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BIO 156

Chapter 3, Part 2

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Cellular Compartmentalization: Organelles

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Mitochondria are the site of

cellular energy production.

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Glucose breakdown takes place mostly in the

mitochondrion.

Energy liberated from glucose molecules is captured by

ATP molecules.

Cellular energy production captures 3060% of the energy

contained in glucose; the rest is given off as heat.

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Three organelles are involved in manufacturing protein

1. Endoplasmic reticulum

Some proteins are produced on the surface of the

rough endoplasmic reticulum

2. RibosomesRibosomes are involved in all protein synthesis

3. The Golgi complex

The golgi modifies and packages proteins that are

secreted from the cell for extracelluar use

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The Endoplasmic Reticulum

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The Golgi Complex

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Lysosomes are

membrane-bound

organelles that

contain digestiveenzymes

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Flagella are organelles that permit cellular motility.

2. Movement across the surface of cells is provided by cilia.

3. Some cells move by amoeboid motion.

Methods of Cellular Motility

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Energy and Metabolism

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Cells get the energy they need primarily from two sources:

1. the breakdown of glucose (a type of carbohydrate)

3. the breakdown of triglycerides (a type of fat)

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The chemical breakdown of glucose occurs in four steps.

4. glycolysis

2. the transition reaction

3. the citric acid cycle

4. the electron transport system

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Overview of

glycolysis

Glycolysis is the

breakdown of

glucose into two

pyruvate molecules

Glycolysis nets the

cell two molecules

of ATP and two

NADH molecules

containing high-

energy electrons.

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The Transition Reaction

The transition reactionpyruvate produced during glycolysis

diffuses into the mitochondrion and undergoes the transition

reaction.In the transition reaction one carbon atom is cleaved off

each pyruvate.This step produces acetyl CoA and two NADH molecules.

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The citric acid cycle

The citric acid cycle completes the breakdown of glucose.The Acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle, which produces

two ATPs and numerous molecules of NADH and FADH2.These electron carriers accept high-energy electrons from

various reactions in the citric acid cycle and move them to

the electron transport system.

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The Electron Transport System

Electrons given off during the citric acid cycle and

glycolysis enter the electron transport system.

The electron transport system is a series of protein

molecules embedded in the inner surface of the inner

membrane of the mitochondrion.

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Choices

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End of Chapter 3, Part 2