Biodiesel

Khawar NehalCEO

Applied Technology Research Center

In association with QUA InstituteSaturday 9th January 2010

Topics to discuss● What is biodiesel● How it is made● Properties● Benefits● Blends● In Pakistan● Applications● Historical Background● Quality standards● Research opportunities

What is Biodiesel?● A clean burning alternative fuel

for diesel engines.● Produced from domestic,

renewable resources such as vegetable oils like soybean oil, or animal fat like the ones used to make some kababs

● Meets health effect testing (Clean Air Act CAA)

What is Biodiesel?● Lower emissions, High flash point

(>300F), Safer● Biodegradable, Essentially non-toxic.● Chemically, biodiesel molecules are

mono-alkyl esters produced usually from triglyceride esters

● Contains no petroleum, but can be blended at any level with petroleum diesel to create a biodiesel blend

What it looks like

Space-filling model of methyl linoleate, or linoleic acid methyl ester, a common methyl ester produced from soybean or canola oil and methanol.

Space-filling model of ethyl stearate, or stearic acid ethyl ester, an ethyl ester produced from soybean or canola oil and ethanol.

National Biodiesel Board 8

How is it made

After Glycerin removal, biodiesel now just needs to be cleaned/purified before use:

A simple biodiesel

processor.

Algae fuel

Algae fuel, also called algal fuel, oilgae, algaeoleum or third-generation biofuel, is a biofuel which is derived from algae.

During photosynthesis, algae and other photosynthetic organisms capture carbon dioxide and sunlight and convert it into oxygen and biomass.

Algae fuel

Up to 99% of the carbon dioxide in solution can be converted, which was shown by Weissman and Tillett (1992) in large-scale open-pond systems. As of 2008, such fuels remain too expensive to replace other commercially available fuels, with the cost of various algae species typically between US$5–10 per kilogram.

Algae fuel

But several companies and government agencies are funding efforts to reduce capital and operating costs and make algae oil production commercially viable.The production of biofuels from algae does not reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), because any CO2 taken out of the atmosphere by the algae is returned when the biofuels are burned.

Algae fuel

They do however eliminate the introduction of new CO2 by displacing fossil hydrocarbon fuels.

Algae fuel

High oil prices, competing demands between foods and other biofuel sources, and the world food crisis, have ignited interest in algaculture (farming algae) for making vegetable oil, biodiesel, bioethanol, biogasoline, biomethanol, biobutanol and other biofuels.

Algae fuel

Among algal fuels' attractive characteristics: they do not affect fresh water resources,can be produced using ocean and wastewater, and are biodegradable and relatively harmless to the environment if spilled.Algae cost more per unit mass yet can yield over 30 times more energy per unit area than other, second-generation biofuel crops.

Algae fuel

One biofuels company Solix has claimed that algae can produce more oil in an area the size of a two car garage than a football field of soybeans, because almost the entire algal organism can use sunlight to produce lipids, or oil.

Algae fuel

The United States Department of Energy estimates that if algae fuel replaced all the petroleum fuel in the United States, it would require 15,000 square miles (40,000 km2). This is less than 1⁄7 the area of corn harvested in the United States in 2000.

Algae fuel Factors

Dry algae factor is the percentage of algae cells in relation with the media where it is cultured, e.g. if the dry algae factor is 50%, one would need 2 kg of wet algae (algae in the media) to get 1 kg of algae cells.

Lipid factor is the percentage of vegoil in relation with the algae cells needed to get it, i.e. if the algae lipid factor is 40%, one would need 2.5 kg of algae cells to get 1 kg of oil.

Algae fuel Factors

The vegoil algae product can then be harvested and converted into biodiesel; the algae’s carbohydrate content can be fermented into bioethanol and biobutanol.

Algae biodiesel

Currently most research into efficient algal-oil production is being done in the private sector, but predictions from small scale production experiments bear out that using algae to produce biodiesel may be the only viable method by which to produce enough automotive fuel to replace current world diesel usage.

Algae is faster than crops

Microalgae have much faster growth-rates than terrestrial crops. The per unit area yield of oil from algae is estimated to be from between 5,000 to 20,000 US gallons per acre per year (4,700 to 18,000 m3/km2·a);[citation needed] this is 7 to 30 times greater than the next best crop, Chinese tallow (700 US gal/acre·a or 650 m3/km2·a).

