Biochemistry/ Biochemistry/ Organic MoleculesOrganic Molecules

BiologyBiologyMr. NelsonMr. Nelson

StandardStandard SPI3210.1.3 – I can distinguish among SPI3210.1.3 – I can distinguish among

proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.nucleic acids.

I. Carbon CompoundsI. Carbon Compounds

A.) Organic CompoundsA.) Organic Compounds Contain “Contain “Carbon” or “CCarbon” or “C” atoms” atoms Carbon bonds readily to other atomsCarbon bonds readily to other atoms

B.) Usually refers to living things or items B.) Usually refers to living things or items made from living thingsmade from living things All living things are made up of ….All living things are made up of ….

WaterWater Organic compoundsOrganic compounds

I. Carbon CompoundsI. Carbon Compounds

II. Functional GroupII. Functional Group

A.) HydroxylA.) Hydroxyl- contains OH- contains OH- makes molecule- makes molecule polarpolar

B.) CarboxylB.) Carboxyl- contains O and OH- contains O and OH

II. Functional GroupsII. Functional Groups

C.) AminoC.) Amino- contains NH2- contains NH2

D.) PhosphateD.) Phosphate- contains P, 2O, & 2OH- contains P, 2O, & 2OH

III. Building-Blocks of CarbonIII. Building-Blocks of CarbonA.) MonomerA.) Monomer = single carbon molecule = single carbon molecule

B.) PolymerB.) Polymer = molecule consisting of repeated linked monomers = molecule consisting of repeated linked monomers

C.) MacromoleculesC.) Macromolecules = large polymers = large polymers Examples:Examples:

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates LipidsLipids ProteinsProteins Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

IV. Energy CurrencyIV. Energy Currency

A.) ATP (adenosine triphosphate)A.) ATP (adenosine triphosphate) Consists ofConsists of

1.) Adenine1.) Adenine2.) Ribose (sugar)2.) Ribose (sugar)3.) 3 Phosphate groups3.) 3 Phosphate groups

Energy is held in the bond between the 2Energy is held in the bond between the 2ndnd and 3and 3rdrd phosphate groups!! phosphate groups!!

Energy is released when this bond is Energy is released when this bond is broken.broken.

AssignmentAssignmentWorkbook Workbook

P. 15 P. 15 Voc. 1, 4, 5Voc. 1, 4, 5 Mult. Choice #1 - 5 Mult. Choice #1 - 5

P. 16P. 16 Short Ans. #2, 5Short Ans. #2, 5 Struct. And Funct. #1, 3Struct. And Funct. #1, 3

StandardsStandards SPI3210.1.3 – I can distinguish among SPI3210.1.3 – I can distinguish among

proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.nucleic acids.

SPI3210.1.5 – I can identify how SPI3210.1.5 – I can identify how enzymes control chemical reactions in enzymes control chemical reactions in the body.the body.

V. Molecules of LifeV. Molecules of LifeA.) CarbohydratesA.) Carbohydrates

- sugars that your body breaks down and - sugars that your body breaks down and turns turns into energy (ATP)into energy (ATP)1.) Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose)1.) Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose)

Made of C, H, and O in a 1:2:1 ratioMade of C, H, and O in a 1:2:1 ratio C:H:OC:H:O 1:2:11:2:1

ExampleExample

2.) Disaccharide (sucrose)2.) Disaccharide (sucrose)- composed of 2 monosaccharides- composed of 2 monosaccharides- Example:- Example:

V. Molecules of LifeV. Molecules of Life

3.) Polysaccharide3.) Polysaccharide- composed of 3 or more - composed of 3 or more

monosaccharidesmonosaccharides- Example: glycogen, starch, cellulose- Example: glycogen, starch, cellulose

V. Molecules of LifeV. Molecules of Life

B.) ProteinsB.) Proteins1.) Made of mostly C, H, O, 1.) Made of mostly C, H, O, andand N N2.) Are long chains of amino acids2.) Are long chains of amino acids

Joined together by peptide bondsJoined together by peptide bonds Dipeptide: two amino acidsDipeptide: two amino acids Polypeptide: very long chain of amino acidsPolypeptide: very long chain of amino acids Proteins all have a different shape but are all Proteins all have a different shape but are all

globularglobular

V. Molecules of LifeV. Molecules of Life3.) Enzymes3.) Enzymes

Proteins that act as biological catalystProteins that act as biological catalyst Speeds up reactionsSpeeds up reactions

SubstrateSubstrate = reactant being catalyzed = reactant being catalyzed Active siteActive site = area on enzyme where the = area on enzyme where the

substrate bindssubstrate binds Action of EnzymeAction of Enzyme::

Binds to substrate at active siteBinds to substrate at active site Enzyme changes slightlyEnzyme changes slightly Substrate reconfigures into productSubstrate reconfigures into product Enzyme goes back to original shapeEnzyme goes back to original shape

V. Molecules of LifeV. Molecules of Life Factors that affect enzymes:Factors that affect enzymes:

TemperatureTemperature pHpH

StandardsStandards SPI3210.1.3 – I can distinguish among SPI3210.1.3 – I can distinguish among

proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.nucleic acids.

