Biodiversity and Endangered Species

Chapter Overview Questions• How do scientists account for the development

of life on earth?• What is biological evolution by natural selection,

and how can it account for the current diversity of organisms on the earth?

• How can geologic processes, climate change and catastrophes affect biological evolution?

• What is an ecological niche, and how does it help a population adapt to changing the environmental conditions?

Chapter Overview Questions

• How do extinction of species and formation of new species affect biodiversity?

• What is the future of evolution, and what role should humans play in this future?

• How did we become such a powerful species in a short time?

Chapter Overview Questions

• How have human activities affected the earth’s biodiversity?

• How should forest resources be used, managed, and sustained globally and in the United States?

• How serious is tropical deforestation, and how can we help sustain tropical forests?

• How should rangeland resources be used, managed, and sustained?

Chapter Overview Questions• What problems do parks face, and how

should we manage them?• How should we establish, design, protect,

and manage terrestrial nature reserves?• What is wilderness, and why is it important?• What is ecological restoration, and why is it

important?• What can we do to help sustain the earth’s

terrestrial biodiversity?

Chapter Overview Questions• How do biologists estimate extinction rates, and

how do human activities affect these rates?• Why should we care about protecting wild

species?• Which human activities endanger wildlife?• How can we help prevent premature extinction

of species?• What is reconciliation ecology, and how can it

help prevent premature extinction of species?

___________ OF LIFE

• ________years of _______ change to form the first cells, followed by about ________years of ________ change.

Figure 4-2Figure 4-2

__________ Evolution

• This has led to the ________ of species we find on the earth today.

Figure 4-2Figure 4-2

Modern humans (Homo sapiens) appear about 2 ________ before midnight

Recorded human history begins about 1/4 second before midnight

Origin of life (_______ billion years ago)

Age of mammalsAge of

reptiles

Insects and amphibians invade the land

First fossil record of animals

Plants begin invading land

Evolution and expansion of life

How Do We Know Which __________ lived in the Past?

• __________• _________

analysis• Ice ______ drilled

out of buried ice • ______ analysis.

Figure 4-6Figure 4-6

EVOLUTION, NATURAL SELECTION, AND ADAPTATION

• Biological evolution by ________ ________ selection involves the _________ in a population’s ________ makeup through successive ____________.– genetic variability– _____________: random changes in the

structure or number of ______ molecules in a cell that can be inherited by offspring.

Hybridization and Gene Swapping: other Ways to Exchange Genes

• New species can arise through ____________.– Occurs when individuals to _____ distinct ________

crossbreed to produce an _______ offspring.

• Some species (mostly ___________) can exchange genes without ________ reproduction.– Horizontal gene transfer

_______ on Adaptation through Natural Selection

• A population’s ability to ________ to new environmental conditions through natural selection is limited by its ________and how fast it can _______________.– ___________ have a relatively slow

generation time (decades) and output (# of young) versus some other species.

Common _________ about Evolution through Natural Selection

• Evolution through natural selection is about the most descendants.– Organisms do _____ develop certain _______

because they need ________.– There is no such thing as genetic

__________.

__________ PROCESSES, _________ CHANGE, CATASTROPHES, AND

EVOLUTION• The movement of solid _________plates

making up the earth’s surface, __________ eruptions, and ___________ can wipe out existing species and help form new ones.– The _________ of continents and oceanic basins

influence __________.– The movement of continents have allowed species

to ________.

Fig. 4-8, p. 89

135 million years ago

Present65 million years ago

225 million years ago

Climate Change and Natural Selection• __________ in climate throughout the

earth’s history have shifted where ________ and _______ can live.

Figure 4-9Figure 4-9

Catastrophes and Natural Selection

• ___________ and ___________ hitting the earth and upheavals of the earth from geologic processes have _______ out large numbers of species and created evolutionary ____________ by natural selection of new species.

SPECIATION, EXTINCTION, AND BIODIVERSITY

• ____________: when a new species forms• A new species can arise when member of a

population become isolated for a long period of time which is called _________ ___________.– Genetic makeup changes, preventing them from

producing fertile offspring with the original population if reunited which is called __________ ____________.

