Biocombustíveis 01/12/2004

Suzana Kahn RibeiroProfessora Programa de Engenharia

de TrasnportesPET/COPPE/UFRJ

ENERGY AND TRANSPORT - WORLD USE OF OIL PER ENERGY AND TRANSPORT - WORLD USE OF OIL PER

SECTORSECTOR

Consumo Mundial de Óleo Diesel - 1973

Non Energetic Use6%

Other Sectors25%

Industry26%

Transport43%

Consumo Mundial de Óleo Diesel - 2000

Transport58%

Other Sectors16%

Industry20%

Non Energetic Use6%

1973

2000

43% 58%

+16.5%

(IEA 2002)

BIOFUELSBIOFUELS

ENERGY AND TRANSPORT – ENERGY AND TRANSPORT – WORLD SHARE OF ENERGY DEMAND IN WORLD SHARE OF ENERGY DEMAND IN

TRANSPORTTRANSPORT

Natural Gas2,4%

Coal0,4%

Electricity1.2%

Oil96,0%

(IEA 2002)

BIOFUELSBIOFUELS

ENERGY AND TRANSPORT – ENERGY AND TRANSPORT –

ENERGY USE IN TRANSPORT PER REGIONENERGY USE IN TRANSPORT PER REGION

Economies in Transition

OECD Delloping Countries World

0.000

1.000

2.000

3.000

1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

[GtE

P]

3.6% aa

1.4% aa

Developed countries

Economies in Transition

Developing countries

World

(WBCSD, 2004)

BIOFUELSBIOFUELS

PROJECTIONSPROJECTIONS OF THE EMISSIONS OF CARBON IN OF THE EMISSIONS OF CARBON IN THE WORLDTHE WORLD

1998

38 % Countries in development

24% USA

25% Asia and Western Europe

13 % Ex-URSS and Oriental Europe

23 billion tons of C

(EPA, 2001)

2020

21% USA

18% Asia and Western

Europe

11 % Ex-URSS and Oriental

Europe

35 billion tons of C

50% Countries in development

BIOFUELSBIOFUELS

POSSIBLE TRANSPORT FUEL PATHWAYPOSSIBLE TRANSPORT FUEL PATHWAY

(WBCSD, 2004)

BIOFUELSBIOFUELS

Sistema de Propulsão X CombustívelSistema de Propulsão X Combustível

(WBCSD, 2004 )

BIOFUELS DEFINITIONBIOFUELS DEFINITIONEither in liquid form such as fuel ethanol or biodiesel, or gaseous form such as biogas or hydrogen, biofuels are simply transportation fuels derived from biological (e. g. agricultural) sources:

•Cereals, grains, sugar crops and other biomass can fairly easily be fermented to produce ethanol;

•Oil-seed crops (e. g. rapeseed, soybean and sunflower) can be converted into methyl esters - biodiesel;

•Organic waste material can also be converted into energy forms which can be used as automotive fuel: waste oil (e. g. frying oil) into biodiesel; animal manure and organic household wastes into biogas (e. g. methane); and agricultural and forestry waste products into ethanol.

BIOFUELSBIOFUELS

BIOFUELSBIOFUELS

LAND CLIMATE

LABOR

TECHNOLOGY

GOVERNMENT SUPPORT

ECONOMIC RESOURCES

WHAT IS NECESSARY TO PRODUCE

BIOFUELS?

INFRASTRUCTURE

BIOFUELSBIOFUELS

ETHANOLETHANOL

1. Renewable fuel, that has the least contribution to the greenhouse effect;

2. Liquid of low toxicity and good popular acceptance;

3. Dominated technology;

4. Job generation in the field;

5. Use of available infrastructure of liquid fuels production and distribution;

6. Fuel that can be used pure (hydrous) or in mixtures with the gasoline (anhydrous);

7. Fuel for the new propulsion technologies.

BIOFUELSBIOFUELS

% PRODUCTION OF ETHANOL BY TYPE IN BRAZIL% PRODUCTION OF ETHANOL BY TYPE IN BRAZIL

1997 to 20031997 to 2003

Growth of anhydrous ethanol... but with the Flex Fuels cars the consumption of hydrous ethanol is increasing .

  97/98 98/99 99/00 00/01 01/02 02/03

Anhydrous 37 41 47 53 56 56

Hydrous 63 59 53 47 44 44

Year

Ethanol

BIOFUELSBIOFUELS

Share of Flex Fuel sales in 2004Share of Flex Fuel sales in 2004

Isto é dinheiro 28/ 07/ 2004

14,9% 15,9% 16,4%

24,4% 24,1%

27,0%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

BIOFUELSBIOFUELS

FLEX FUEL CARSFLEX FUEL CARS

The recognition of the amount of alcohol

and gasoline is made through an oxygen

sensor. This information is sent to the unit

of command in order to adapt all the

functions (injection, ignition, detonation

adjustment & control) to the mixture air /

fuel for any proportion of alcohol and

gasoline.