More oil percentage

Studies show that algae can produce up to 60% of their biomass in the form of oil. Because the cells grow in aqueous suspension where they have more efficient access to water, CO2 and dissolved nutrients, microalgae are capable of producing large amounts of biomass and usable oil in either high rate algal ponds or photobioreactors.

More biodiesel

This oil can then be turned into biodiesel which could be sold for use in automobiles. The more efficient this process becomes the larger the profit that is turned by the company. Regional production of microalgae and processing into biofuels will provide economic benefits to rural communities.

Algae Biobutanol

Butanol can be made from algae or diatoms using only a solar powered biorefinery. This fuel has an energy density 10% less than gasoline, and greater than that of either ethanol or methanol. In most gasoline engines, butanol can be used in place of gasoline with no modifications.

Algae Biobutanol

In several tests, butanol consumption is similar to that of gasoline, and when blended with gasoline, provides better performance and corrosion resistance than that of ethanol or E85.

The green waste left over from the algae oil extraction can be used to produce butanol.

Algae Biogasoline

Biogasoline is gasoline produced from biomass such as algae. Like traditionally produced gasoline, it contains between 6 (hexane) and 12 (dodecane) carbon atoms per molecule and can be used in internal-combustion engines.

Algae Methane

Through the use of algaculture grown organisms and cultures, various polymeric materials can be broken down into methane.

Algae SVO

The algal-oil feedstock that is used to produce biodiesel can also be used for fuel directly as "Straight Vegetable Oil", (SVO). The benefit of using the oil in this manner is that it doesn't require the additional energy needed for transesterification, (processing the oil with an alcohol and a catalyst to produce biodiesel).

Algae SVO

“I Love diesel engines”

Algae SVO

The drawback is that it does require modifications to a normal diesel engine. Transesterified biodiesel can be run in an unmodified modern diesel engine, provided the engine is designed to use ultra-low sulfur diesel, which, as of 2006, is the new diesel fuel standard in the United States.[edit]

Algae SVO

“I Love diesel engines”

Even more after they are slightly modified

Algae Hydrocracking to traditional transport fuels

Vegetable oil can be used as feedstock for an oil refinery where methods like hydrocracking or hydrogenation can be used to transform the vegetable oil into standard fuels like gasoline and diesel.

Jet fuel

Rising jet fuel prices are putting severe pressure on airline companies, creating an incentive for algal jet fuel research. The International Air Transport Association, for example, supports research, development & deployment of algal fuels. IATA’s goal is for its members to be using 10% alternative fuels by 2017.

Jet fuel

Trials have been carried with aviation biofuel by several airlines.

Algae cultivation

Algae can produce 15-300 times more oil per acre than conventional crops, such as rapeseed, palms, soybeans, or jatropha. As Algae has a harvesting cycle of 1-10 days, it permits several harvests in a very short time frame, a differing strategy to yearly crops (Chisti 2007).

Algae cultivation

Algae can also be grown on land that is not suitable for other established crops, for instance, arid land, land with excessively saline soil, and drought-stricken land. This minimizes the issue of taking away pieces of land from the cultivation of food crops (Schenk et al. 2008). Algae can grow 20 to 30 times faster than food crops.

PhotoBioreactors

Most companies pursuing algae as a source of biofuels are pumping nutrient-laden water through plastic tubes (called "bioreactors" ) that are exposed to sunlight (and so called photobioreactors or PBR).

Running a PBR is more difficult than an open pond, and more costly.

PhotoBioreactors

Algae can also grow on marginal lands, such as in desert areas where the groundwater is saline, rather than utilise fresh water.

PhotoBioreactors

The difficulties in efficient biodiesel production from algae lie in finding an algal strain with a high lipid content and fast growth rate that isn't too difficult to harvest, and a cost-effective cultivation system (i.e., type of photobioreactor) that is best suited to that strain. There is also a need to provide concentrated CO2 to turbocharge the production.

National Biodiesel Board 43

Raw Material Use (2007)

Cottonseed Oil0.21%

RefinedSoybean Oil

62.74%

Crude Soybean Oil

16.64%

Inedible Tallow and Grease

4.36%

Other Fatsand Oils16.05%

What is Biodiesel Made of?