____________ Isolation

• …can lead to ____________ isolation, divergence of gene pools and speciation.

Figure 4-10Figure 4-10

HUMAN IMPACTS ON TERRESTRIAL BIODIVERSITY

• We have ________ and ___________ some of the earth’s biodiversity and these threats are expected to ____________.

Fig. 10-2, p. 192

Alteration of natural chemicalcycles and energy flows

Indirect Effects

Loss ofBiodiversity

Climatechange

Human PopulationSize and resource use

Human Activities

Agriculture, industry, economicproduction and consumption, recreation

Changes in number anddistribution of species

Pollution of air, water,and soil

Degradation and destructionof natural ecosystems

Direct Effects

Why Should We _______ About Biodiversity?

• ____ Value: For the usefulness in terms of ________ and _________ services.

• _________ Value: existence, _________, bequest for ________ generations.

Figure 9-6Figure 9-6

Fig. 10-4, p. 193

Support energy flow and chemical cycling

Reduce soil erosion

Absorb and release water

Purify water and air

Influence local and regional climate

Store atmospheric carbon

Provide numerous wildlife habitats

Forests

Natural Capital

Fuelwood

Lumber

Pulp to make paper

Mining

Livestock grazing

Recreation

Jobs

EconomicServices

EcologicalServices

Types of Forests

• __________ forest: ______ or _______ forest that has not been seriously disturbed for several ________ years.– ___% of world’s forest.– Hosts many species with

____________ niches.• _______ - role of an organism in

a community especially in regard to food consumption

Figure 10-2Figure 10-2

Types of Forests

• ____________ forest: a stand of trees resulting from natural __________ succession.

• ________ plantation: planted stands of a particular tree species.

Figure 10-3Figure 10-3

Fig. 10-10, p. 225

• Decreased soil fertility from erosion

• Runoff of eroded soil into aquatic systems

• Premature extinction of species with specialized niches

• Loss of habitat for native species and migratoryspecies such as birds and butterflies

• Regional climate change from extensive clearing

• Release of CO2 into atmosphere

• Acceleration of flooding

Natural Capital Degradation

Deforestation

Harvesting Trees

• Building roads into previously inaccessible forests paves the way for ____________, ____________, and ______________.

Figure 10-5Figure 10-5

Harvesting Trees

• Trees can be harvested _________ from diverse forests (___________ cutting), an _______ forest can be cut down (_______ cutting), or _______ of the forest is harvested (e.g. ______ cutting).

Figure 10-6Figure 10-6

Fig. 10-6a, p. 222

(a) Selective cutting

Fig. 10-6b, p. 222

(b) Clear-cutting

Fig. 10-6c, p. 222

Uncut(c) Strip cutting

Stream

Uncut

Cut 3–10years ago

Dirt road

Cut 1year ago

Harvesting Trees

Effects of ______-cutting in the Effects of ______-cutting in the state of Washington, U.S.state of Washington, U.S.

Figures 10-8 and 10-7Figures 10-8 and 10-7

Fig. 10-8, p. 223

Higher timber yields

Maximum profits in shortest time

Can reforest with fast-growing trees

Short time to establish new stand of trees

Needs less skill and planning

Good for tree species needing full or moderate sunlight

Disadvantages

Reduces biodiversity

Disrupts ecosystem processes

Destroys and fragments wildlife habitats

Leaves large openings

Increases water pollution, flooding, and erosion on steep slopes

Eliminates most recreational value

Trade-Offs

Clear-Cutting Forests

Advantages

Fig. 10-16, p. 230

• Identify and protect forest areas high in biodiversity

• Grow more timber on long rotations

• Rely more on selective cutting and strip cutting

• Stop clear-cutting on steep slopes

• Cease logging of old-growth forests

• Prohibit fragmentation of remaining large blocks offorest

• Sharply reduce road building into uncut forest areas

• Leave most standing dead trees and fallen timber for wildlife habitat and nutrient recycling

• Certify timber grown by sustainable methods

• Include ecological services of forests in estimating their economic value

• Plant tree plantations on deforested and degraded land

• Shift government subsidies from harvesting trees to planting trees

Sustainable Forestry

Solutions

_______ and ______ of Forest Fires

• Depending on their intensity, fires can _______ or _______ forests.– Burn away ______________ ground material.– Release valuable ____________nutrients.

