NUTRITION: AN INTRODUCTIONGeromil J. Lara, RMT, MSMT
FOOD• Provide energy and new molecules
to replace those that the body usesNUTRIENTS• Component of food and drink that
provide growth, replacement, and energy– Carbohydrates– Lipids– Proteins– Vitamins– Minerals– Water
CALORIES• Measurement of amount of energy
derived from food
1000 Cal = 1 kCal
Recommended Nutritional Requirements Per Day
Carbohydrates 45 – 65%Proteins 10 – 35%Lipids 20 – 35%
CALORIES• Measurement of amount of energy
derived from food1000 Cal = 1 kCal
Recommended Nutritional Requirements Per DayCarbohydrates 45 – 65%Proteins 10 – 35%Lipids 20 – 35%
CHO 4 cal/gramCHON 4 cal/gramLipids 9 cal/gram
CALORIES
Example: using 2000 calories diet
CHO = 2,000 x 0.5 = 1,000 calories
= 1,000 calories / 4 = 250 grams
CHON = 2,000 x 0.2 = 400 calories
= 400 calories / 4 = 100 grams
CALORIES
Example: using 2000 calories diet
Fats = 2,000 x 0.3 = 600 calories
= 600 calories / 4 = 150 grams
CHO 250 gramsCHON 100 gramsLipids 150 grams
============500 grams/day
VITAMIN
• is an organic compound required as a nutrient in tiny amounts by an organism
• Derived from “Vitamine”
• 4 Fat-Soluble Vitamins
• 9 Water-Soluble Vitamins
FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINSVITAMIN AOther Name: RetinolFunction:
– Vision– To heal eye and skin injuries
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– Nightblindness/Blindness– Keratinization of epithelium and cornea
Best Food Source:– Liver, butter, egg yolk, carrots, spinach,
sweet potatoes
FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINSVITAMIN DOther Name: CalciferolFunction:
– Promotes calcium and phosphate absorption and mobilization
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– Rickets (children): pliable bones– Osteomalacia (adults): fragile bones
Best Food Source:– Salmon, sardines, cod liver oil, cheese,
eggs, milk
FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINSVITAMIN EOther Name: TocopherolFunction:
– Antioxidant Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:
– In cases of malabsorption such as cystic fibrosis: anemia
– In premature infants: anemiaBest Food Source:
– Vegetable oils, nuts, potato chips, spinach
FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINSVITAMIN KOther Name: PhylloquinoneFunction:
– Blood clotting Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:
– Uncontrolled bleeding (mostly in newborns)
Best Food Source:– Spinach, potatoes, cauliflower, beef
liver
WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINSVITAMIN B1
Other Name: Thiamine Function:
– Coenzyme in oxidative carboxylation and in the pentose phosphate shunt
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– Beriberi– In alcoholics: heart failure– Pulmonary congestion
Best Food Source:– Beans, soybeans, cereals, ham, liver
WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINSVITAMIN B2
Other Name: Riboflavin Function:
– Coenzyme of oxidative processesDeficiency Symptoms and Diseases:
– invasion of cornea by capillaries– Cheilosis– Dermatitis
Best Food Source:– Kidney, liver, yeast, almonds,
mushrooms, beans
WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINSVITAMIN B3: NICOTINIC ACIDOther Name: NiacinFunction:
– Coenzyme of oxidative processesDeficiency Symptoms and Diseases:
– Pellagra
Best Food Source:– Prunes, peaches, avocados, fish, meat,
mushrooms, peanuts, bread, rice, beans, berries
WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINSVITAMIN B6
Other Name: PyridoxineFunction:
– Coenzyme in transamination– Heme synthesis
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– Convulsions– Chronic anemia– Peripheral neuropathy
Best Food Source:– Meat, fish, nuts, oats, wheat
WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINSVITAMIN B9
Other Name: Folic Acid; Pteroylglutamic Acid
Function:– Coenzyme in methylation and in DNA
synthesisDeficiency Symptoms and Diseases:
– AnemiaBest Food Source:
– Liver, kidneys, eggs, spinach, orange juice
WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINSVITAMIN B12
Other Name: CyanocobalaminFunction:
– Part of methyl-removing enzyme in folate metabolism
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– Pathcy demyelination– Degradation of nerves, spinal cord, and
brainBest Food Source:
– Oysters, salmon, liver, kidney
WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINSVITAMIN B5
Other Name: Pantothenic AcidFunction:
– Part of CoA– Fat and carbohydrate metabolism
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– Gastrointestinal disturbances– Depression
Best Food Source:– Peanuts, soybeans, liver, kidney, brain,
heart
WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINSVITAMIN B7
Other Name: Biotin Function:
– Synthesis of fatty acidsDeficiency Symptoms and Diseases:
– Dermatitis, nausea, depression Best Food Source:
– Yeast, liver, kidney, nuts, egg yolk
WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINSVITAMIN COther Name: Ascorbic Acid Function:
– Antioxidant– Hydroxylation of collagen– Wound healing– Bond formation
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– Scurvy
Best Food Source:– Citrus fruits, berries, cabbage,
tomatoes
MINERALS
• Potassium• Sodium• Calcium• Chloride• Phosphorus• Magnesium• Iron• Zinc
• Copper• Manganese • Chromium• Molybdenum• Cobalt• Selenium• Iodine• Fluorine
MINERAL FUNCTION DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS /
DISEASES
PotassiumProvides membrane potential
Muscle Weakness
Sodium Osmotic pressure Electrolyte imbalances
CalciumBone formation; Hormonal function; Blood coagulation;Muscle contraction
Muscle cramps; osteoporosis, fragile bones, coagulopathy
MINERAL FUNCTION DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS /
DISEASES
Chloride Osmotic pressure Electrolyte imbalances
Phosphorus Balancing calcium in the diet
Structural weakness in bones
Magnesium Cofactor in enzymes
Hypocalcemia
MINERAL FUNCTION DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS /
DISEASES
IronOxidative phosphorylation; hemoglobin synthesis
Anemia
Zinc Cofactor in enzymes; insulin
Retarded growth; enlarged liver
Copper Oxidative enzymes cofactor
Loss of hair pigmentation; anemia
MINERAL FUNCTION DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS /
DISEASES
Manganese Bone formation Retarded growth of hair and nails
Chromium Glucose metabolism
Glucose not available to cells
Molybdenum Protein synthesis Retarded growth
MINERAL FUNCTION DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS /
DISEASES
Cobalt Component of Vitamin B12
Pernicious anemia
Selenium Fat Metabolism Muscular disorders
Iodine Thyroid gland function
Goiter and thyroiditis
MINERAL FUNCTION DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS /
DISEASES
Fluorine Enamel Formation Tooth decay
THANK YOU VERY MUCH