Biodiesel from Jatropha anAlternative Fuel for theFutureBiofuel a Wise Alternative
10/4/2005B.N.CoEngg, Pusad
Ritesh Bhusari
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Biodiesel from Jatropha an Alternative Fuel for the Future
1. INTRODUCTION
Biodiesel –Biodiesel is the name of clean burning alternative fuel,
produced from domestic, renewable resources such as Jatropha seeds, recycled
restaurant greases, and animal fats. Biodiesel contains no petroleum. But it can
be blended at any level with petroleum diesel to create a biodiesel blend. It can
be used in compression-ignition (diesel) engines with little or no modification.
Biodiesel is simple to use biodegradable, nontoxic and essentially free of sulphur
and aromatics.
Fuel-grade biodiesel must be produced to stict industry
specifications (ASTMD6751) in order to insure proper performance. Biodiesel is
the only alternative fuel to have fully completed the health effects testing
requirements of the 1990 clear Air Act Amendments. Biodiesel that meets
ASTMD6751 and is legally registered with Environmental Protection Agency is a
legal motor fuel for sale and distribution. Raw vegetable oil cannot meet
biodiesel fuel specifications it is not registered with the EPA and it is not a legal
motor fuel.
The fast depletion of fossil fuel has become concern and there is a
heavy pressure on the engine researcher to find alternative fuels to replace
conventional fuels for the developing countries of the world. The bio-origin fuels
can contribute significantly towards the problems related with fuel crisis. The fuel
of bio-origin may be alcohol, edible and non-edible vegetable oils, biomass,
biogas etc. the non-edible vegetable oil is chemically reacted with an alcohol
(usually methanol) and catalyst (usually sodium or potassium hydroxide) to
produce ester, biodiesel is the name given to the ester of vegetable oils.
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Biodiesel from Jatropha an Alternative Fuel for the Future
Most of the properties of biodiesel are comparable with diesel.
Jatropha oil is non-edible vegetable oil. In the present investigation the blends of
varying properties of Jatropha oil methyl ester (JOME) and diesel were observed
to run the CI engine and significant improvements in engine performance and
emission characteristics were observed. The thermal efficiency of the engine
was improved. BSFC was reduced and emission of smoke and NOx was
decreased. These improvements in the performance of engine are attributed to
complete combustion of oxygenated fuel.
The Latin name of Jatropha is Jatropha curcas and Indian name is
Ratanjyot. Jatropha oil is extracted form the seeds of the Jatropha tree. This
tree is found all over India and many places the leaves are lopped for green
manure, the seed case is also used as fertilizer, also the glycerol as biproduct is
used for soap production. The oil itself has fungicial properties and is a traded
non-edible vegetable oil. A lot of work was done on vegetable oil before and
during Second World War. The only constraint has been removed with the price
to diesel on the rise the future of Jatropha oil is bright.
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Biodiesel from Jatropha an Alternative Fuel for the Future
2. BIODIESEL EXTRACTION PROCESS
Biodiesel is extracted from vegetable oil by the process of
transesterification. Simple alcohols are used for transesterification and this
process is usually carried out with a basic catalyst (NaOH, KOH) in the complete
absence of water the bonding of alcohol and organic acid with elimination of
water produces ester. An excess of alcohol needed to accelerate the reaction.
With methyl alcohol glycerol separation occurs readily. If water is present soap is
the biproduct which results in decreasing yield of a ester. In the esterification
process alcohol combines with triglyceride molecules from acid to form glycerol
and ester. The glycerol is then removed by the density separation. Esterification
decreases the viscosity of oil; making it similar to diesel fuel in characteristics.
+ +HC-O-C-R2
H2C-O-C-R1
H2C-O-C-R3
3CH3OH CH-OH
CH2-OH
CH2-OH
CH3-O-C-R2
CH3-O-C-R1
CH3-O-C-R3
Glycerol Methyl esterMethanol
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Biodiesel from Jatropha an Alternative Fuel for the Future
3. COMPONENTS OF BIODIESEL
Technically, biodiesel is vegetable oil methyl ester. Biodiesel is the
name for a variety of ester-based oxygenated fuels made from, Jatropha oil or
other vegetable oil’s or animal fats. It is formed by removing the triglyceride
molecule from vegetable oil in the form of glycerin (soap). Once glycerin is
removed from the oil the remaining molecules are to a diesel engine similar to
petroleum diesel fuel. However, there are some notable differences. Biodiesel
has a different chemical and physical properties than diesel fuel, including a
larger bulk modulus and higher cetane number.