Figure 10-9Figure 10-9

Solutions: _________ Over Fire Management

• To reduce fire damage:– Set _______ surface fires.– Allow fires to burn on

______ lands if they don’t threaten life and property.

– Clear small areas _______ property subject to fire.

Solutions: Controversy Over Fire Management

• In ________, U.S. Congress passed the ________ ________ __________ _____:– Allows timber companies to cut ________ and

______ trees in 71% of the national forests.– In return, must clear away smaller, more _________

trees and underbrush.– Some forest scientists believe this could _______

severe fires by removing fire ________ trees and leaving highly flammable slash.

___________over Logging in U.S. National ________

• There has been an ongoing ________ over whether U.S. national forests should be primarily for:– _________.– _____________.– ___________.– ______ of these uses.

Fig. 10-14, p. 202

Helps meet country’s timber needs

Cut areas grow back

Keeps lumber and paper prices down

Provides jobs in nearby communities

Promotes economic growth in nearby communities

Trade-Offs

Provides only 4% of timber needs

Ample private forest land to meet timber needs

Has little effect on timber and paper prices

Damages nearby rivers and fisheries

Recreation in national forests provides more local jobs and income for local communities than logging

Decreases recreational opportunities

DisadvantagesAdvantages

Logging in U.S. National Forests

CASE STUDY: _________________ DEFORESTATION

• Large areas of ___________ and ___________ important tropical forests are being ________ and __________ at a fast rate.

Figure 3-11Figure 3-11

CASE STUDY: TROPICAL DEFORESTATION

• At least ______ of the world’s terrestrial ______ and _______ species live in tropical rain forests.

• Large areas of tropical forest are ________ to make way for ________ ranches and _______.

Figure 10-15Figure 10-15

Solutions: Reducing Demand for Harvest Trees

• Tree harvesting can be reduced by ________ less wood and making paper and charcoal fuel from ______ that do not come from trees.– _________ is a promising

plant for paper production.

Figure 10-1Figure 10-1

_________ Forests in a ___________ Economy

• Timber from tree plantations in __________ and __________ countries is decreasing the need for timber production in the U.S.– This could help preserve the ____________ in the

U.S. by decreasing pressure to ________ old-growth and ________-growth forests.

– This may lead to ________ land owners to ______ less profitable land to developers.

– Forest _____________policy will play a key role.

Why Should We ______ about the Loss of Tropical Forests?

• About ______ of the ______ plants identified by the National Cancer Institute as sources of _______-fighting chemicals come from tropical forests. Figure 9-7Figure 9-7

Fig. 7-7a, p. 196

Rauvolfia Rauvolfia sepentina, Southeast AsiaTranquilizer, high blood pressure medication

Fig. 9-7b, p. 196

Foxglove Digitalis purpurea, EuropeDigitalis for heart failure

Fig. 10-18c, p. 205

Pacific yew Taxus brevifolia, Pacific NorthwestOvarian cancer

Fig. 9-7d, p. 196

CinchonaCinchona ledogeriana, South AmericaQuinine for malaria treatment

Fig. 9-7e, p. 196

Rosy periwinkle Cathranthus roseus, MadagascarHodgkin's disease, lymphocytic leukemia

Fig. 9-7f, p. 196

Neem tree Azadirachta indica, IndiaTreatment of many diseases, insecticide, spermicide

Fig. 10-20, p. 207

Protect most diverse and endangered areas

Educate settlers about sustainable agriculture and forestry

Phase out subsidies that encourage unsustainable forest use

Add subsidies that encourage sustainable forest use

Protect forests with debt-for-nature swaps and conservation easements

Certify sustainably grown timber

Reduce illegal cutting

Reduce poverty

Slow population growth

Restoration

Reforestation

Rehabilitation of degraded areas

Concentrate farming and ranching on already-cleared areas

Solutions

Sustaining Tropical Forests

Prevention

Kenya’s _______ Belt Movement:Individuals Matter

• ________ Maathai founded the _______ _____ Movement.

