Biodiesel Fit Jw

7/27/2019 Biodiesel Fit Jw

1/23

Why Biodiesel?

Domestically produced (helps US farmers)

Reduction in pollution

It is a renewable resource Simple production process

Works in existing infrastructure Todays cars and trucks

Todays distribution system

Todays filling stations


2/23

www.brevardbiodiesel.org

A cooperative effort in Brevard County,Florida, to promote sustainable

transportation fuels


3/23

Rudolph Diesel 1858Born in Paris

1879Graduated from Munich Polytechnic

1880Began work as a refrigeration engineer

1885-1895Designed several heat engines, working toward more efficiencythan steam engines

1893Patented the Diesel engine his first diesel engines ran on peanut oil

he hoped to enable commonfolk, not just Oil and Coal Barrons, to

produce fuel

1913Disappeared en route to Englandhis body was later found in English

Channelconspiracy theories abound


4/23

Diesel Engine Milestones

By 1919, Clessie Cummins had obtained rights to manufacture diesel engines

in the U.S. and made many improvements such as better fuel injection

1920sThe Oil Barrons Strike BackIntroduced petroleum diesel fuel

and encouraged engine modifications to use its lower viscosity characteristics

(better cold weather performance)

1970sEmergence of OPEC powerFirst oil crisis

Sudden American interest in fuel efficiency created a major diesel engine

market in the U.S.

Todays diesel engines are inherently 20% to 40% more fuel efficient thantheir gasoline counterparts (thats why most trucks use them)


5/23

Diesel Engines in Automobiles

After the first oil crisis, Diesel share of U.S. auto

sales rose dramatically in the 1980s:

Mercedes: 70% VW: 50%

Unfortunately, General Motors got in the act and produced more than half the

diesels sold in the US during the 1980s. Their diesels were just modified

gasoline engines which proved very unreliable and poisoned Americans

perception of diesels. Consequently:

Diesel share of US sales today:

Mercedes: 6% VW: 5%

Diesel share of European car sales today: More than 40%


6/23

Which cars can run biodiesel?

Almost any diesel-powered automobile, including:

Current models offered with diesel engines:

VW: Jetta sedan and wagon, Golf, New Beetle

Mercedes: 2005 E320 CDI Ford, Dodge, GM Trucks

Jeep Liberty ships with B5

Used models offered with diesel engines:

VW: Jetta, New Beetle, Golf, MID-90s, Passat, Pickup, Vanagon

Mercedes: '87 300TD, '87 300SD, 190D, 300D, 350(, '81 - '85) 300D, SD,SDL, Earlier 300D, 240D

John Deere 330 lawn tractor/mower!

source: http://www.grassolean.com/?textFile=dieselcars


7/23

Biodiesel Problems

Problem: Cold weather properties (viscosity, cloud point,gel point): Less tolerant of cold than petroleum diesel

Solution: Use in combination with petroleum diesel,and/or use an anti-gel agent

Problem: Solvent properties: Dissolves petroleum dieselresidues & crudcan clog fuel filter of old engines untilsystem is clean

Solution: Change fuel filters frequently during transition

Problem: Fuel line incompatibility in older cars Solution:Replace natural rubber with Viton synthetic parts

Problem: Price: B100 sells for around $2-$4 per gallon

Solution: Make your own or join a coop

Problem: Accessibility: Harder to find that regular diesel

Solution: Wait a bit - slowly improving


8/23

Where can you buy biodiesel?

Retail:

Citgo Station

Kennedy Space Center

(B20 retail pump)

SJG Fuels

Hallandale, FL 33008

Distributors:

Ward Oil Co

2701 Louisiana Ave

Tampa, FL 33610

Delco Oil

174 S. Highway 17

East Palatka, FL 32131

Online:

http://www.hiperfuels.com

Note: very expensive this way!


9/23

How much does biodiesel cost?

Prices vary from $2 to over $4 per gallon (we just paid $4.87/gal including

shipping)

Increasing petroleum prices have caused a sudden interest, as petroleum diesel

has already reached almost $2.50 per gallon

Since January, 2005, there has been a tax incentive to biodiesel producers (up

to $1/gallon on B100)

The incentive is a result of H.R. 4520

(American JOBS Creation Act of 2004)

(passed during October, 2004)


10/23

How safe is biodiesel?