Properties

● The physical and chemical properties of Bio-diesel are similar to those of petroleum diesel; moreover, it is environmentally friendly, non-hazardous and bio-degradable. The applications of Bio-diesel range from transport vehicles to farming equipment to industrial machinery.

Benefits of Biodiesel

● 78% Life Cycle Decrease In CO2

– CO2 emitted from burning fuel is taken up by plants growing next crop of fuel feedstock

● Energy Balance 4.5 to 1– That means you get more energy out than you

put in.● Diesel engines already 30%-40% more

Efficient than Spark Ignition

Climate Change

Relative Greenhouse Gas Emissions

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Gasoline

CNG

LPG

Diesel

Ethanol 85%

B20

Diesel Hybrid

Electric

B100B100 = 100% BiodieselB20 = 20% BD + 80% PD

Relative emissions: Diesel and Biodiesel

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Total Unburned HCs

CO

Particulate Matter

**NOx

Sulfates

PAHs

n-PAHs

Mutagenicity

CO2

Percent

B100 **B20Diesel

Benefits of Biodiesel

● Safer, Cleaner Alternative to Petroleum– Exhaust has less harmful impact on human health– Reduces emissions of unburned hydrocarbons,

carbon monoxide and particulate matter (smog)● Biodegradable and nontoxic

– Less toxic than table salt and biodegrades as fast as sugar

– Biodiesel exhaust comparable to the smell of French fries

Health and Safety

Any diesel engine

● Bio-diesel can be used in any type of diesel engine in a blend with petroleum diesel. No engine modifications are required for blends up to 10%. Bio-diesel can also be used “neat”, provided its viscosity is similar to that of petroleum diesel. The process to extract the viscous glyceroids from Bio-diesel is known as Transesterification.

Biodiesel can be used in existing Diesel Engines

● Pure Biodiesel (B100) or blended ● with petroleum diesel (B20, BXX).● Rudolf Diesel: peanut oil. ● The first diesel engine.● Little or no engine modifications ● Use existing fuel distribution network.● Available now

Environmental Issues● Burning fossil fuels increases atmospheric levels of

carbon dioxide● Fossil fuels are a

finite resource

Graph taken from USF Oceanography webpage

Biodiesel’s Closed Carbon Cycle

30% Increase

Blends

● Blends of biodiesel and conventional hydrocarbon-based diesel are products most commonly distributed for use in the retail diesel fuel marketplace.

● Much of the world uses a system known as the "B" factor to state the amount of biodiesel in any fuel mix: fuel containing 20% biodiesel is labeled B20, while pure biodiesel is referred to as B100.

Blends

● Blends of 20 percent biodiesel with 80 percent petroleum diesel (B20) can generally be used in unmodified diesel engines. Biodiesel can also be used in its pure form (B100), but may require certain engine modifications to avoid maintenance and performance problems.

Blends

● Blending B100 with petroleum diesel may be accomplished by:

● Mixing in tanks at manufacturing point prior to delivery to tanker truck

● Splash mixing in the tanker truck (adding specific percentages of Biodiesel and petroleum diesel)

Blends

● In-line mixing, two components arrive at tanker truck simultaneously.

● Metered pump mixing, petroleum diesel and Biodiesel meters are set to X total volume, transfer pump pulls from two points and mix is complete on leaving pump.

Distribution

● Since the passage of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 biodiesel use has been increasing in the United States.

● In Europe, the Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation obliges suppliers to include 5% renewable fuel in all transport fuel sold in the EU by 2010. For road diesel, this effectively means 5% biodiesel.

Biodiesel in Pakistan

● The Pakistan government is planning to replace 5% of its yearly diesel consumption with biodiesel by 2015, and will raise the figure to 10% by 2025. About $1 billion would reportedly be saved by the country.

Biodiesel in Pakistan

● The announcement was made by Adviser to Federal Minister for Water and Power, Riaz Ahmad, according to a report by The Daily Times last Saturday (11 July 2009).

Pakistan Railways

● Pakistan Railways has been involved in plantation of Sukh Chane trees along the railway tracks.

● Once the performance parameters are finalized and test run of the locomotive’s engine is done, the oil extracted from the Sukh Chane seed will be used in the locomotive engine, saving sufficient volumes of imported HSD.