• The main goal is to organize ______ women to plant (for fuelwood) and _____ millions of trees.

• In 2004, awarded _______ _______ _________

Figure 10-1Figure 10-1

MANAGING AND SUSTAINING GRASSLANDS

• Almost half of the world’s livestock graze on _________ grasslands (________) and __________ grasslands (__________).

• We can sustain rangeland productivity by controlling the number and distribution of livestock and by restoring degraded rangeland.

MANAGING AND SUSTAINING GRASSLANDS

• ___________ (left) occurs when ____many animals _____ for too ____ and exceed _______

• _______ of a grassland area.

Figure 10-20Figure 10-20

MANAGING AND SUSTAINING GRASSLANDS

• Example of _________ area along the San Pedro River in Arizona after 10 years of _________ grazing and off-road vehicles.

Figure 10-21Figure 10-21

Case Study: Grazing and Urban Development in the ________West• Ranchers, ecologists, and environmentalists

are joining together to ___________ the grasslands on cattle ranches.– _________ ranchers conservation _________

(barring future owners from development).– Pressuring government to ______the _______ to

prevent development of ecologically sensitive areas.

__________________• Countries have established more than

________ national parks, but most are __________ by human activities.– ________ people __________ park for wood,

cropland, and other natural ___________.– Loggers, miners, and wildlife poachers also

___________ natural resources.– Many are too _________ to sustain large-animal

species.– Many suffer from __________ species.

Case Study: Stresses on U.S. National Parks

• _____________ due to popularity.

• _________ (private ownership) within parks _______ natural _________.

• _____ pollution.

Figure 10-23Figure 10-23

Fig. 10-24, p. 239

• Integrate plans for managing parks and nearby federal lands

• Add new parkland near threatened parks

• Buy private land inside parks

• Locate visitor parking outside parks and use shuttle buses for entering and touring heavily used parks

• Increase funds for park maintenance and repairs

• Survey wildlife in parks

• Raise entry fees for visitors and use funds for park management and maintenance

• Limit the number of visitors to crowded park areas

• Increase the number and pay of park rangers

• Encourage volunteers to give visitor lectures and tours

• Seek private donations for park maintenance and repairs

National Parks

Solutions

NATURE RESERVES• Ecologists call for protecting more land to help

sustain __________, but powerful _________ and _________ interests ________ doing this.– Currently _____ of earth’s land area is ________.– Only ____ is strictly ________ from harmful

_________ activities.– Conservation biologists call for ____ protection of

at least _____ of earth’s land area representing ________ examples of all _________.

NATURE RESERVES• Large and medium-sized reserves with

______ ______ help _________ biodiversity and can be connected by corridors.

_____ ______has consolidated its parks and reserves into ___ ____________ designed to sustain ____ if its biodiversity.

Figure 10-26Figure 10-26

Fig. 10-B, p. 213

Cordillera Volcanica Central

Pacific Ocean

CostaRica

Caribbean SeaNigaragua

Panama

La Amistad

Llanuras deTortuguero

Guanacaste

Arenal

BajoTempisque

Peninsula Osa

Pacifico Central

• ___ hotspots identified by ecologists as ___________ and ____________ centers of biodiversity.

Figure 10-27Figure 10-27

Case Study: The U.S. Endangered Species Act

• Biodiversity hotspots in relation to the largest concentrations of ______ and potentially __________ species in the U.S.

Top Six Hot Spots1 Hawaii2 San Francisco Bay

area3 Southern

Appalachians4 Death Valley5 Southern California6 Florida Panhandle

Concentration of rare species

High Low Moderate

________________

Definition: _______ of different species.

_________________:

_________ of ________ species and their relative ___________ in a given area.

________________:

__________ in the ________ makeup of organisms of a species that allow the species to _________ and gain a competitive __________

__________________: The ________ of forests, deserts, grasslands, oceans, lakes, etc.

_____________ of Diversity• ___________- stable environment• Genetic __________- genetic diversity• _________- medicines• Agricultural- _____• Industrial- building ______; things we use• ____________- experimental; new technology• _____________- beautiful• __________ what should we do regarding the

environment• __________- religious beliefs regarding environment

______________: Lights Out

• Extinction occurs when the population ________ _______ to changing environmental conditions.