Biodiesel has completed the rigorous Health Effects testing requirements of

the Clean Air Act. Results show that Biodiesel reduces carcinogenic air toxics

by 75-90% compared to diesel.

(source: http://www.distributiondrive.com/FAQ.html)

Pure Biodiesel (B100) is nontoxic, biodegradable and essentially free of

sulfur. Flash pointThe temperature to which the fuel must be heated before it will

ignite when exposed to a spark or flame.

Petroleum Diesel = 60-80C

Biodiesel = 100-170C

Gasoline = -40C More than 2 minutes to get it fully burning

By comparison, Gasoline evaporates easilyat room temp which leads to both an easier(unsafe) ignition *and* more air pollution

from spills/leaks.


11/23

Biodiesel & air pollution

Findings of government study "Life Cycle Inventory of Biodiesel and PetroleumDiesel for Use in an Urban Bus":

Lifecycle Emission:

Biodiesel reduces net emissions of CO2 by 78.45% compared topetroleum diesel

Total particulate matter reduced by 32%, Carbon monoxide reduced by 35%

Sulfur oxides reduced 8%

NOx increase by 13.35% over fuel lifecycle

Tailpipe Emissions:

Particulates less than 10 microns in size are 68% lower

Carbon monoxide are 46% lower

Sulfur oxides are completely eliminated

NOx increase by 8.89% at tailpipe

(source: http://www.nrel.gov/docs/legosti/fy98/24089.pdf)


12/23

Biodiesel & CO2 Emissions

Life Cycle Comparison to gasoline and other fuelsFleet CO2 emissions using:

B100: 7 lbs/gallon

B20: 23 lbs/gallon

Diesel: 28 lbs/gallon

Gasoline: 24 lbs/gallon

source: http://travelmatters.org/calculator/transit/methodology

Model City/Highway MPG Life Cycle CO2 tons/yearVW Jetta 2L Gasoline 23/30 7.4

VW Jetta TDI 1.9L

PetroDiesel

32/43 5.8

VW Jetta TDI 1.9L B20

BioDiesel

32/43 4.9

VW JettaTDI 1.9LB100 BioDiesel

32/43 1.3

2004 Toyota Prius 60/51 3.5

2004 Ford Explorer 4L

2WD

16/21 10.7

Ethanol: 11 lbs/gallon

Methanol: 19.6 lbs/gallon

LPG: 13 lbs/gallon


13/23

Like all life on earth, Biodiesel starts with photosynthesis

Photosynthesis occurs in plant leaves, phytoplankton, and algae:

Carbon Dioxide + Water + Sunlight >>> Glucose + Oxygen

CO2

+ H2

O + Energy >>> C6

H12

O6

+ O2

Photosynthesis is the same in all plants, but then

Each plant has its own recipes for converting

glucose to other substances such as

carbohydrates, proteins, & fats (oils)

Biodiesel is all in the fat!

Petroleum also (its just Jurassic fat!)

Some plants produce lots of fatFor

example: olives, avocados, walnuts,

soybeans, peanuts, corn and canola

Where does biodiesel come from?


14/23

Where Does Biodiesel Go?

All fuels and foods are consumed in Combustion or Metabolism

(the reverse of photosynthesis)

Carbon-based Fuel + Oxygen >>> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Heat

e.g.CH4 + O2 >>> CO2 + H2O + Energy

Using Fossil fuels releases carbon that was sequestered millions of years ago

In contrast, the Biodiesel life cycle releases carbon that was sequestered during

recent months (its a renewable fuel)


15/23

Organic Chemistry 101(The chemistry of carbon)

Water (point of reference)

Methanol (Methyl Alcohol)

Ethanol (Ethyl Alcohol)

Isopropyl Alcohol

Glycerol (Glycerin )

In Biodiesel, Methanol/Ethanol and Glycerolare very important


16/23

Organic Chemistry 101

Most fat is triglycerides: Triesters of fatty acids and glycerol

Esters & Free Fatty Acids

Saturated, Monounsaturated, and Polyunsaturated fats

Transesterificationtransferring the esters from

glycerin to methanol or ethanol

Methyl Esters (most Biodiesel)

