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Biochemistry
Biology Unit 2
Test – August 26th
Atom, Element, CompoundAtoms and Their Elements.flv
• A = smallest unit of matter (1)
• E = made of one kind of atom (2)
• C = made of 2 or more atoms joined (3)– Valence electron rules
Sodium - NaCl
1 2 3
The Atom
• Protons (atomic number)• Neutrons• Electron = P• A=Overallneutral charge• Energy Levels2 and 8• Isotope – same element, different # neutrons
Atomic Mass
Red = protons
White = neutrons
Outer level electrons = valence electrons
Bonding – to fill outer level
• Covalent – shares – molecule – water (1) gas or volitile liquid, low melting and boiling, do not dissolve in water
• Ionic – give and take – ion + or - table salt (2) Solid, Crystal lattice structure, brittle and break, soluble in water, conduct electricity, high melting points
2
1
Day 1
http://mrsmedenicasciencespot.blogspot.com/2009/04/chemical-bonding-song.html
Changing an Atom
Mixture
• Combination of substances – they retain own properties
• Solution – mixture with one or more substances distributed evenly in another substance
Waterhttp://molo.concord.org/database/activities/202.html
• Polar covalent bonds
• Hydrogen bonds – weak bonds, oppositely charged (the + part of one water molecule is attracted to the – part of
another molecule).
• Most imp. compound in an
organism
Five Properties of Water
• Good Solvent• Cohesive• Adhesive• Less dense as a solid than a liquid• Unique thermal properties
Acids and Bases
• A=more hydrogen ions when dissolved in water• B= more Hydroxide ions when dissolved in water• pH – measure of amount of hydrogen ions• Increase by 10• pH scale – 0 – 14 (Hydrogen ions)• <7=A >7=B
Bonds of Life - Macromolecules
• Polymer – formed from monomers
• Covalent Bonds formed around Carbon
• Large bonds formed from smaller molecules – Condensation
Condensation and Hydrolysis
• A condensation reaction is responsible for building large molecules.
• A hydrolysis reaction is responsible for breaking down large molecules (eg. digestion).
Carbohydrates
• Cell’s energy source• Monosaccharides –
fructose• Disaccharides –
sucrose• Polysaccharides –
starch• Cellulose – cell wall• CHO – 1:2:1
Lipids• nonpolar, hydrophobic, waxes, oils, fats,
steroids (cholesterol and sex hormones).
• Molecular structure – 3 fatty acids and a glycerol
• Contains less oxygen than carbs
• Phospholipids – cell membrane, saturated –contain no double bonds
Proteins
• amino acids (20) - joined by peptide bonds
• building blocks for living things – enzymes
• Muscle contraction, transporting oxygen
Nucleic Acids
• DNA and RNA• Stores genetic info in
cells (nucleus) – forms all proteins and enzymes
• Nucleotides (sugar, base, and phosphate)
Enzymes
• Proteins – function as catalyst on a substrate at active site (speed up reaction) - Biological catalysts
• Reusable -are specific to a reaction, temperature, and pH
• Involved in all metabolic processes
Stop here Sci Skills
Enzyme Movie
Chemical Reactions
• Metabolism• Reactants
products• Less/more
reactant energy• Endothermic• Exothermic
ATP
• Energy currency
• Structure – 3 phosphates
• Function – transformed into ADP
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis
• the process by which plants use the energy from light to generate sugar
• Chloroplast• light reactions• Calvin cycle
Cellular RespirationAerobic
• Must have oxygen to occur• Takes place in mitochondria• Produces 36 ATP molecules
from 1 glucose - Krebs Cycle (2) electron transport chain (34)
Anaerobic• No oxygen needed• Takes place in cytoplasm
• Produces 2 ATP from 1 glucose
• Fermentation