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High heat capacity
• Absorbs and releases heat before its temperature changes
• Helps body get rid of excess heat• Helps regulate body temperature by carrying
heat through out body in the blood• Helps prevent excessive changes in
homeostasis due to external temperatures
Polarity/Solvent Properties• Universal solvent• Salts, Acids, and Bases
dissolve readily in water• Transports nutrients,
gases, and wastes throughout the body
• Molecules that lubricate the body use water as their base
Salts – Yum!
• Most common contain Calcium and Phosphorus
• Ionic compounds• Dissociation to
form ions• Ions important in
nerve impulses and as part of the hemoglobin molecule
• Electrolytes – conduct electrical currant in solution
Acids and Bases• Electrolytes• Based on pH scale • pH of 7 is neutral, below is acidic, above is
basic or alkaline• Buffers• Blood pH – 7.35 to 7.45 – Depletion of oxygen to body if blood pH strays
by just tenths• Cells sensitive to change in body fluid pH– Regulated by kidneys, lungs and buffers found
through the body and tissue fluids
Carbohydrates
• Sugars and starches
• Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
• Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
• Energy for necessary metabolic reactions
Monosaccharides• Most important in body– Glucose, universal energy– Fructose and Galactose, broken down by
cells to glucose– Ribose and Deoxyribose, part of nucleic
acids
Disaccharides
• Built with two monosaccharides• Important disaccharides– Sucrose (glucose + fructose), cane sugar– Lactose (glucose + galactose), found in
milk–Maltose (glucose + glucose), malt sugar
• Dehydration and Hydrolysis– Dehydration builds disaccharides– Hydrolysis breaks down disaccharides
Polysaccharides• Complex branching chains of simple sugars• Excellent storage product• Not sweet or are they?• Important to the body, Starch and Glycogen– Starch from plants for energy– Glycogen stored energy in animal tissues (muscles
and liver)
• Cellular respiration
Lipids
• Enter the body in Yummy things we eat!• Most abundant in body• More Carbon and Hydrogen than
oxygen• Insoluble in water so must be dissolved
by solvents – alcohol and acetone• Types– Neutral Fats– Phospholipids– Steroids
Neutral Fats• Triglycerides– Composed of fatty acids and glycerol– Saturated: solid animal fats, single
bonds for carbons– Unsaturated: plant oils, double or triple
bonds– Body’s most abundant and
concentrated source of usable energy
SteroidsCholesterol• Cell membranes and more concentrated in the brain• Raw material for vitamin D• Sex hormones• Bile Salts
Proteins• 50% of the organic matter in the body• Built by Amino Acids connected by peptide
bonds - Polypeptides• Fibrous proteins are structural proteins– Collagen; support– Keratin; strength
• Globular proteins are functional proteins– Enzymes (catalysts)– Antibodies– Hormones– Transport proteins