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PROJECT REPORT

ON REDUCING

POLLUTION

IN

WEST BENGAL

BY USING BIO-DIESEL

SUBMITTED BY:

COSTAL ENERGY LTD

BLOCK 4, 5TH FLOOR,

#4, CHOWRINGHEE LANE, KOLKATA, INDIA

INFO@COSTALENERGY.COM, WWW.COSTALENERGY.COM

+91-33-22521855/56,+91-33-40073877(FAX)

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INTRODUCTION TO WEST BENGAL STATE

West Bengal is a state in eastern regions of India and is the nation's fourth most populous state. It is also

the seventh most populous sub-nationals entity in the world. West Bengal is the third largest contributor 

to India's GDP. An agriculture-dependent state, West Bengal occupies only 2.7% of the India's land area,

though it supports over 7.8% of the Indian population, and is the most densely populated state in India.

Owing to the varying altitude from the Himalayas to the coastal plains, the flora and fauna of the state is

diverse. Forests make up 14% of the geographical area of West Bengal, which is lower than the national

average of 23%. Protected forests cover 4% of the state area. Part of the world's largest mangrove forest

Sundarbans is located in southern West Bengal.

POLLUTION LEVELS IN WEST BENGAL

Kolkata, the capital of West Bengal has upstaged Delhi as the air pollution capital of India, accounting for 

more deaths due to lung cancer and heart attack than the capital city.

More than 18 persons per one lakh people in Kolkata fall victim to lung cancer every year, compared to

the next highest 13 per one lakh in Delhi, according to environmental scientist and advisor of Chittaranjan

 National Cancer Institute. Not only lung cancer, cases of heart attack were also rising fast in the Eastern

metropolis. In a six-year survey conducted by the Chittaranjan National cancer institute, incidents of heart

attack were occurring more frequently in the city. CNCI scientists has also mentioned in the report that

more than seven in 10 people in Kolkata, including children as well as elderly people, suffer from various

kinds of respiratory disorders.

Pollution is a major concern in Kolkata, and the Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) level is high when

compared to other major cities of India, leading to regular smog and haze. Severe air pollution in the city

has caused rise in pollution-related respiratory ailments such as lung cancer.

Even as the West Bengal government is engaged in frantic efforts to phase out old vehicles, green

activists claim that Kolkata is fast heading towards disaster due to abnormally high air pollution levels

and needs a strong action plan to combat the menace.

A study released by the Centre of Science and Environment (CSE), a New Delhi-based organization

working on green issues, revealed that the annual average of Kolkata's repairable suspended particulate

matter exceeded the national standards in 2007 by 1.4 times and, as per the monthly data available, the

trend is continuing.

"The carcinogenic benzene levels in Kolkata were found in winter of 2006-2007 to be as high as 36micro-grams per cubic meter, higher than Delhi, which has a larger number of vehicles,"

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BIO-DIESEL AND HOW IT CAN HELP:

Biodiesel refers to a vegetable oil fat-based diesel fuel consisting of long chain methyl esters. Biodiesel is

meant to be used in standard diesel engines. Biodiesel can be used alone, or blended with Petro-Diesel.

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel, having diesel like properties, synthesized by a simple chemical reaction of 

alcohols with vegetable oils. It is commonly made from edible oils like Soyabean, rapeseed and palm oilin the world.

The biodiesel produced has been tested for its properties and meets the stringent international standards.

Extensive field trials have been conducted using 5 and 10% bio-diesel blends in collaboration with Indian

Railways, Haryana Roadways, TATA, etc.

A reduction of 10 to 15% in smoke density has been observed with the use of biodiesel blends.

ADVANTAGES OF BIODIESEL

1. Blends of Biodiesel with Petro-Diesel and LDO can be used in unmodified burners and boilers

and Engines. Biodiesel can either be used in its pure form or blended form.

2. The lifecycle production and use of biodiesel produces approximately 80% less carbon dioxide

emissions, and almost 100% less sulfur dioxide. Combustion of biodiesel alone provides over a

90% reduction in total unburned hydrocarbons, and a 75-90% reduction in aromatic

hydrocarbons. Biodiesel further provides significant reductions in particulates and carbon

monoxide than Pertro-Diesel/LDO. Biodiesel provides a slight increase or decrease in the overall

emission of nitrogen oxides depending on engine family and testing procedures. Based on Ames

Mutagenicity tests, biodiesel provides a 90% reduction in cancer risks.

3. Biodiesel is a proven fuel with over many successful users, and over 20 years of use in Europe.

GREEN FUEL

• The overall ozone (smog) forming potential of biodiesel is less than PETRO-DIESEL/LDO

--The ozone forming potential of the speculated hydrocarbon emissions was nearly 50 percent

less than that measured for PETRO-DIESEL/LDO.

• Sulphur emissions are essentially eliminated with pure biodiesel --The exhaust emissions of 

sulphur oxides and sulfates (major components of acid rain) from biodiesel were essentially

eliminated compared to sulphur oxides and sulphates from PETRO-DIESEL/LDO.

• Criteria pollutants are reduced with biodiesel use --The use of biodiesel in an unmodifiedBurner-furnace PETRO-DIESEL/LDO system resulted in substantial reductions of unburned

hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter. Emissions of nitrogen oxides were

slightly increased.