Applications

● Biodiesel can be used in pure form (B100) or may be blended with petroleum diesel at any concentration in most modern diesel engines.

Applications

● Biodiesel has different solvent properties than petrodiesel, and will degrade natural rubber gaskets and hoses in vehicles (mostly vehicles manufactured before 1992), although these tend to wear out naturally and most likely will have already been replaced with FKM, which is nonreactive to biodiesel.

Applications

● Biodiesel has been known to break down deposits of residue in the fuel lines where petrodiesel has been used. As a result, fuel filters may become clogged with particulates if a quick transition to pure biodiesel is made. Therefore, it is recommended to change the fuel filters on engines and heaters shortly after first switching to a biodiesel blend.

Bus run on Biodiesel

Vehicular use and manufacturer acceptance

● In 2005, Chrysler (then part of DaimlerChrysler) released the Jeep Liberty CRD diesels from the factory into the American market with 5% biodiesel blends, indicating at least partial acceptance of biodiesel as an acceptable diesel fuel additive.

Vehicular use and manufacturer acceptance

Vehicular use and manufacturer acceptance

● In 2007, DaimlerChrysler indicated intention to increase warranty coverage to 20% biodiesel blends if biofuel quality in the United States can be standardized.

Vegetarian car

City busses

● Starting in 2004, the city of Halifax decided to update its bus system to allow the fleet of city buses to run entirely on a fish-oil based biodiesel. This caused the city some initial mechanical issues but after several years of refining, the entire fleet had successfully been converted.

Vehicular use and manufacturer acceptance

● In 2007, McDonalds of UK announced that it would start producing biodiesel from the wasteoil byproduct of its restaurants. This fuel would be used to run its fleet.

●

●

Railway usage● The British businessman Richard

Branson's Virgin Voyager train, number 220007 Thames Voyager,billed as the world's first "biodiesel train".

Railway usage

● Was converted to run on 80% petrodiesel and only 20% biodiesel, and it is claimed it will save 14% on direct emissions.

Royal train

● The Royal Train on 15 September 2007 completed its first ever journey run on 100% biodiesel fuel supplied by Green Fuels Ltd. His Royal Highness, The Prince of Wales, and Green Fuels managing director, James Hygate, were the first passengers on a train fueled entirely by biodiesel fuel. Since 2007 the Royal Train has operated successfully on B100 (100% biodiesel).

Railway usage

● The Royal Train on 15 September 2007 completed its first ever journey run on 100% biodiesel fuel supplied by Green Fuels Ltd. His Royal Highness, The Prince of Wales, and Green Fuels managing director, James Hygate, were the first passengers on a train fueled entirely by biodiesel fuel. Since 2007 the Royal Train has operated successfully on B100 (100% biodiesel).

US Railway usage● Similarly, a state-owned short-line

railroad in Eastern Washington ran a test of a 25% biodiesel / 75% petrodiesel blend during the summer of 2008, purchasing fuel from a biodiesel producer seated along the railroad tracks.

● The train will be powered by biodiesel made in part from canola grown in agricultural regions through which the short line runs.

Railway usage

● Also in 2007 Disneyland began running the park trains on B98 biodiesel blends (98% biodiesel). The program was discontinued in 2008 due to storage issues, but in January 2009 it was announced that the park would then be running all trains on biodiesel manufactured from its own used cooking oils. This is a change from running the trains on soy-based biodiesel.

Railway usage

● Also in 2007 Disneyland began running the park trains on B98 biodiesel blends (98% biodiesel). The program was discontinued in 2008 due to storage issues.

Railway usage

● In January 2009 it was announced that the park would then be running all trains on biodiesel manufactured from its own used cooking oils. This is a change from running the trains on soy-based biodiesel.

Aircraft use

● Czech Republic completed the world’s first jet flight powered solely by 100% biodiesel fuel. The flight tests were made in October 2007 in the high desert at the Reno-Stead Airport by an L-29 military aircraft.

Aircraft use

● The Czechoslovakian-made aircraft● is rated to fly on a variety of fuels including

heating oil, making it the preferred● platform for testing biodiesel in jet engines.

