fuel.
Bio Diesel are non toxic, bio degradable and renewable fuel
The tree grows up to a height of 3 meters, which means harvesting is an easy task. A hybrid variety of jatropha could give three harvests a year, compared to two harvests by other varieties of jatropha. It takes two years for a 'Jatropha' sapling to begin producing seeds, and they can produce seeds for up to 30 years. The seeds are crushed to extract raw oil; Jatropha seeds contain about 35% of non-edible oil
2. Reasoning for the promotion of jatropha project:
33 Million hectares of wasteland have been allotted to tree plantation in India. Jatropha can grow well on wastelands with little inputs. The plantation yields upto 5 tones/hectare oil seeds possible under optimum conditions. If the potential is fully realized India’s current diesel annual requirement of 40 Million tones can be easily met. It is surprising that 5 tones of oilseeds can produce 2 tones of bio-diesel which can be used in automobiles, other agro industrially useful bi-products.
Jatropha Curcas plants grow on poor degraded soils and are able to ensure a reasonable production of seeds with very little inputs. It is not grazed by animals. It is highly pest and disease resistant.
Bio-diesel from Jatropha are similar to the Bio-diesel produced from rape seed oil which could be used in any automobile. Brand which has been approved for its use by the manufacturers without any modification to use engine or accessories.
Fig no2:
Economics of Jatropha bio-diesel:Many experts say different data regarding the yield of the jatropha plantation. It varies from 500 kgs to 1500 kgs per hectare in the rain-fed areas to about 4000 kgs to 12,000 kgs per hectare in the irrigated land. However, there is no commercial plantation in India to estimate the yielding pattern of the jatropha.
Based on the practical experience gained by an organization located in Maharahstra, which is involving in research & development of Jatropha plantation since 1995, it is found that the yield of jatropha will not exceed more than 1500 kgs per hectare in rain-fed area and the yield would be increased to 4000kgs per hectare if there are proper watering facilities. It also suggests that a minimum quantity of water is required throughout the lifetime of the plantation for maximum yielding.
In India it is estimated that cost of Bio-Diesel produced by trans-esterification of oil obtained from Jatropha Curcas oil-seeds shall be approximately same as that of petroleum-diesel. The cost of bio-diesel varies between Rs. 16.59 – 14.98 per litre.
To improve the economics of jatropha plantation and bio-diesel processing, there are many activities including value-addition have been recommended by various R & D institution. Some of them are shown as below:• Inter Cultivation – many crops have been identified as suitable crops for intercropping.• Honey Bee keeping – Which inturn help in improving the yield by helping the cross-pollination• Medicinal Products: • Silk Worms Growing – recommended type of worm is Eri by Central Silk Board:• Biomass ( fruit covers) as fuel;• Cattle feed manufacturing – by de-toxification of the cake.• Glycerol – identification & utilization of glycerine which is a by-product from the trans esterification process; and most importantly• Manufacturing Bio-Lubricants from the jatropha
BVB-IEEE Manthan ‘06SAE-INDIA BVB Collegiate Club
oil.
Status of Jatropha Plantation & Processing Unitsmany organizations are working on the development of bio-diesel sector in India and few entrepreneurs/farmers have started the plantation of bio-crops. However, there is no single commercial biodiesel processing unit in India mainly due to non-availability of seed for bio-diesel production
The plantation of tree bearing non-edible oil seeds has not been undertaken on a large scale in India even there is a large potential for bio-crop plantation and for setting up of bio-diesel processing units. As yet, the people are not aware of the potential of Jatropha curcas to give economic returns from degraded – unproductive lands, fallow lands and field boundaries.
There are many gaps in the knowledge relating to the field of plantation of Jatropha curcas and other oilseed bearing tree species, processes, technologies, economics & management issues related to plantation of bio-crops and bio-diesel processing units, government policies, financial resources and marketing of the products, which
need to be filled up through knowledge transfer to farmers & entrepreneursFig no 3
Table no1:
Wasteland-Scenario: XA vast land area in India is classified as below marginal/wasteland. It is estimated that currently about 100 million hectares has been designated as wasteland (mostly under the control of the Government or its agencies) in India and is not under regular farming. It is estimated that even if 10% of total wasteland in brought under cultivation of bio-crops, India can produce about 4-5 million MT per annum of bio-diesel, which is about 5% of
the diesel demand.
Cost of Cultivation:
Cultivation expenses are approximately Rs.18,900/- acre in the year of establishment.
The annual expenses may be Rs.2,500/- annum therefore.
The gross income is around Rs.15,000/-
The net return is Rs.10,000/- after deducting the annual harvesting and maintenance charges.
Income level is maintained for another ten years.
Therefore the yield increases to 4500 kgs per acre and enhances the profit proportionately
3. Marketing:
Processing firm produces curcas oil which is subjected to further products namely bio-diesel, soap and bio-manure. Supply of these products is invested to be sold through whole sales/retailers. The firm may supply glycerine produced from curcas oil, to soap manufacturing units. Oil cake would be sold through retailers of fertilizer shops or directly to farmers. This is also to be sold to livestock feed manufactures as input raw material.