The biodiesel molecules are very simple hydrocarbon chains,
containing no sulphuring molecules or aromatics associated with fossil fuels.
Biodiesel is made up of almost 10% oxygen, making it a naturally ‘Oxygenated’
fuel. The only alternative fuel that can boast of zero total emissions production
facility when compared to petrodiesels.
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Biodiesel from Jatropha an Alternative Fuel for the Future
4. FUEL CHARACTERISTICS OF BIODIESEL FROM JATROPHA
CURCAS
Parameter Jatropha raw Oil jatrophatransesterified
Oil EDIN 51606standard
Density
(g cm-3 at 20 0C)
0.920 0.879 0.875-0.890
Flash point 236 191 > 110
Cetane no 23-41 51 > 49
Viscosity
(mm2/s at 30 oC
52 4.84 3.5 – 5 (40 0C )
Neutralization
Number
0.92 0.24 < 0.50
Total glycerin (%) 0.088 < 0.250
Free glycerin (%) 0.015 < 0.02
Phosphorous
(ppm)
290
(17 in degummed
oil)
1705 < 10
Sulphated ash
(%)
0.014 < 0.03
Methanol (%) 0.06 < 0.3
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Biodiesel from Jatropha an Alternative Fuel for the Future
5. EFFECT ON PERFORMANCE OF ENGINE
Biodiesel maintains the same payload capacity and range as
conventional diesel and provides similar horsepower, torque and fuel economy.
Biodiesel has a higher cetane number than conventional diesel, which increase
engines performance. It also serves as high quality lubricant, and can enhance
the life of heavy duty engines. Biodiesel can have cold start problems relative to
petrodiesel, but this is more of an issue for B100 than B20 fuels.
The C.I. engine was tested for performance and emission
calculations. Testing was carried out at various loads starting from no load and
than to the rated full load condition. The tests were conducted at a constant
speed equal to the rated engine speed. The operational engine smooth up to
compression ratio 17.5 at all.
Fig. 5.1 shows variation of smoke density with BMEP at
compression ratio of 16.5 for different blends of JOME. It is seen that smoke
density for all blends at part load and full load is lower than diesel fuel. The
maximum reduction in smoke density is by 31.76 for 20B at BMEP 4.606 bar.
Fig. 5.2 shows variation BSFC with BMEP. It is seen that for the
blends of JOME, BSFC is lower than the diesel this may be due to better
atomisation and complete combustion of oxygenated fuel. At BMEP 0.921 bar
maximum reduction in BSFC is by 21.85 % for 60 B.
Fig.5.3 shows the variation of brake thermal efficiency with BMEP.
Brake thermal efficiency. Is maximum for all blends of JOME at part and full load
than diesel. The maximum improvement is obtained at BMEP 3.69 bar by
26.86% for 60 B.
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Biodiesel from Jatropha an Alternative Fuel for the Future
6. EFFECT ON EMISSIONS
Biodiesel is the only alternative fuel to have fully completed the
heath effects testing requirements of the Clean Air Act. The used Jatropha
biodiesel in a conventional diesel engine results in substantial reduction of
unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter compared to
emission from diesel fuel. In addition, the exhaust emissions of sulphur oxides
and suphates (major component of acid rain ) from Jatropha biodiesel are
essentially eliminated compared to diesel. Of the major exhaust pollutants, both
unburned hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxides are ozone or smog forming
precursors. The use of Jatropha biodiesel result in substantial reduction of
unburned hydrocarbons.
Emission of nitrogen oxides are either slightly reduced or slightly
increased depending on the duty cycle of the engine and testing methods used.
Based on engine testing, using the most straight emissions testing protocols
required by EPA for certification of fuels or fuel additives in the US, the overall
ozone forming potential of the speciated hydrocarbon emission from Jatropha
Biodiesel was nearly 50 percent less than that measured for diesel fuel.
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Biodiesel from Jatropha an Alternative Fuel for the Future
7. ECONOMICAL ANALYSIS
Biodiesel cost more per gallon than conventional diesel fuel. While
the price of both fuels can fluctuate and impact the incremental difference
biodiesel has generally sold for approximately $1.00/gallon more than
conventional diesel. The Incremental cost associated with biodiesel blends are
lower than that of neat biodiesel. For example, with a 20 % biodiesel blend we
have historically seen an incremental cost differences with conventional diesel
in the $ 0.10 - $.20 cents/gallon range but the cost of biodiesel can be brought
down by mass production.