Air New ZealandCaptain Keith Pattie, right, the test pilot for Air New Zealand’s maiden biofuel flight, poses with Captain David Morgan, left, and the company’s C.E.O., Rob Fyfe

Air New Zealand

Air New Zealand, along with Boeing, Rolls-Royce, and Honeywell, retooled one of the four Rolls-Royce RB211 engines on a Boeing 747-400 to run on an unusually fruity blend of half Jet A1 fuel and half jatropha oil, according to Air New Zealand.

Air New Zealand used Jathropha

Aircraft use

● Feb 2009● LONDON (AFP) — The first flight by a

commercial airline to be partly powered by biofuels and billed as heralding a eco-friendlier and cheaper era of airline travel took place on Sunday, Virgin Atlantic said.

●

●

Aircraft use● Feb 2009● The first flight by a commercial airline to be

partly powered by biofuels and billed as heralding a eco-friendlier and cheaper era of airline travel took place

Aircraft use

● A Virgin Boeing 747 jumbo jet, carrying biofuels mixed with kerosene, traditional jet fuel, made the short trip between London and Amsterdam with no passengers on board.

Aircraft use● The plane used a

biofuel blend of babassu oil -- extracted from nuts of the babassu tree -- and coconut oil.

● Both products are more commonly found in cosmetics like lip balm and shaving cream.

Aircraft use

● 12 October 2009● Qatar Airways

undertook the world's first commercial flight using a fuel made partly from natural gas that promises to improve air quality and could curb carbon emissions.

Aircraft use● The Airbus flight from London Gatwick

to Doha used a 50:50 blend of synthetic gas-to-liquid (GTL) kerosene and conventional oil-based kerosene, which has been developed by Shell.

Aircraft use

● The company said that the GTL fuel burns with close to zero sulfur dioxide emissions and far lower particulate emissions, and as such could be used to help improve air quality around airports.

Aircraft use● The journey from the A380's historic

first GTL flight by a civil aircraft to today's historic first passenger flight using GTL, shows that drop in fuels are real and viable.

Aircraft use● This is a major breakthrough that

brings us closer to a world where fuels made from feedstocks such as wood-chip waste and other biomass are available for commercial aviation. Airbus predicts that in 2030, up to 30 per cent of jet fuel will be alternative.

Powerboat● 28 June 2008 : Earthrace - a biodiesel-

powered boat, has set a new record for the quickest journey around the globe by a powerboat, in just 60 days.

Powerboat● According to a report in Discovery News,

Earthrace has been traveling around the planet for more than two years to raise awareness for biologically produced fuels - cooking oils, plant matter, even fat.

●

Powerboat● On June 27, it pulled into port in

Sagunto, Spain, setting a new record for the quickest journey around the globe by a powerboat.

●

by a powerboat.

Powerboat● Earthrace's 60-

day voyage shaved more than 14 days off a record set in 1998 by a boat named Cable and

● Wireless Adventurer.

Sigma Energy is the first company in Pakistan to run a

land rover on cooking oil

As a heating oil● Biodiesel can also be used as a

heating fuel in domestic and commercial boilers, a mix of heating oil and biofuel which is standardized and taxed slightly differently than diesel fuel used for transportation.

As a heating oil● Heating biodiesel is available in various

blends; up to 20% biofuel is considered acceptable for use in existing furnaces without modification.

As a heating oil● Older furnaces may contain rubber

parts that would be affected by biodiesel's solvent properties, but can otherwise burn biodiesel without any conversion required. Care must be taken at first, however, given that varnishes left behind by petrodiesel will be released and can clog pipes- fuel filtering and prompt filter replacement is required.

As a heating oil● Another approach is to start using

biodiesel as blend, and decreasing the petroleum proportion over time can allow the varnishes to come off more gradually and be less likely to clog.

● Thanks to its strong solvent properties, however, the furnace is cleaned out and generally becomes more efficient.

As a heating oil● During the Biodiesel Expo 2006 in the

UK, Andrew J. Robertson presented his biodiesel heating oil research from his technical paper and suggested that B20 biodiesel could reduce UK household CO2 emissions by 1.5 million tons per year.