V. Molecules of LifeV. Molecules of Life

C.) LipidsC.) Lipids1.) Made of C, H, and O1.) Made of C, H, and O

Many more C’s and H’s than O’sMany more C’s and H’s than O’s Are Are NONPOLARNONPOLAR

2.) Usually found in 2.) Usually found in Long Chains calledLong Chains called “fatty acids“fatty acids””1.)Triglicerides: 3 fatty acids + alcohol glycerol1.)Triglicerides: 3 fatty acids + alcohol glycerol

Saturated: each carbon atom has 4 bondsSaturated: each carbon atom has 4 bonds Solid at room temp. (butter and animal fat)Solid at room temp. (butter and animal fat)

Unsaturated: double bonds formed between carbonsUnsaturated: double bonds formed between carbons Liquid at room temp. (vegetable oil)Liquid at room temp. (vegetable oil)

V. Molecules of LifeV. Molecules of Life

2.)Phospholipids2.)Phospholipids 2 fatty acids + glycerol2 fatty acids + glycerol Make up the cell membraneMake up the cell membrane

Phospholipid bilayerPhospholipid bilayer Keeps water in or out of cellKeeps water in or out of cell

V. Molecules of LifeV. Molecules of Life

3.) Waxes3.) Waxes Consist of long fatty acid + long alcohol chainConsist of long fatty acid + long alcohol chain WaterproofWaterproof Ex: protective coating of plants, earwaxEx: protective coating of plants, earwax

4.) Steroids4.) Steroids Made of 4 carbon rings + functional groupMade of 4 carbon rings + functional group Ex: hormonesEx: hormones

Testosterone, cholesterol Testosterone, cholesterol

StandardsStandards SPI3210.1.3 – I can distinguish among SPI3210.1.3 – I can distinguish among

proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.nucleic acids.

V. Molecules of LifeV. Molecules of LifeD.) Nucleic AcidsD.) Nucleic Acids

Made of chains of Made of chains of Nucleotides (3 parts)Nucleotides (3 parts)1.) phosphate group1.) phosphate group2.) five-carbon sugar2.) five-carbon sugar3.) nitrogenous base3.) nitrogenous base

Store and transmit genetic informationStore and transmit genetic information Ex. Ex.

DNADNA Determines characteristics and directs cell activitiesDetermines characteristics and directs cell activities

RNARNA Instructions for making proteinsInstructions for making proteins

AssignmentAssignment

Workbook Workbook Pg. 5-6Pg. 5-6 Pg. 9-10Pg. 9-10

StandardsStandards SPI3210.1.3 – I can distinguish among SPI3210.1.3 – I can distinguish among

proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.nucleic acids.

SPI3210.1.4 – I can identify positive tests SPI3210.1.4 – I can identify positive tests for carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.for carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.

VI. Testing for MoleculesVI. Testing for Molecules Test foods or drinks for Carbs, Lipids, or Test foods or drinks for Carbs, Lipids, or

ProteinsProteinsA.) Benedict’s SolutionA.) Benedict’s Solution

- changes from blue-green to yellow - changes from blue-green to yellow or orange in presence of carbsor orange in presence of carbs

B.) Lugol’s Iodine SolutionB.) Lugol’s Iodine Solution- changes to blue-black in presence - changes to blue-black in presence

of starchesof starches

VI. Testing for MoleculesVI. Testing for Molecules

C.) Biuret SolutionC.) Biuret Solution- changes to violet in presence of - changes to violet in presence of

proteinsproteinsD.) Sudan IV SolutionD.) Sudan IV Solution

- stains red in presence of lipids- stains red in presence of lipids

StandardsStandards SPI3210.1.3 – I can distinguish among SPI3210.1.3 – I can distinguish among

proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.acids.

SPI3210.1.4 – I can identify positive tests for SPI3210.1.4 – I can identify positive tests for carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.

SPI3210.1.5 – I can identify how enzymes SPI3210.1.5 – I can identify how enzymes control chemical reactions in the body.control chemical reactions in the body.

Chapter ReviewChapter Review Pg. 62 (5-23)Pg. 62 (5-23)