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Biodiesel from Jatropha an Alternative Fuel for the Future
8. POTENTIAL OF JATROPHA IN INDIA
India is home to more than one billion people about a sixth of the
world population. The process of economic liberalization and the ‘opening up’ set
in motion in early 1990s have resulted in India’s approximately 300 million strong
middle class becoming increasingly exposed to world market of consumer
goods. India’s about 70% of its petroleum demand. Widely fluctuating world
prices of oil have been a destabilizing element for the country’s balance of
payments situation, particularly in recent times. The petroleum import is currently
about 13 billion dollars (about 30% of total import bill) compared to the current
trade defict of about USD 11 billion.
Recently a huge project with Rs 1430 crores has been launched by
Govt. of India for Jatropha plantations. Jatropha would be raised in an area of
four lakh hectors spread over eight states. Andhra pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujrat,
Rajsthan, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Utter Pradesh, Chattisgarh. The National
Oil Seeds And Vegetable Oil Development (NOVOD) board under the ministry of
agriculture which would implementing the program, has already taken several
preparatory steps. Efficiency of Jatroha oil has been tested successfully for its
biodiesel qualities under Indian conditions by IIT, Delhi CSIR’s Indian Institute of
Petroleum, Dehradun and Punjab agricultural University Ludhiana. A pilot plant
of are tonne per day capacity for transesterification or conversion of the crude oil
from the seeds to commercially useful fuel has been successfully fabricated at
Indian Institute of science, Banglore in collaboration with a private fabricator in
Shimoga
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Biodiesel from Jatropha an Alternative Fuel for the Future
9. IMPORTANT ADVANTAGES OF USING BIODIESEL
1. Its emission quality is significantly superior than mineral diesel.
2. National security :- Since it’s made domestically it reduces our
dependence on foreign oil.
3. National economy :- Using biodiesel keeps our fuel buying dollars at
home instead of sending it to foreign countries. This reduces our trade
defect and create jobs.
4. Sustainable and nontoxic : - Biodiesel is 100% renewable …… we will
never run out of it. And it is gets into your water supply there’s no
problem. Its veggie oil !
5. Engine life : - Studies have shown it reduces engine wear by as much as
one half , primarily because it provide excellent lubricity.
6. Biodiesel can be stored wherever petroleum diesel is stored.
7. Biodiesel can be used alone or mixed in any ratio with petroleum diesel
fuel. The most common bend is a mix of 20 %, biodiesel with 80 %
petroleum diesel “B20”.
8. Biodiesel provides a 90% reduction in cancer risks.
9. It has a high flash point of about 250 0F compared to petroleum diesel fuel
(125 0F). Thus it makes biodiesel safer to store.
10. Biodiesel can be made from domestically produced renewable oilseed
crops.
11. Biodiesel is a proven fuel with over 30 million successful US road miles,
and over 20 year of used in Europe.
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Biodiesel from Jatropha an Alternative Fuel for the Future
12. The higher cetane cumber of biodiesel compared to petroleum diesel
indicates potential for higher engine performance. Tests have shown that
biodiesel has similar or better fuel consumption. Horsepower and torque
and haulage rates as conventional diesel.
13. The superior lubricating properties of biodiesel increase functional engine
efficiency.
14. More oxygen (about 11%) in biodiesel help in almost complete
combustion of hydrocarbons.
15. Emissions :- Biodiesel is rarely carbon-neutral meaning if contributes
almost zero emissions to global warming. And also reduces emissions of
visible smoke and noxious odors.
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Biodiesel from Jatropha an Alternative Fuel for the Future
10. ADDITIONAL ADVANTAGES OF GROWING JATROPHA
PLANTATIONS
1. Fixation of up to 10 t/ha/yr CO2 that could be internationally traded.
2. Various other products from the plant (leaf, bark and seed extracts) have
various other industrial and pharmaceutical uses.
3. Localized production and availability of quality fuel.
4. Restoration of degraded land over a period of time.
5. Rural employment generation
6. Reducing crop losses caused by wandering livestock or wind damage.
7. Increasing soil fertility by use of press cake as fertilizer.
8. Increasing rainfall, infiltration, resulting in less work irrigation water
needed for local gardens.
9. Providing local jobs, lessening the need for local villagers to migrate to
cities to find employment.
10. Production of 1t/ha/yr of high protein seed cake (60% crude protein) that
can potentially used as animal and fish feed and organic matter that could
be used as organic fertilizer , particularly in remote areas.