Using Biodiesel - cold weather● Untreated B20 freezes about 2-10 °F

faster than #2 petrodiesel● Use winter-blended diesel fuel.● Make sure B20 cloud point is adequate

for the region and time of year ● Consider storing in heated building or

tank

High Profile Cold Weather Users

– Glacier National Park (MT)– Yellowstone National Park

(WY, MT, ID)– Grand Teton National Park

(WY)– Salt Lake City Airport– CO Ski Resorts– UC Boulder

Historical background

● Transesterification of a vegetable oil was conducted as early as 1853 by scientists E. Duffy and J. Patrick, many years before the first diesel engine became functional.

First diesel engine

● Dr. Rudolf Diesel developed the first diesel engine to run on vegetable oil. Diesel demonstrated his engine at the World Exhibition in Paris in 1900 using peanut oil as fuel.

Historical background

● Rudolf Diesel's prime model, a single 10 ft (3 m) iron cylinder with a flywheel at its base, ran on its own power for the first time in Augsburg, Germany, on August 10, 1893. In remembrance of this event, August 10 has been declared "International Biodiesel Day".

Grand Prize

● The French Otto Company (at the request of the French government) demonstrated a Diesel engine running on peanut oil at the World Fair in Paris, France in 1900, where it received the Grand Prix (highest prize).

Historical background

● This engine stood as an example of Diesel's vision because it was powered by peanut oil — a biofuel, though not biodiesel, since it was not transesterified.

Historical background

● He believed that the utilization of biomass fuel was the real future of his engine. In a 1912 speech Diesel said, "the use of vegetable oils for engine fuels may seem insignificant today but such oils may become, in the course of time, as important as petroleum and the coal-tar products of the present time."

Work in Pakistan

● A lot of work has been undertaken to evaluate the Bio-Diesel In Pakistan. The initial research on bio-diesel resources in Pakistan is complete. As much as 10 oil resources have been subjected to oil extraction, transesterification and chemical analysis. After iterative experiments, a number of potential resources have been identified including Pongamia Pinnata (Sukh Chane), Rape Seed, Castor Bean and Jatropha.

Raw materials

● Basic research on supply chain mechanism is also complete. The infrastructure requirements, the raw material availability and deployment models have been primed.

● Still in progress is laboratory set-up for advance research on bio-diesel.

Castor bean and castor plant

Pongamia Pinnata (Sukh Chane)

Jatropha seeds and plant in Pakistan

Pakistan sources

S.No. Local Name Fam ily

1 Pongame Sukhh Chain Fabaceae

2 Mustard Sarson Brassicaceae

3 Brassica alba Chiti Sarson Brassicaceae

4 Brassica nigra Black Mustard Kali Sarson Brassicaceae5 Brassica napus Canola Canola Brassicaceae6 Castor Bean Arond

7 Sunflower Suraj Mukhi Aste raceae

8 Cotton Kappa Malvaceae

Botanical Name

Eng lish Name

Pongamioa PinnataBrassica campestris

White Mustard

Ricinus communis

Euphorbiaceae

Helianthus annuusGossypium hirsutum

Pakistan sources

● • CLASS-I: BIO-DIESEL FROM OIL SEEDS

●

● CLASS – II: BIO-DIESEL FROM WASTE OILS

●

Pakistan sources

● CATEGORIES OF CLASS - I● Due to diverse ecological conditions of

Pakistan, lucky to have over a dozen oil seed crops of which it can afford to grow one or the other in all season of the year.

●

● Depending upon the historical cultivation and production the oil seed crops were classified into conventional (i.e. traditional), non traditional, industrial and wild crops.

Pakistan sources

● CATEGORY A – CONVENTIONAL CULTIVATED OIL YIELDING CROP

● • Rape Seeds● • Ground Nut● • Sesame Seeds● • Rocket seeds

Pakistan sources

● CATEGORY B – NON CONVENTIONAL CULTIVATED OIL YIELDING CROPS

● • Sun flower● • Soybean● • Safflower

Pakistan sources

● CATEGORY C – Industries Based Crops● • Linseed● • Castor beans● • Cotton seeds

Pakistan sources

● CATEGORY D – Wild Plant Resources● • Pongame tree● • Olive tree● • Hemp oil● • Oat seeds● • Milk Thistle● • Carthamus seeds● • Jatropha

Pakistan sources

● TABLE-1 SHORT LISTING / SELECTION OF RESOURCES FROM CLASS - 1

AVAILABILITY OF CLASS – II RESOURCES

●Waste Vegetable Oil (WVO) can be recycled, cleaned and reused as bio diesel. WVO is available in large quantities from restaurants, hotel chains, confectionaries and domestic cooking.