Ethyl Esters


17/23

Composition of soy oil & soy esters 8% with 16 carbon atoms (aka "Palmitic Acid")

3% with 18 carbon atoms (aka "Stearic Acid")

25% with 18 carbon atoms and 1 double bond (aka "Oleic Acid")

55% with 18 carbon atoms and 2 double bonds (aka "Linoleic Acid")

8% with 18 carbon atoms and 3 double bonds (aka "Linolenic Acid")

Most vegetable oils contain Omega-6 fatty acids (first double bond

between 6th & 7th carbon atom from the end

Fish oils and Flax seed contain Omega-3 fatty acids


18/23

Biodiesel Acronyms

SVOStraight Vegetable Oil

You can burn straight vegetable oil in many diesel engines

Must heat it to about 150 before injecting into combustion chamber

WVOWaste Vegetable Oil (SVO that you get from a dumpster)

Soy EstersBiodiesel made from Soybeans

Rapeseed EstersBiodiesel made from Rapeseed

Due to its high cost and limited availability, biodiesel fuel is often sold in mixtures with

petroleum diesel (affectionately known as Dinodiesel)

B100 = 100% Biodiesel

B20 = 20% Biodiesel mixed with 80% Dinodiesel B2 = 2% Biodiesel mixed with 98% Dinodiesel (just to improve lubricity)

Biodiesels lubricity is far better than petroleum diesel, especially compared with

low-sulfur petroleum diesel that will be mandated in the U.S. beginning in 2006.

Its use can extend the lives of diesel engines


19/23

Whats different in Europe?

Thousands of fuel stations sell biodiesel

Most biodiesel is made from rapeseed (as opposed to soy in U.S.)

Government incentives for producers and consumers

General Motors didnt poison the European publics diesel perception More than 40% of new cars are diesel-powered

Volkswagen has recently announced plans to develop a diesel hybrid that

should easily achieve more than 70 mpg

New types of catalytic converters will eliminate the diesel NOX problem


20/23

The $64/gallon Question

Can algae be used as a major source of vegetable oil?

From 1978 to 1996, the U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory

researched algae as a biodiesel source in the Aquatic Species Program

The program was discontinued, not because algae is not a viable source, but

because the resulting product was not cost competitive with petroleum diesel

that was selling at $1.25 per gallon at the time. (perhaps times have changed!)

In fact, algae was shown to produce up to 30 times more oil than seed crops

such as soybeans and canola!

Do you think we can grow some algae

in Florida? Pay attention to the next retention pond

or sewage treatment plant that you see!


21/23

How Much Biodiesel Do We Need?

Each year in the U.S., transportation consumes:

60 billion gallons of petroleum diesel

120 billion gallons of gasoline

About 75% is used by trucking/transportation

The remainder is used for heating oil, railroads, construction, and other things

Estimates indicate that there is enough waste vegetable oil to replace about 5%of the diesel fuel consumed in the U.S.

Available agricultural land might increase this to 15%

Thats still not much fuel when you consider that diesel

consumption is just a fraction of gasoline consumption So we need to explore algae production (A UNH estimate

shows that as little as 10 million acres of algae couldproduce enough fuel for all U.S. transportation needs(Brevard County is almost 1 million acres)

Another potential technology: Waste-to-Oil (as reported

in Discover Magazine, July 2004)


22/23

Why Biodiesel?

Domestically produced (helps US farmers)

Reduction in pollution

It is a renewable resource

Simple production process Works in existing infrastructure

Todays cars and trucks

Todays distribution system

Todays filling stations


23/23

Biodiesel Links

www.brevardbiodiesel.org

www.biodieselnow.com

www.journeytoforever.org

www.tdiclub.com www.biodiesel.org

http://www.discover.com/issues/jul-04/features/anything-into-oil/

http://www.changingworldtech.com/

Date post:	14-Apr-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	balvinder
View:	221 times
Download:	0 times

Biodiesel Fit Jw

Documents