11. The Jatropha oil can be used for soap production and cosmetic
production.
12. All parts of the plant have traditional medicinal uses (between human and
veterinary purpose).
13. This plant is non-edible by animals hence no animal problem.
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Biodiesel from Jatropha an Alternative Fuel for the Future
11. DISADVANTAGES OF BIODIESEL
1) Primarily that it’s not readily available in much of the nation. Consumption
jumped from 500,000 gallons in 2000 to 15 million gallons in 2001 , so hopefully
availability will change soon.
2) Biodiesel will clean your injectors and fuel lines. If you have an old diesel
vehicle , there’s a chance that your first tank or two of biodiesel could free up all
the accumulated crud and clog your fuel filter.
3) It has a higher gel point. B100 (100% biodiesel) gets slushy a little under 320
0F. But B20 (20% biodiesel) has a gel point of –15 0F like regular diesel. The gel
point can be lowered further with additives such kerosene.
4) Old vehicles (older than mid 90s) might require upgrades of fuel lines (a
cheap , easy upgrade) , as biodiesel can eat through certain types of rubber. All
most all new vehicles should have no problem with biodiesel.
5) The one emission that gives up with biodiesel is Nox. And NOx contributes to
smog.
6) High cost of production.
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Biodiesel from Jatropha an Alternative Fuel for the Future
12. CONCLUSION
No doubt that petroleum diesel will continue to become more
expensive and less readily available in future. Thus the biodiesel from Jatropha
will be best alternative fuel for the future.
Biodiesel extracted by transesterification from vegetable oil and by
this process viscosity of oils brought in acceptable limits. The following
conclusions were drawn regarding performance and emission characteristics by
using Biodiesel from Jatropha.
1) There was a substantial decrease in exhaust smoke density and NOx to a
level lower than the diesel engine.
2) Flash and fire points are comparatively higher for esters, thus reducing
fire hazards.
3) Engine shows better performance for blends with diesel rather than pure
ester.
4) It improves to economy of whole domestic life.
5) With consideration of mass production cost of biodiesel can brought
down.
Use of this JOME can be effective in existing diesel engines and it
as a partial diesel substitute can go a long way in conservation measure,
boosting farm economy, reducing uncertainty of fuel availability and making
farmers more self-reliant.
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Biodiesel from Jatropha an Alternative Fuel for the Future
REFERENCES
1. Prof. H.C.Joshi , “Biodiesel From Jatropha”, Invention Intelligence ,
September –October 2003, PP:- 205-216
2. J. G. Suryawanshi , “Biodiesel In Diesel Engine-Research Paper ” , VNIT
, Department Of Mechanical Engineering Nagpur,
3. www.biodiesel.org
4. www.treeoilsindia.com
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Biodiesel from Jatropha an Alternative Fuel for the Future
CONTENTS
Sr. No Topics Page. No
ABSTRACT
1. INTRODUCTION
2. BIODIESEL EXTRACTION PROCESS
3. COMPONENTS OF BIODIESEL
4. FUEL CHARACTERISTICS OF BIODIESEL
FROM JATROPHA curcas
5. EFFECT ON PERFORMANCE OF ENGINE
6. EFFECT ON EMISSION
7. ECONOMICAL ANALYSIS
8. POTENTIAL OF JATROPHA IN INDIA
9. IMPORTANT ADVANTAGES OF USING BIODIESEL
10. ADDITIONAL ADVANTAGES OF GROWING
JATROPHA PLANTATIONS
11. DISADVANTAGES OF BIODIESEL
12. CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
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Biodiesel from Jatropha an Alternative Fuel for the Future
ABSTRACT:
The rapid deletion of fossil fuel with increased environment
concern has stimulated worldwide efforts to produce alternative to diesel. Use of
bio-origin fuel as an alternative fuel can contribute significantly towards the twin
problem of fuel crisis and environmental pollution.
The fuel of the bio-origin may be the biodiesel obtained from non-
edible vegetable oil of Jatropha curcas ( Ratanjyot) Through transesterification
process most of the properties of this biodiesel compares favorably with the
characteristics required for CI fuel.
This fuel in the form of blend with diesel performs almost as well as
neat fuel with little or no engine modification. As biodiesel is having high cetane
number power output of engine can be improved if compression ratio increased.
Thermal efficiency of diesel engine increase and brake specific fuel consumption
(BSFC) reduces and emission of smoke, HC and CO was considerably
decreases.
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