AVAILABILITY OF CLASS – II RESOURCES

●WVO is one of the cheaper sources for biodiesel in developed countries, where the cooking oil is used only once. Pakistan is basically an agricultural country and due to diverse ecological conditions, the population is heavily dependent on agricultural products.

AVAILABILITY OF CLASS – II RESOURCES

●For cooking purposes edible oil yielding crops and plants are cultivated on a large scale in the country. ●

●These edible oils are utilized in hotels, huts, local shops and every home of Pakistan. So these are the major sources for collection of WVO. According to one survey, average consumption of edible oil in Pakistan is 10 liters per month by each family.

AVAILABILITY OF CLASS – II RESOURCES

●This gives rise to an estimated quantity of 240 million litres of WVO available in Pakistan every year (assuming that 10% of edible oil in Pakistan becomes waste). ●

●Estimating an 80% yield of Bio-diesel from WVO (as supported by our experiments), a minimum approximate quantity of 150 million liters of Bio-diesel from WVO can be produced in Pakistan.

AVAILABILITY OF CLASS – II RESOURCES

●From the marketing point of view there is a chain of dealers for collection and further selling of WVO. Price for 1 liter of WVO from these sources may vary from Rs. 20 – 45, depending upon the quality and quantity of WVO (some hotels etc. reuse edible oil several times before disposing off their WVO, while others use them once or twice).

AVAILABILITY OF CLASS – II RESOURCES

●There are minor constraints in collection of WVO, including cost constraints. But these can be overcome by developing strategies for coordination between dealers, stakeholders and users of WVO. ●

●Fixing of raw material rates by the GOP might be required, as will be subsidies on the production and sale of Bio-diesel.●

● Diesel Emission Reductions - ● Grant and loan programs are available to

State and local government agencies in the US and we need to develop our own policies after doing research of the benefits to us.

● We need to do studies on how to provide incentives. Legal policies and direct rebates (Research opportunity for students)

●

Other Incentives for Use

Fuel Quality for wide scale acceptance

Fuel Quality and Specification

● ASTM fuel standards enforceable as of October 2008– Specification for B100 updated (D6751)– New specification for B6 to B20 blends

(D7467) (basis for broad OEM warranty acceptance)

– New specification classifying blends up to 5% same as diesel (D975)

BQ-9000 Fuel Quality Program

● Biodiesel Industry’s “Good Housekeeping” seal of approval for biodiesel production & distribution companies

● Quality Control System covers biodiesel manufacturing, sampling, testing, blending, storage, shipping, distribution

● In 2008, 90% of the volume was BQ9000● There are two BQ-9000 designations:

– Producer (make it to spec)– Marketer (buy spec, keep it in spec, blend it right)

● Creates Agricultural and Fuel Manufacturing Jobs: 50,000 jobs (mostly rural) ; $4 billion in GDP

● Creates Expanded Markets for Agricultural Products● Improves Balance of Trade (36 MM imported Crude

Displaced)● $832 MM to tax revenue

Macroeconomic benefits

U.S. Economy example

Legislative Ideas

● In the US companies are Eligible for EPACT credits– Federal fleets must purchase alternative fuel vehicles

(AFVs) for 75% of light-duty vehicles– 50% of light duty AFV purchase requirements can be

met with biodiesel● Can earn 1 AFV purchase credit for each 2,250

gallons of B20 used or for each 450 gallons of B100 used– States and cities are implementing similar

requirements

Fleet Operators

Clean air act.

● A Clean Air Act is one of a number of pieces of legislation relating to the reduction of smog and air pollution in general.

● The use by governments to enforce clean air standards has contributed to an improvement in human health and longer life spans.

● We need to work on something like this also.● Another research opportunity.

Many other opportunities

● We need a lot more research done regarding the feasibility studies of practical applications and how to get them introduced and into action.

●

●

Many other opportunities

● You and biodiesel are the future.● It is up to you how fast you can

implement the alternatives to KESC.

Thank you for your time today and for your potential support for biodiesel.

For further information

http://ATRC.NET.PKBiodiesel@atrc.net.pk

92-333-248621692-21-38180991