BIOFUELSBIOFUELS

13/ 10/ 13/ 10/ 20042004

ADVANTAGES OF THE FLEX FUEL CAR ADVANTAGES OF THE FLEX FUEL CAR

Fuel supply flexibility ( price and availability )

Smaller cost when provisioning with alcohol

Flexibility of provisioning (price and readiness)

Consumption will depend on:

cost difference between gasoline and alcohol

autonomy need

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13/ 10/ 13/ 10/ 20042004

SURVEY WITH USERS OF FLEX FUELSSURVEY WITH USERS OF FLEX FUELS

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Costumers survey (UNICA, out/02): Image Flexfuel - excellent / flexibility 67% would buy flexfuel 63% would buy with the price up to 10% higher than gasoline car

(Volkswagen)

PlaceSale FF / Total

Brazil FFWho uses Hydrous

EthanolSP capital 18% 93%SP interior 21% 95%South 21% 40%Southeast (ex-SP) 17% 55%Northeast 8% 80%Center-west / North 10% 70%Average 68%

MODELSMODELS AND MARKET CURRENT PRICESAND MARKET CURRENT PRICES1 R$ = 2,97 U $1 R$ = 2,97 U $

BIOFUELSBIOFUELS

AssemblersNumber of FF Models

Comparison of price of popular models (Gasoline/

Flex Fuel) Difference

Gasoline Car Flex Fuel Car

VW 4Gol 1.0 city Gol 1.6 city Motorization

R$ 20.740(U$ 6983)

R$ 25.278 (U$ 8511)

R$ 4.538 (U$ 1527)

GM 4

Corsa Hatch 1.0 Joy

Corsa Hatch 1.0 Joy Flex 1.8

Motorization

R$ 25.365 (U$ 8540)

R$ 28.360 (U$ 9548)

R$ 2.995 (U$ 1008)

Fiat 1Palio ELX 1.0

Palio ELX 1.3 Flex

Motorization

R$ 23.990 (U$ 8077)

25.280 (U$ 8511)

R$ 1.290 (U$ 434)

PRICE : GASOLINE X ALCOHOLPRICE : GASOLINE X ALCOHOL

• Consumption of Hydrous Ethanol 30% larger => difference is compensated if price is 30% than of the gasoline

From 19/09/2004 to 25/09/2004

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Price at the filling station (Average)Difference

Gasoline Alcohol

Curitiba R$ 1,995 R$ 1,198 39,95%

Belo Horizonte R$ 1,971 R$ 1,321 32,98%

Recife R$ 2,143 R$ 1,381 35,56%

Ribeirão Preto R$ 1,997 R$ 0,949 52,48%

São Paulo R$ 1,991 R$ 1,028 48,37%

Campinas R$ 2,010 R$ 1,004 50,05%

Rio de Janeiro R$ 2,074 R$ 1,300 37,32%(ANP, 2004)

BRASIL: 1997 - 2004BRASIL: 1997 - 2004

PRODUCTION OF ETHANOL

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

97/98 98/99 99/00 00/01 01/02 02/03 03/04

year (crop)

millio

n m

3

(UNICA, 2004 )

FUELS MARKET TRENDS IN BRAZILFUELS MARKET TRENDS IN BRAZIL

70% of the sale of the vehicles

next 2 years will be of flex;

2006: Tri-fuel (alcohol +

gasoline + CNG);

Flex fuel cars will have acquired

customer confidence;

Biodiesel entering market.

BIOFUELSBIOFUELS

•The term biodiesel generally refers to an ester made by transesterification, a chemical process that reacts a feedstock oil or fat with methanol or ethanol and a catalyst;

•The feedstock can be: vegetable oil, such as the derived from oil-seed crops (soy, sunflower, rapeseed, etc.), used frying oil or animal fats.

•Products of the chemical reaction = biodiesel (a mixture of ethyl esters or fatty acid methyl esters ) + glycerine;

•Biodiesel has physical-chemical characteristics very similar to the diesel, which facilitates the use of it in Diesel cycle engines.

•The term biodiesel generally refers to an ester made by transesterification, a chemical process that reacts a feedstock oil or fat with methanol or ethanol and a catalyst;

•The feedstock can be: vegetable oil, such as the derived from oil-seed crops (soy, sunflower, rapeseed, etc.), used frying oil or animal fats.

•Products of the chemical reaction = biodiesel (a mixture of ethyl esters or fatty acid methyl esters ) + glycerine;

•Biodiesel has physical-chemical characteristics very similar to the diesel, which facilitates the use of it in Diesel cycle engines.

