BiomoleculesBiomoleculesThe Building Blocks of LifeThe Building Blocks of Life

Biomolecules are Organic Biomolecules are Organic MoleculesMolecules

1.1. Molecules containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Molecules containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Sulfur, and Phosphorous Nitrogen, Oxygen, Sulfur, and Phosphorous

2.2. They make up living organismsThey make up living organisms

3.3. Examples: Methane (CHExamples: Methane (CH44) Glucose (C) Glucose (C66HH1212OO66) ) are all organic moleculesare all organic molecules

BiomoleculesBiomolecules

1.1. Basic Molecule: Proteins (amino acids), Basic Molecule: Proteins (amino acids), Carbohydrates (sugars), Lipids (Fats), Carbohydrates (sugars), Lipids (Fats), Nucleic Acid (DNA, RNA)Nucleic Acid (DNA, RNA)

2.2. Macromolecule: Large molecules of the Macromolecule: Large molecules of the above that can be broken down.above that can be broken down.

Ex. Starch into sugarEx. Starch into sugar

BiomoleculesBiomolecules

1.1. Subunits: The smaller molecules that are Subunits: The smaller molecules that are the building blocks of macro moleculesthe building blocks of macro molecules

Sugars that make up starch or celluloseSugars that make up starch or cellulose Amino Acids that make up ProteinsAmino Acids that make up Proteins Fatty acids and glycerol make up lipidsFatty acids and glycerol make up lipids

CarbohydrateCarbohydrateSimple vs. Complex Simple vs. Complex

sugarssugars

Simple sugars:Simple sugars:MonosaccharideMonosaccharide: : ““One” “Sugar”One” “Sugar”We will focus on We will focus on

glucoseglucose:: C C66HH12120066 The basic source of The basic source of

organism energyorganism energy

Simple Simple Sugars:CarbohydratesSugars:Carbohydrates

Simple Sugars:Simple Sugars: DisaccharideDisaccharide ““Two” “Sugars”Two” “Sugars”

Examples:Examples: Table sugar: sucrose=Table sugar: sucrose=

Glucose + FructoseGlucose + Fructose

Maltose= Maltose= Glucose + GlucoseGlucose + Glucose

Complex Sugars:Complex Sugars:PolysaccharidePolysaccharide

““many sugars” Complex Sugar.many sugars” Complex Sugar.

Functions: Cells use them for energy and Functions: Cells use them for energy and structure.structure.

They allow organisms to gradually use energy They allow organisms to gradually use energy since it is stored in a large structure. since it is stored in a large structure.

Complex Sugars:Complex Sugars:PolysaccharidePolysaccharide

StarchStarch : has thousands of : has thousands of glucoses (sugars) bonded glucoses (sugars) bonded togethertogether

………Thousands

Complex Sugars:Complex Sugars:PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides

CelluloseCellulose: Makes up the walls of plant cells. : Makes up the walls of plant cells. Also made from glucose.Also made from glucose.

Ruminants (cattle, sheep) can digest both Ruminants (cattle, sheep) can digest both cellulose and glucose.cellulose and glucose.

Humans can digest starch, but not celluloseHumans can digest starch, but not cellulose

PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides

GlycogenGlycogen: Animals store carbohydrates : Animals store carbohydrates (glucose) in the form of glycogen; similar in (glucose) in the form of glycogen; similar in form to starch. Why????form to starch. Why????

This is why…This is why… This is our reserve energyThis is our reserve energy Stored in liver and musclesStored in liver and muscles We do not want to lose our carbs all at once!!We do not want to lose our carbs all at once!!

ProteinsProteinsMade of Amino Made of Amino

Acid ChainsAcid Chains

Amino Acids are Amino Acids are bonded through a bonded through a peptidepeptide bond bond

Each sphere isan aminoacid.Bonded by peptidebonds

There are 20Amino Acids

20 different amino acids20 different amino acids

Protein FunctionProtein Function

1.1. Building material: muscle, hair, fingernailsBuilding material: muscle, hair, fingernails2.2. Enzymes:Enzymes: Help with chemical reaction in Help with chemical reaction in

the cells and body (catalyst)the cells and body (catalyst)3.3. Immunity: make up antibodiesImmunity: make up antibodies4.4. Other specific functions such as Other specific functions such as

Hemoglobin: carry OHemoglobin: carry O22 in red blood cells in red blood cells

Examples of Examples of Protein Protein StructuresStructuresThe shape of The shape of protein is important protein is important to its function.to its function.

Enzyme: Quaternary Structure

Lipids (Fats)Lipids (Fats)A common A common

lipid is made of lipid is made of 3 fatty acids 3 fatty acids chains chains connected to a connected to a glycerol glycerol

Lipids (Fats)Lipids (Fats)

GlycerolGlycerol: a type of alcohol. The back bone : a type of alcohol. The back bone of Fats.of Fats.

3 Fatty acid chains: Long chains of C & H3 Fatty acid chains: Long chains of C & H Saturated=as many C & H bonded as possible Saturated=as many C & H bonded as possible

(Solid at Room Temp.)(Solid at Room Temp.) Unsaturated= C and C bonds can be double Unsaturated= C and C bonds can be double

(usually Liquid at Room Temp.)(usually Liquid at Room Temp.)

Lipids (Fats) FunctionsLipids (Fats) Functions

The main energy storing molecule because of The main energy storing molecule because of the high # of carbon to carbon bonds. Why the high # of carbon to carbon bonds. Why are bonds important? are bonds important?

……because they because they Store chemical energyStore chemical energy Lipids store more energy than any other Lipids store more energy than any other

biomoleculebiomolecule 9 Cal/gram = lipids9 Cal/gram = lipids 4 Cal/gram = carbohydrates and proteins4 Cal/gram = carbohydrates and proteins

Lipids (Fats) FunctionsLipids (Fats) FunctionsInsulate and protect Insulate and protect

Main molecule of Main molecule of the Cell membranethe Cell membrane

Make up all Make up all hormones hormones (testosterone)(testosterone)

Nucleic Acids (DNA)Nucleic Acids (DNA)

Deoxyriboose Nucleic Acid (DNA)Deoxyriboose Nucleic Acid (DNA)Ribose Nucleic Acid (RNA)Ribose Nucleic Acid (RNA)

DNADNAUsed to store information Used to store information

inside the nucleus of each cell.inside the nucleus of each cell.Used as the energy “currency” Used as the energy “currency”

of the cell, ATPof the cell, ATPDNA has 4 different nucleotide DNA has 4 different nucleotide

basesbasesAdenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine,

and Thymineand Thymine

RNARNA

Used to relay genetic information inside the Used to relay genetic information inside the cell.cell.

Major component of ribosome, which joins Major component of ribosome, which joins amino acids together to form enzymes.amino acids together to form enzymes.

Genetic material for some viruses.Genetic material for some viruses.

Questions?Questions?What type of bond connects Amino Acids?What type of bond connects Amino Acids?What are lipids composed of?What are lipids composed of?What are three of the macromolecules of What are three of the macromolecules of

carbohydrates? What is the sugar subunit?carbohydrates? What is the sugar subunit?What are the four types of elements that make up What are the four types of elements that make up

biomolecules?biomolecules?