• Carbon Monoxide -- The exhaust emissions of carbon monoxide (a poisonous gas) from

 biodiesel were 50 percent lower than carbon monoxide emissions from PETRO-DIESEL/LDO.

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• Particulate Matter -- Breathing particulate has been shown to be a human health hazard. The

exhaust emissions of particulate matter from biodiesel were 30 percent lower than overall

 particulate matter emissions from PETRO-DIESEL/LDO.

• Hydrocarbons -- The exhaust emissions of total hydrocarbons (a contributing factor in the

localized formation of smog and ozone) were 93 percent lower for biodiesel than PETRO-

DIESEL/LDO.

• Biodiesel reduces the health risks associated with burning fossil fuel --Biodiesel emissions

showed decrease in the levels of PAH and nitrited PAH compounds which have been identified as

 potential cancer causing compounds. In the recent testing, PAH compounds were reduced by 75

to 85 percent, with the exception of benzo(a)anthracene, which was reduced by roughly 50

 percent. Targeted nPAH compounds were also reduced dramatically with biodiesel fuel, with 2-

nitrofluorene and 1-nitropyrene reduced by 90 percent, and the rest of the nPAH compounds

reduced to only trace levels.

BIODIESEL EMISSIONS COMPARED TO CONVENTIONAL DIESEL

Emission Type Biodiesel

Regulated

Total Unburned Hydrocarbons -93%

Carbon Monoxide -50%

Particulate Matter -30%

  NOx

Non-Regulated

Sulfates -100%

PAH (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) -80%

nPAH (nitrated PAH’s) -90%

Ozone potential of speciated HC -50%

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MANUFACTURERS IN OF BIO-DIESEL IN WEST BENGAL:

Sr. No. Company Production Capacity (Approx)1 Costal Energy Ltd 225KL/Day

2 Emami Biotech Ltd 350KL/Day

3 Air-Bridge Greens 50 KL/Day

Where Bio-Diesel Can Be Used:

Biodiesel can be used in West Bengal in following sectors:

1. In Automotive fuel blends:

Bio-diesel can be blended with Petro-Diesel and can be used in Taxis and Buses around Kolkata

City. Bio-diesel can be dispensed through mobile dispensing tankers. These tankers will be

 placed near bus depots and parking lots, where Buses and Taxis can get there vehicles filled with

Bio-Diesel. They can blend bio-diesel in any ratio with regular Petro-diesel without any

modification in their engines.

2. In Generators of Mobile Tower:

Bio-diesel can be blended with petro-diesel to be used in generators. Here also Bio-diesel can be

dispensed through mobile dispensing tankers.

3. Power Generation:

Biodiesel can also be used as a substitute of LDO in power plants as a source of fuel in

furnaces. It can both be used for initial firing as well as to spray on coal. A blend of LDO

and biodiesel to the ratio of 50:50 will be an ideal product to reduce substantive emission

as well as economic benefit to the consumer. This is to mention that apart from reducing pollution the product is also having price benefit to the consumer in comparison to the

fossil fuels.

4. Industrial uses:

Industries using diesel as their fuel can also blend bio-diesel with regular Petro-Diesel/LDO to reduce pollution. Industries like sponge iron plants, steel plants, Ferro-

alloys, cement and other sectors has a bulk consumption of Diesel/LDO and blending

 biodiesel by these industries can decrease the pollution levels substantially.

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How Bio-diesel can be popularize:To motivate above sectors to use Bio-Diesel, West Bengal Pollution Control Board is requested to advise

mandate to use bio-diesel with minimum percentage of blending as below.

1. In Automotive fuel blends:

Up to 20% with regular Petro-Diesel

2. In Generators of Mobile Tower:

Up to 30% with regular Petro-Diesel

3. Power Generation:

Up to 50% with regular Petro-Diesel/LDO

4. Industrial uses:

Up to 50% with regular Petro-Diesel/LDO

Challenges faced by biodiesel Sector:

West Bengal has the privilege of having already installed biodiesel state of art production facilities of 

approx 600 KL per day in running condition in such an early stage. But still the state is unable to benefit

from the existing setup due to non-supportive government policies till date.

Although a biodiesel policy is passed by the union cabinet in Dec 2009 but it lacks clarity and proper 

directions for the promotion of the sector. Such a policy of the indecisive government can jeopardize plans to popularize biodiesel to reduce dependence on fossil fuel and pollution.

Almost all the existing biodiesel plants are under shut down condition from past 6-8months due to the following reasons:

1) Government subsidy on diesel: Currently government is providing subsidy onpetro based diesel but Oil marketing companies have established a MSP forbiodiesel at Rs. 26.50/- per liter. These two policies are contradicting each other.

2) Biodiesel is premium product: In India, there is a false perception thatbiodiesel is a cheaper fuel than diesel whereas all round the world, it is sold as apremium fuel in order to minimize pollution against the subsidy provided by the

government.3) Lack of raw material: The cost of raw material is quiet high in comparison to

the finished products price in the market and it is not directly proportional to theend product.

4) No mandate by government: Almost all the major countries in the world havea policy of blending at-least 5% of biodiesel in petro diesel to keep a check onpollution. No such mandatory policy is in place in India.

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The crux of the matter is that without government support biodieselindustries cannot fight alone the current battle against pollution whichhas reached to an alarming level.