BIODIESELBIODIESEL

BIOFUELSBIOFUELS

AGRICULTURA

BASES DE DISTRIBUIÇÃO

INDÚSTRIA DO ÁLCOOL

POSTOS DE SERVIÇOS

USO FINAL

EXTRATIVISMO

RESIDUAIS

RESIDUAIS

RESIDUAIS

RESIDUAIS

COLETA

EXTRAÇÃO DO

ÓLEO

Óleo

PRODUÇÃO DE BIODIESEL

INDÚSTRIA QUÍMICA

Alcool

Catalizador (KOH)Óleo vegetal

Óleo Residual

INDÚSTRIA QUÍMICA E

FARMACEUTICA

Biodiesel

Biodiesel(1)

Glicerina

Biodiesel(1)

(1) Pure or mixture

Subprodutos sólidos

Cadeia de Obtenção do Biodiesel

Fonte: Elaboração própria

•Bigger consumption;•transport;• motors industry give warranty (VW, Audi, Seat, PSA, Mercedes, MAN);•1800 filling stations.

•17 producers or importer companies of biodiesel;•used:+ for transport (public or private), for heating oil and also for industrial use;•It is not used for individual transport.

•All the diesel oil has at least 1% of biodiesel; •of the 13 refineries of Petroleum in operation, 7 mix 5% of biodiesel to the diesel; •all the urban buses use B5 to 30.

•50 states;•originated of used frying oil and of soy;•it is being used in fleets of urban bus, postal services and the government's organs (NASA).

B100 B5 e B25

(transport)

e B100 (heating)

B5 e B30 B20 (most popular)

B2 (farmers)

e o B100 (less)

BIODIESEL - WORLDBIODIESEL - WORLD

BIOFUELSBIOFUELS

BIODIESEL -BIODIESEL - WORLDWORLD

European Community USA

World

000

ton

Year

BIOFUELSBIOFUELS

13/ 10/ 13/ 10/ 20042004

Producers of Biodiesel

USA Germany

Malasia

Australia

Brasil

Argentina

France

Italy

European Community

BIODIESEL - WORLD BIODIESEL - WORLD BIODIESEL - WORLD BIODIESEL - WORLD

1.000.000 ton/ year

500.000 ton/ year

126 000 ton/ year 2.200.000 ton/ year

Commercial Producers

40.000 ton/ year

500.000 ton/ year

420.000 ton/ year

BIOFUELSBIOFUELS

PANORAMA MUNDIALPANORAMA MUNDIAL

Diretiva 2003/30/CE:

1) 2% até 2005 e 5,75% até 2010 de biocombustíveis (em conteúdo energético) na gasolina e óleo diesel para transportes ;

2) Garantia de oferta dos biocombustíveis, por meio de subsídios à produção e facilidade de comercialização (isenção de impostos);

3) É obrigatória a rotulagem para mistura maior que 5% em volume.

Urban centers

Used frying oil and of residual industries, fatty materials extracted from industrial and municipal sewers

North Region

Native and african palm trees (dendê)/ Soy/ Babassu/ Peanuts

Center West and Center South Regions

Soy/Castor bean/

Cotton/Sunflower

Southeast Region

Soy/ Castor bean /

Cotton/ Sunflower

Northeast Region

Babassu /Soy/

Castor bean /Palm/

Cotton

South Region

Soy/ Rapeseed/

Cotton/ Sunflower

BIOFUELSBIOFUELS

BIODIESEL IN BRAZILBIODIESEL IN BRAZIL

Diversity of raw material and production processes enable a better use of regional resources as well as production flexibility Raw material from both agriculture and extrativism contribute to better income and demographic distribution among the several Brazilian regionsThe use of residual raw material reduces environmental load in large citiesLarge national ethanol productionLand availability

BIOFUELSBIOFUELS

BIOFUELS ADVANTAGESBIOFUELS ADVANTAGES

The biofuels many advantages include:

Diversifying and improving access to clean

energy sources;

Balancing the use of fossil fuels and thus saving

them for other applications and for future use;

Reducing pollution and emissions from

conventional energy systems;

Job generation.

BIOFUELSBIOFUELS

BIOFUELS - CONCLUSIONSBIOFUELS - CONCLUSIONS

A single alternative will not be enough to meet the increasing demand for fuels, and biofuels itself isn’t the ultimate solution.

Biofuels could play a crucial role as a complementary fuel for conventional ones, since it requires vast plantation land.

In a long term scenario one can say that biofuels could help the world meet its demands for fuels until higher technological solution, as hydrogen, comes up.

BIOFUELSBIOFUELS