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2009 International Biomass

Conference Presented by BBI International. Portland, Oregon USA

Pyrolysis and Its End Products

Robert VolpeVice President, Sales and Marketing

Mantria Industries, LLC

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Terminology

Terminology

CombustionReaction of a material with air/O2 with the intent of complete oxidation.

GasificationThe conversion of a material into a gas, commonly referred to as ''producer gas', if the reaction iswith air and "syngas" if the reaction is with O2.

PyrolysisThermal degradation of biomass in the absence of oxygen to produce condensable vapors, gases,and charcoal. Air may be admitted to promote endothermic process.

LiquefactionLow temperature, high pressure thermo-chemical conversion in the liquid phase, usually with a highhydrogen partial pressure and catalyst to enhance the rate of reaction.

Source: International Biochar Initiative - http://www.biochar-international.org

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Types of Pyrolysis

Types of Pyrolysis

Slow pyrolysisSlow pyrolysis has been used for centuries to produce charcoal, tars, alcohols such as ethanol and methanol and other solvents. Relatively low reactor temperatures [< 400C]

Atmospheric pressure

Very low heating rates ranging from 0.01C/s to up to 2C/s

Conventional pyrolysisYields of organic liquids products from conventional pyrolysis are typically low, 20 % char yields, 20 wt% water and non-condensablegases comprised mainly of carbon dioxide.

Relatively low reactor temperatures [< 450C]

Slow heating rates [of the material] of about 2-10C/s

Atmospheric pressure

Fast pyrolysisFast pyrolysis therefore gives higher reaction rates due to the higher temperatures. The distinction between flash and fast pyrolysis has largelydisappeared :

High heating rates [> 1000C/s]

Reactor temperatures greater than 450C

Operated from ~425-550C to optimise liquid yields [depending on feedstock]

Above 600C to increase or optimise the gas yield

Source: International Biochar Initiative - http://www.biochar-international.org

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Pyrolysis Hybrid SystemsHybrid: Advanced pressurized, partial-pyrolitic gasification and carbonization system.

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Types of Feedstocks

Tires MSW and Sludge Agricultural Waste

Green Waste Invasive Species Agricultural Residue

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Waste Macadamia Nut Shells

Before Processing After Processing

Limited Commercial Use High Commercial Value

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BioProducts

BioChar

Soil Amendments

Water, Gas and Air Filtration

Metallurgical Reductant

Cooking and Heating

Pharmaceutical

Power Utilities

Industrial

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BioChar

BioChar Benefits

Enhances crop growth by 80 800 percent

Increases the cation exchange capacity in soils

Enhances soil microbial functions

Improves nutrient retention capacity of soils

Reduces fertilizer and herbicides required, decreasing N2O & CH4 emissions

Improves water permeability, retention while preventing leaching of nutrients

Sequesters carbon for many generations

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Water, Gas and Air Filtration

Water, Gas and Air Filtration

Activated carbon is used in a wide variety of purification and filtrationsystems such as municipal and industrial water treatment systems.

Non-porous BioChar can be converted to highly porous, high surfacearea activated BioChar by steam treatment at elevated temperature

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Cooking and Heating

Cooking and Heating

Cooking

Charcoal Briquettes for cooking, including grilling and barbecuing.

Heat production

Used as a raw material to manufacture fuel pellets for use in domestic and industrialheating markets. This market is currently supplied by wood pellet products. BioCarbonhas a higher energy density than wood pellets.

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Metallurgical

Metallurgical

BioChar can be used as a reductant, similar to coke, in theproduction of iron and steel.

Substitute for high value anthracite coal, which is typically used in

metallurgical applications such as iron production.

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More Uses

Pharmaceuticals

Activated carbon is used in pharmaceutical industry primarily as anadsorbent to remove pollutants during the drug manufacturingprocess.

Mercury Removal from CoalUsed to absorb mercury emissions from coal fired power stations,medical incinerators, and from natural gas at the wellhead.

Co-Fire With CoalAs the BioChar is CO2 neutral and contains virtually no sulphur,emissions are reduced in proportion to the amount of coal displaced.

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More Uses

Carbon BlackA purified form of carbon with many applications, including ink-jetprinter ink and tire manufacturing.

Cement/Asphalt

As an amendment for asphaltic concrete.

Carbon Fuel CellsTurns carbon directly into electricity.

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BioProducts Improve Environment

Producing BioProducts Reduces

the Following Negative Effects On Our Environment Green House Gas Emissions

Air, Water, and Land Pollution

Waste Streams and Landfills Waste Stream Hauling Traffic

Vector and Health Problems

Agricultural Chemical Fertilizer

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Pyrolysis and Its End Products

Robert VolpeVice President, Sales and Marketing

Mantria Industries, LLC

rvolpe@mantria.com

www.MantriaIndustries.com

www.CarbonDiversion.com

www.EternaGreen.com

2009 International Biomass

Conference Presented by BBI International. Portland, Oregon USA