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Biochemical Unity of Life
Mass difference is 100,000,000 X but at a molecular level remarkable similar.
In what ways are bacteria, plants, & elephants biochemically similar?
Elements of Life and their AvailabilityMiss selection for carbon and silicon?
Consider:
[1] Bond strength in catabolism/ anabolism
[2] Combustion products
Biochemical Functional Groups
Biochemical Functional Groups
I. Proteins – Catalysis, Structure and energy
Biomolecules: Four Major Classes
Directional convention:
Amino Acid Chemical Structure Representations
Name the structure and color types?
Why have these different representations?
Biochemical Polymers
• Finite common monomer motif generates a huge polymer variety
• Specific residue linkage
• Polymer directionality
Synthetic or natural monomer/polymer pairs?
Biochemical Polymers
Dehydration Synthesis
Peptide bond
H2O +
Dipeptide
The Protein Cytoskeleton Provides Cell Shape and Movement
Are also proteins shown that are involved in catalysis?
Human Endothelin: Polypeptide Structure
A signaling protein that constrict blood vessels and raise blood pressure
Twenty one amino acid residues
Shaded blue tored (N→C)
Biomolecules: Four Major Classes
II. Nucleotides – Information catalysis and structure
RiboseTriphosphate Adenine
Adenosine Triphosphate: building block/energy storage
What is the difference between a nucleotide, a nucleoside, and a nucleic acid?
Nucleotides: Sugars and Bases
Compare and Contrast:
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
versus Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Biochemical Polymers
+
Dehydration Synthesis
+ H2O
Phosphodiesterbond
Nucleic Acid Sequence: Structural Representations
CGUACG
How can you ascertain if this is an RNA or DNA sequence?
What is the color coding in this structure?
Biomolecules: Four Major Classes
III. Lipids – Energy Storage and Barrier
Common structural features for lipids?
Biomolecules: Four Major Classes
IV. Carbohydrates – Fuel, Structure and Information
How many chiral centers in glucose?
In what form do humans store sugars?
Biochemical Polymers
+Dehydration Synthesis
+ H2OGlycosidic bond
Humans are excellent at distinguishing metabolite stereochemistry
Glucose and its Polymers Starch and Cellulose
Match terms with cellulose or starch:
Edible/Inedible; Helical/Linear; Alpha/Beta-Linked
Biological Functions for Biopolymers
What is an example of polysaccharides encoding for information?
Carbon Oxidation and Reduction: Life’s Energy Exchange
Where would sugars, lipids, gasoline, carbon dioxide and methane gas be placed on an poor/rich energy scale?
Carbon Oxidation Ranking from Most Oxidized to Most Reduced
How does acetyl-aldehyde versus ethanol rank in terms of energy content?
A → C
Gibb’s Free Energy Indicates Reaction Spontaneity
∆G°ʹ = ∆H°ʹ - T∆S°ʹ
∆G = ∆G°ʹ + RTlnKeq
∆G = ∆H - T∆S
What determines if a reaction is spontaneous in the forward direction reverse direction or at equilibrium?
Entropy (∆S) is a measure of Disorder
Lower Entropy
Higher Entropy
Enthalpy (∆H) is a measure of Heat Content
Negative ∆H → Exothermic reaction
Positive ∆H → Endothermic reaction
What is ∆G, ∆H and ∆S for:
Burning paper? Dissolving (NH4)2SO4 in H2O?
Chapter 1 Problems:
1-20 and 37