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BiochemistryBiochemistry
Macromolecules (large molecules):
CarbohydratesLipidsProteinsNucleic Acids
These are Polymers (many parts)
constructed of Monomers (single part)
polymerpolymer
polymerpolymer
monomer
How to Connect Monomers-
Hydrolysis- Breaking apart polymer
Adding water molecule
Connecting Monomers-
Dehydration reaction
Hydrolysis- Breaking apart polymer
Adding water molecule
Connecting Monomers-
Dehydration reactionjoining monomersloss of water molecule
Hydrolysis- Breaking apart polymer
Adding water molecule
Connecting Monomers-
Dehydration reactionjoining monomersloss of water molecule
Hydrolysis- Breaking apart polymer
Adding water molecule
Connecting Monomers-
Dehydration reactionthis takes energy
Hydrolysis- Breaking apart polymer
Adding water molecule
Connecting Monomers-
Dehydration reactionthis means energy must be added in order for the reaction to occur
Putting together
Hydrolysis- Breaking apart polymer
Adding water molecule
Breaking apart polymersHydrolysis- (break w/ water)
Adding water molecule
Hydrolysis- Breaking apart polymer
Adding water molecule
Breaking apart polymersHydrolysis- (break w/ water)
Adding water molecule
Hydrolysis- Breaking apart polymer
Adding water molecule
Breaking apart polymersHydrolysis- (break w/ water)
Adding water molecule
Hydrolysis- Breaking apart polymer
Adding water molecule
Breaking apart polymersHydrolysis- (break w/ water)
Adding water molecule
Creating Monomers-
Hydrolysis reactionthis gives off energy when this happens
breaking
up
Hydrolysis- Breaking apart polymer
Adding water molecule
explain to your partner what is explain to your partner what is happeninghappening
Macromolecules (large molecules):
CarbohydratesCarbohydratesLipidsProteinsNucleic Acids
Carbohydrates-
Fuel - stores energy
functions:
Building material - >
in plantsin plants = cellulose (cell wall) in animalsin animals = chitin (insect/ lobster covering)
Carbohydrates- types:
1)MonosaccharidesSingle Sugar
MonosaccharidesStructure: Single SugarFunction: Fuel for cell work
ex. glucose - blood sugar fructose - fruit sugar
lactose - ??
Monosaccharides - structure:
multiple of CH2O
ex. glucose C6H12O6
Disaccharides
Two sugar monomers joined by dehydration synthesis
Disaccharides
Two sugar monomers joined by dehydration synthesis - JOIN / SPIT
OH-
Disaccharides
Two sugar monomers joined by dehydration synthesis
ex. sucrose - table sugar
PolysaccharidesMany monomers
PolysaccharidesMany monomers
Functions:
•1) Energy storage=
•starch (plant)starch (plant)
•glycogen (animal)
PolysaccharidesMany monomersFunctions:
•1) Energy storage=
2) Structural support = cellulose
Polysaccharides
2) Structural support
= cellulose
Macromolecules (large molecules):
CarbohydratesLipidsProteinsNucleic Acids
Lipids-Lipids-
Types:
1) Fat~ triglyceride
2) Phospholipid~ cell membranes
3) Steriod
4) Wax
Lipids-Lipids-
Structure = have a higher ratio of C & H than Oxygen
They HATE water
Therefore, are they polar or nonpolar?
Lipids- (hydrophobic)
1) Fats (triglyceride)1) Fats (triglyceride) - functions:
-energy storage
-cushion internal organs
-insulation
Types of Lipids: Fats- structure1 Glycerol
Fatty acid chain = hydrophobic
•Energy storage
•Cushion
Types of Lipids: Fats- structure Glycerol
Fatty acid chain = hydrophobic
•Energy storage
•Cushion
+3 fatty acid chains
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E-u5j_Us8uI&safe=active
2)2)PhospholipidsPhospholipids-- structure
1 hydrophilic head
2 hydrophobic tails
2)2)PhospholipidsPhospholipids-- structure
1 hydrophilic head
2 hydrophobic tails
3)3) Steroids Steroids--
4 Fused (connected) “rings”
cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen
4) 4) WaxWax--
Long CH2 chain
Macromolecules (large molecules):
CarbohydratesCarbohydratesLipidsProteinsNucleic Acids
Proteins-Monomer = amino acid
Polymer of amino acids = polypeptides-
Proteins-function depends on shape:
1)support
2)structure
3) enzymes
AminoAmino AcidsAcids = = monomermonomer
20 types20 types
AminoAmino Acids Acids
CC
RR
(VARIABLE)(VARIABLE)
HH
Carboxyl
COOH
amino group
NH2
20 types20 types
AminoAmino AcidsAcids
CC
RR
HH
carboxylamino group
20 types20 types20 varying 20 varying moleculesmolecules
Proteins-- precise sequence of amino acids.
amino - - carboxyl group group
Sequence of amino Sequence of amino acids determines acids determines HOW the protein HOW the protein
worksworks
Shape Shape determinedetermines how the s how the protein protein worksworks
Macromolecules (large molecules):
CarbohydratesCarbohydratesLipidsProteinsNucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids-
DNA
RNA
Programs ALL organism function
Nucleic Acids-
Composed of: nitrogen base, sugar,
phosphate group
= NUCLEOTIDE
DNA RNA