BVB-IEEE Manthan ‘06SAE-INDIA BVB Collegiate Club
Joint products of bio-diesel soap and bio-manure will be viable venture.Alternative to Diesel
It is significant to point out that, the non-edible vegetable oil of Jatropha curcas has the requisite potential of providing a promising and commercially viable alternative to diesel oil since it has desirable physicochemical and performance
The chemical analysis of Jatropha curcas oil is given in Table:2 below :
ITEM VALUE
Acid value 38.2
Saponification value 195.0
Iodine value 101.7
Viscosity (31oC) "Fatty acid"
40.4
Palmitic acid % 4.2
Stearic acid % 6.9
Oleic acid % 43.1
Linoleic acid % 34.3
Other acids % 1.4
The comparison of properties of Jatropha oil and standard specifications of diesel oil are shown in Table:3 below:
Specification Standard specification of Jatropha oil
Standard specification of Diesel
Specific gravity 0.9186 0.82/0.84
Flash point 240/110 °C 50 °C
Carbon residue 0.64 0.15 or less
Cetane value 51.0 50.0 up
Distillation point 295 °C 350 °C
Kinematics Viscosity
50.73 cs 2.7 cs up
Sulpher % 0.13 % 1.2 % or less
Calorific value 9 470 kcal/kg 10 170kcal/kg
Pour point 8 °C 10 °C
Colour 4.0 4 or less
Jatropha Oil in Comparison with Diesel Fuel are shown in table:4 below:
Parameter Diesel Jatropha Oil
Energy content (MJ/kg 42.6 - 45.0 39.6 - 41.8
Spec. weight (15/40 °C) 0.84 - 0.85 0.91 - 0.92
Solidifying point (°C) -14.0 2.0
Flash point (°C) 80 110 - 240
Cetane value 47.8 51.0
Sulphur (%) 1.0 - 1.2 0.13
BVB-IEEE Manthan ‘06SAE-INDIA BVB Collegiate Club
4. D1 Oils to Test Bio-diesel in Performance Race Car:
D1 Oils plc (D1), the UK-based global producer of biodiesel from renewable energy crops, is to test the performance of green diesel fuel by sponsoring the entry of a biodiesel powered car in the Le Mans global series of sports car races. The D1 Lola B2K car will be powered by a high performance diesel engine modified to run on a mix of regular diesel and bio-diesel produced from vegetable oils. The objective is to test the performance, fuel efficiency and emissions produced by different bio-diesel blends. The D1 car and engine are being developed for Le Mans Prototype racing by groupBio, a UK-based racing team.
Under the Renewable Transport Fuels Obligation (RTFO), announced by the government in November, UK garages will be required to sell diesel blended with bio-diesel to a minimum level of 5% by 2010. Biodiesel produces lower emissions of pollutants and greenhouse gases than mineral diesel, and is produced from vegetable oils derived from energy crops. These absorb CO2 as they grow, making the net carbon emissions
neutral. D1’s objective is to test fuel blends containing 5% (B5), 20% (B20) and 50% (B50) bio-diesel, and research the performance and characteristics of bio-diesel made from different vegetable oil feedstock’s.
D1’s bio-diesel feedstock of choice is jatropha curcas, a tree that grows in Africa, South East Asia and India. Jatropha seeds produce a high yield of vegetable oil that can be refined into bio-diesel. Unlike other bio-diesel feedstock’s, such as rapeseed, soy and palm, which require arable land to produce economic yields, jatropha grows on waste and marginal land and its planting will not displace essential food crops in developing countries.
Disadvantage:
One of the main disadvantages of growing jatropha plant is that it would hamper the food security of the country. To eradicate this government should take some measures before providing licence to the jatropha planters
change we can major global concerned, a litel know tree has potential to become one of the world’s key energy crops. Vegetable oil , extracted from the seeds of the jatropa can be refined in to bio diesel for use in either in pure form or as blended with mineral diesel.
Jatropa bio-diesel is clean fuel which will reduce green house gas emision from tracpost that to contribute to global warming. By using bio-diesel to meet portion of transport fuel needs, countries can reduces their relince on increasingly scarc and expensive high carbon, mineral diesel.
Jatropa grown in tropical and subtropical climate tipically found trough out most of the developing world. Consequently planting and cultivation, in the process of refining in to it bio-diesel, will potentially provide jobs and incomes for millions of agriculture workers and formers across the developing world.
6. References:
1] Abraham A. 1956. “Tapica Cultivation in India”, Indian Council Agr.Res
2] M. Mittelbach, C Remschimdt, “Biodiesel, the Comprehensive hand book”
3] Gopalkrishnan, C & Kasturi, P. 1980, “The economics of biomass energy. A study of agricultural waste”
