Impact of climate change on food securityImpact of climate change on food security

� Reduced yields of wheat, rice and soyabeans in the tropics and subtropics.

� Approximately -10% per 1º C warming

� Est. reduction of 30-40% by 2100

� Reduced nutritional content (especially � Reduced nutritional content (especially protein in wheat and rice)

� Increased disease transmission rates

� Loss of water stored in snow packs and glaciers (Eg., Himalayas)

� Reduced supply of river supplied water for irrigation

Impact of climate change on food securityImpact of climate change on food security

� Possible changes in pest and pathogens.

� Increased carbon dioxide and plants

� Enhanced biomass growth rate for some C3

plants (Benefits limited to <2030 AD)

� Temperature increase due to CO2, a net� Temperature increase due to CO2, a netnegative impacts for all crops (C3 and C4)

� Effects on soil BGC properties

� Effects on plant pathology (reduced proteincontent and resilience to disease

• Sea level raise- about 35 cm by 2100� Salinization and loss of arable land

BiocharBiochar in Agriculturein Agriculture� Biochar - carbonized biomass that is effective to

activate living things and improve natural environment

� carbonized biomass such as rice husk charcoal or wood ash have been valuable material as soil wood ash have been valuable material as soil amendment

� symbiosis between effective microbes and plant root through the medium of charcoal, that promotes the growth of plants

� Biochar help plants’ growth, rise up productivity and contribute sustaining the quality of soil.

A micro study with A micro study with BiocharBiochar in in CC33 and Cand C44 plants in plants in CC33 and Cand C44 plants in plants in

DindigulDindigul District, Tamilnadu.District, Tamilnadu.

�Crops studied� Rice (C3 plant)

� Maize (C4 plant)

�Area of study:� Dindigul District, Tamilnadu

Soil typeSoil type

Rice area : Clay loam

Maize and Egg plant area : Red loam

Soil pH : In the range of 6.5 – 7.5 Soil pH : In the range of 6.5 – 7.5 (almost neutral)

Soil fertility status : Low nitrogen and medium phosphorus and potassium

Previous crops grown : Rice / Maize / Pulses

CROPPING DETAILSCROPPING DETAILSCrops forthe study

No. of farmers

Crop area (m2)

Terra pretatrial

Untreated control

Rice 1 160 80 80

Maize 1 80 40 40

Egg Plant(Brinjal)

1 200 100 100

Total 3 440 220 220

MANURES AND FERTILIZERS APPLIED MANURES AND FERTILIZERS APPLIED

Crop Fertilizers (kg. NPK per ha)

Rice 120 : 50 : 50

Maize 135 : 62.5 : 50

Brinjal 100 : 50: 30

Crop Fertilizers (kg. NPK per ha)

In the treated fields, Application of 200 kg of powdered charcoal (worked out to 25, 50 and 20 tonnes of charcoal per hectare area of rice, maize and egg plant crop)

Inputs for Maize Experimental and Control plotsInputs for Maize Experimental and Control plots

Sl.No Name of the Input Experiment Plot (Quantity) 100

Sq.Mtre

Comparision Plot(Quantity) 100

Sq.Mtre

1 Farmyard Manure (FYM) 125 Kg 125 Kg

2 Charcoal Ash 200 Kg -

3 Vermi compost 50 Kg 50 Kg

4 Nitrogen 3.0 Kg 3.0 Kg

5 Phosphorus 3.9 Kg 3.9 Kg

6 Potassium 0.835 Kg 0.835 Kg

Inputs for Rice Experimental and Control plotsInputs for Rice Experimental and Control plots

Sl.No

Name of the Input Experiment Plot (Quantity) 100 Sq.Mtre

Comparison Plot(Quantity) 100

Sq.Mtre

1 Farmyard Manure (FYM) 125 Kg 125 Kg

2 Charcoal Ash 200 Kg -2 Charcoal Ash 200 Kg -

3 Vermi compost 50 Kg 50 Kg

4 Nitrogen 2.650Kg 2.65 Kg

5 Phosphorus 3.125 Kg 3.125 Kg

6 Potassium 0.835 Kg 0.835 Kg

Comparison of Different ParametersComparison of Different Parameters--Rice (CRice (C33))

73 79

1611

129

0

20

40

60

80

Comparison of Growth Parameters

Terra-preta

Control 11 10

256236

2816

2360

18 180

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000Comparison of Yield Parameters

0

Plant Height Tillers/Plant Root Length

Length in cm

0Productive

tillers/ plant

Grains per

panicle

Total grains/ hill 1000 grains

weight (g)

Length in cm

50.6

42.5 40.5

34

2 2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Grain yield (g)/ plant Grain yield (kg)/ plot Straw bundles)/ plot

Length in cm

Comparison of Yield Parameters

Economic benefit of TerraEconomic benefit of Terra--pretapreta AgricultureAgriculture

Sl.No

Details (Rice)

Income realized (Rs)

Experimental PlotControl plot

1. Grains 40.5 kg of paddy grains @ Rs. 12 per kg = Rs. 486

34 kg of paddy grains @ Rs.12 per kg = Rs.408

2. Straw Rs.200 Rs.200

3. Gross Income Rs.686 Rs.608

4. Profit(Gross Income – Cost ofcultivation)

Rs.66 Rs.38

5. Anticipated profit/acre Rs. 3300 Rs. 1900

Comparison of different parametersComparison of different parameters--Maize (CMaize (C44))

97.4 95.9

135128

6080

100120140

Comparison of Growth Parameters 384371

140140

88.3 86.9100

150

200

250

300

350

400Comparison of Yield Parameters

0204060

Germination

Percentage

Plant Height

Length in cmTerra-preta

Control

88.3 86.9

0

50

100

Grains/ cob Weight of 1000 grains

(g)

% of flowering plants

Length in cm

Economic benefit of TerraEconomic benefit of Terra--pretapreta AgricultureAgriculture

Sl.No

Details- Maize

Income realized (Rs)

Experimental Plot Control plot

1. Grains 29 kg of maize grains @ Rs. 12 per kg = Rs. 348

23 kg of paddy grains @ Rs.12 per kg = Rs.276

2. Straw Rs.200 Rs.200

3. Gross Income Rs.548 Rs.476

4. Profit(Gross Income – Costof cultivation)

Rs.87 Rs.35

5. Anticipated profit / acre Rs.8700/- Rs.3500/-