Presented by: Group 5Biotherapy

• Biotherapy (also known as Immunotherapy)– is the use of medication that increases the ability

of the immune system to fight cancer and infection. It can also reduce some side effects of cancer treatment.

Biotherapy

Immunotherapy Types

• Active immunotherapy • Passive immunotherapy

Active Immunotherapy

• It is the type of immunotherapy that attempts to stimulate the host intrinsic immune response to a disease

– Specific active immunotherapy

– Non specific active immunotherapy

• Specific active immunotherapy – The generation of cell mediated and antibody immune

responses focused on specific antigen.• Eg. cancer vaccines

• Non specific immunotherapy – The generation of general immune system responseusing

cytokines

• Cancer vaccines

• Cellular therapies

• Adjuvants

Specific Active Immunotherapy

• Cancer vaccines are active immunotherapy because they meant to trigger the patient immune system to respond.

• Cancer vaccines may contain cancer cells ,part of the cell, or purified tumor specific antigen.

• Two categories of cancer vaccine

• Cell based – in which the patient cancer cell is cultured with patients

own immune system cells and derived back to the same patient.

• Vector based– in which the engineered virus or other vector issued to

introduce cancer specific proteins and other molecule in order to stimulate the patient immune system to recognize the tumor cells to fight the cancer.

• Examples

– Tumor cell vaccines-kidney,ovarian breast cancer– Antigen vaccines-prostate,colorectal cancer.– Dentritic cell vaccine– DNA vaccines– Vector based vaccines

Cellular Therapies

• Cellular therapies– These are single type agent derived from the cancer

patients which are modified in the laboratory to become more adapt at recognizing and killing the tumor cells

– This type of immunotherapy is designed to boost specific part of immune system to cause tumor cell death

– Vaccines in contrast attempts to get the body immune system react to specific antigen

• Eg. lymphocyte activated killer cell therapy

Adjuvant Immunotherapy

• Adjuvant immunotherapy – an adjuvant is an any material which when

injected together with an antigenic protein or other substance like monoclonal antibodies, cancer vaccines increases or boost the immune response to the particular system.• Eg; BCG vaccine

Non Specific Immunotherapy

• Cytokines– destruction of tumor cell by two mechanism

• Indirect enhancement of antitumor

Passive Immunotherapy

• Passive immunotherapy– this comprised of antibodies and other immune

system component that are made outside the body and administered to the patient to provide immunity against the disease. It do not stimulate a patient immune system to actively respond to a disease in the way vaccines does.

• Monoclonal antibodies thearapy • Cytokine inhibitors• Tolerance induction• IV immunoglobulin

Monoclonal Antibody Therapy

• Types– Naked monoclonal antibodies

• eg . Cetuximab ;trastuzumab– Conjugated monoclonal antibodies antibodies contain

immunotoxin • eg.gemtuzumab

– Radiolabelled antibodies • eg;tositumomab

– Chemolabelled antibodies• eg;brentuximab

Cytokines Inhibitor

• CYTOKINES INHIBITOR – these are cytokine specific substance that inhibit the

biological activities of specific cytokines in a number of different ways

• Production can be blocked– Eg; etanercept

• Intracellular process which produce the active protein can be inhibited

• Cytokines can be neutralized in the circulation– eg; infliximab

• Specific receptor can be blocked – eg; kineret

Antibodies Mechanism of Action Uses

kineret IL alpha antagonist Rheumatoid arthritisSepsisosteoarthritis

Infliximab TNF alpha antagonistic Ulcerative colitis Ankylosing spondylitesChrons disease

enarcept TNF alpha antagonistic Rheumatoid arthritisPsoriatic arthritis Ankylosing spondylites

• IV Immunoglobulins• It contains the pooled IgG extracted from the plasma of

over one thousand blood donors.• IVIG's effects last between 2 weeks and 3 months.• It is mainly used as treatment in three major categories:• Immune deficiencies .• Autoimmune diseases e.g. Immune thrombocytopenia• Acute infections.