Biocontrol Para Problemas de Uva de Mesa

7/29/2019 Biocontrol Para Problemas de Uva de Mesa

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Biocontrolsolutionfor table grapeAndrea IodiceMassimo Benuzzi

Fruitlogistica 2013


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IBMA UK January 2013ruitlogistica 2013

What are Biocontrol agents (BCAs) ? Why BCAs ?

Obstacles to BCAs BCAs and table grape (examples)

Conclusion


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IBMA UK January 2013

What are biocontrol agents (BCAs) ?

Fruitlogistica 2013

IBMA has divided BCSa in 4 groups

MicrobialsBotanicals

SemiochemicalsBeneficials (macrobials)

BotanicalsotanicalsSemiochemicalsBeneficials (macrobials)


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Why BCAs ?

Residue issue (GDO) Withdrawal of many old chemicals (EU) Development of resistant strains Minimize the impact of agriculture in the

environment

Fruitlogistica 2013


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Residues

Source: (Waldner W. Frutta e Vite, 2009)

Maximal pesticide Residue Level requested bySupermarket chains in Italy Maximal pesticide Residue Level requested bySupermarket chains in Germany

100% Legal MRL 100% Legal MRL

50%

40%

30% 33%

70%

80%

Fruitlogistica 2013


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Lack of available active ingredients Stone fruit: pest (OFM) active (AzinphosM)

Fruitlogistica 2013

Resistance Up to few years ago resistance was the main reason to

look for alternative methods Only when chemical control was not working BCAs

became attractive Some examples:

Greenhouses: two spotted spider mites(Phytoseiulus permilis) Pome fruits: codling moth (MD + CpGV)


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Obstacles to large-scaleBCAs useBCAs Are more complex to be used Need technical support and more know-how Often need controlled storage conditions May have limited shelf-life

Fruitlogistica 2013


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Obstacles to large-scaleBCAs useRegistration Process was developed for chemicals BCAs usually are not broad spectrum but have a single/few targets Registration is a sort of black box Mean time required for registration: 3-5 years in EU (less than 1yr in USA) Often need controlled storage conditions Registration costs: 2-5 millions Results Many ideas remain in the Petri Dishes Need to find short cuts Need for registration procedure adaptations to the different nature of BCAs

Fruitlogistica 2013


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BCAs available on grapevine & table grapes (Italy)Active substance target notesAmpelomyces quisqualis Powdery mildew Close to harvest

(on table grape)

Aureobasidium pullulans Grey mould Close to harvestBacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp.plantarum D747 Grey mould & Sour rot Close to harvestBacillus subtilis strain QST 713 Grey mould Close to harvestBacillus thuringiensis (subsp.Kurstaki, Aizawai, various strains) European grapevinemoth IIgenerationBeauveria bassiana strains ATCC74040 and GHA Leafhoppers & Fruit Fly Close to harvestTrichoderma harzianum Soil borne diseases In nurseryAzadirachtin Leafhoppers & Thrips Mainly in OrganicPyrethrins Leafhoppers Mainly in Organic

Fruitlogistica 2013


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BCAs and table grape Mating disruption (against GVM) B. amyloliquefacens (against gray mold) A. quisqualis (against powdery mildew) B. thuringiensis (against GVM) B. bassiana (against thrips)

Fruitlogistica 2013


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Pheromone = Pherein (transport) + Hormone (stimulate)

Lepidoptera sexual pheromones

help females to attract malesof the same species for matingwhen their eggs are ready to befertilized.

Males detect pheromones scentsin the air through the specialorgans of their antennas calledsensilla

MATING DISRUPTION


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Homogenous concentration of artificialpheromone hinders the meeting of males andfemales, reducing the number of eggs and larvaeand, consequently, clusters damages il numero dilarve nate per generazione

Fruitlogistica 2013

MATING DISRUPTION

calling female

Naturalpheromone

Sinteticpheromone

disrupted male


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Bacillus amyloliquefaciensBacillus amyloliquefaciens, aerobic gram-positive bacteria, was isolated from the soil anddescribed for the first time by Fukumoto in1943.

Fruitlogistica 2013

Its name derived from the production capability(faciens) of one amilase (amylo) enzyme able todegrade (lique) complex sugar in simple sugar.Commonly present in the soil and on thevegetation all over the world.It does not produce harmfull toxine for humanbeign and is considered safety from EFSA(QPS=Qualified Presumption of Safety).


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A. quisqualisis a Deuteromycete fungus, which has been first described byTulasne & Tulasne more than 140 years ago

Conidiophores of PM

Pycnidia of A.quisqualis

A. quisqualisparasitizes more than 500 species (attacking more than 1500plant genera) of fungi belonging to Erysiphales(PMs).

Ampelomyces quisqualis

Conidiophores of PM

Pycnidia of A.quisqualis

Fruitlogistica 2013


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A. quisqualis prevents sporulation of the PM mycelium and kills allparasitized host cells by causing a gradual degeneration of of the cells.

Untreated PM Treated PM

Fruitlogistica 2013


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Benefits of Btk: tool for IPM against various spp of Lepidoptera environmentally friendly, harmless to humans and other vertebrates highly selective to beneficials, pollinators included different mode of action (resistance management) No MRL required

The ability ofBacillus thuringiensis (Bt),a naturally occurring, soil-dwelling, Gram-positive bacterium, to control pest insectlarvae was discovered more than 90 yearsago.

Bt serovar kurstaki was discovered in thelate 1960s. This serovar is considerablymore effective against Lepidopterans.

Bacillus thuringiensis

Fruitlogistica 2013


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Btk Modeofaction(alkaliner

pH

Wert)

Mode of action: ingestion.Larva stops feeding and dies within 2-3 days due tosepticemia.

Fruitlogistica 2013


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Beauveria bassiana (Ascomycota:Hypocreales) was first recognized in 1835

by Agostino Bassi as the causal agent of thewhite muscardine disease of the silkworm.

Fruitlogistica 2013

Beauveria bassiana

B. bassiana can affect a wide range of arthropod pests, whiteflies included, and all

their developmental stages (eggs, immaturestages, and adults).

Various strains differ in their host range andselectivity.


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Mode of actionThe conidiospores, in contact with the insectscuticle, germinate and form an appressorium.

A fine penetration hypha perforates the

cuticle, grows, and differentiates into otherpenetration hyphae. The fungus invades theinsects body.

Major targets on protected cropsWhiteflies

Two-spotted spider mite

Thrips

Fruitlogistica 2013

Beauveria bassiana

The mycelium proliferates by feeding on thehosts haemolymph, and blastospores are

produced.

The host dies within a few days due todepletion of nutrients and dehydration.


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Efficacy High level of reliability Capable of ensuring acceptable level of

control

Benefit of BCAs


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Conclusion

BCAs are not alternative to chemicals BCAs are additional opportunity for effective

and sustanaible pest control BCAs can be easily integrated in IPM

strategies


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Thanks for your attention

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Biocontrol Para Problemas de Uva de Mesa

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