The golden toad of Costa Rica’s The golden toad of Costa Rica’s Monteverde cloud forest has Monteverde cloud forest has become extinct because of become extinct because of changes in climate.changes in climate.

Figure 4-11Figure 4-11

Tertiary

Bar width represents relative number of living speciesEra Period

Species and families experiencing

mass extinction

Millions ofyears ago

Ordovician: 50% of animal families, including many trilobites.

Devonian: 30% of animal families, including agnathan and placoderm fishes and many trilobites.

500

345

Cambrian

Ordovician

Silurian

Devonian

Extinction

Extinction

Pal

eozo

icM

eso

zoic

Cen

ozo

ic

Triassic: 35% of animal families, including many reptiles and marine mollusks.

Permian: 90% of animal families, including over 95% of marine species; many trees, amphibians, most bryozoans and brachiopods, all trilobites.Carboniferous

Permian

Current extinction crisis causedby human activities. Many speciesare expected to become extinctwithin the next 50–100 years.Cretaceous: up to 80% of ruling reptiles (dinosaurs); many marine species including manyforaminiferans and mollusks.

Extinction

Extinction

Triassic

Jurassic

Cretaceous

250

180

65Extinction

ExtinctionQuaternary Today

Effects of Humans on Biodiversity

• The scientific consensus is that _______ activities are ___________ the earth’s _________.

Fig. 4-13, p. 94

Marineorganisms

Terrestrialorganisms

Nu

mb

er o

f fa

mil

ies

Millions of years ago

Qu

ater

nar

y

Ter

tiar

y

Pre

-cam

bri

an

Cam

bri

an

Ord

ovi

cian

Sil

uri

an

Dev

on

ian

Car

bo

nif

ero

us

Jura

ssic

Dev

on

ian

Per

mia

n

Cre

tace

ou

s

History of Extinctions• Extinctions have ________

long before humans had an influence

However:

________________ Species

•The __________ extinction crisis is the first to be _______ by a ________ species- US!

. This is happening faster than ever; a few _________ versus _________ to __________ of years.

Humans are eliminating not only the _________ but, the ___________. Ex. Tropical rainforest

____________-__________ disappearance of a ________ from the earth.Ex: Dinosaurs

VOCABULARY:

SPECIES EXTINCTION

• Species can become extinct: – __________: A species is no longer found in an

area it once inhabited but is still found elsewhere in the world.

– ____________: Occurs when so few members of a species are left they no longer play its ecological role.

– ________________Species is no longer found on the earth.

Global Extinction

• Some animals have become __________ extinct because of ______ activities.

Figure 9-2Figure 9-2

Endangered and Threatened Species: Ecological Smoke Alarms

• __________ species: so ____ individual survivors that it could ______become _______.

• __________ species: still abundant in its natural range but is _______ to become _______ in the near _____.

Grizzly bear Kirkland’s warbler

Knowlton cactus

Florida manatee

African elephant

Utah prairie dog Swallowtail butterfly

Humpback chub

Golden lion tamarin

Siberian tiger

Fig. 11-3, p. 224

Hawksbill sea turtle

Giant panda Black-footed ferret

Whooping crane

Northern spotted owl

Blue whale

Mountain gorilla Florida panther

California condor

Black rhinoceros

________________- Species with so _____ survivors that the species could soon become extinct. Ex: Leopard

______________________ Wild species that is still abundant in its naturalrange but is ______ to become __________ because of a ________ in numbers. Ex: Northern Sea Lion

______A ___________ ______ in a species.Ex: African Violet & some Orchids

ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION• ____________: trying to return to a condition as

similar as possible to original state.• ____________:attempting to turn a degraded

ecosystem back to being functional.• ____________:replacing a degraded ecosystem

with another type of ecosystem.• _____________________: such as artificial

wetlands for flood reduction and sewage treatment.

ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION• ______ basic science-based _________ for

ecological restoration:– Identify ________.– Stop _______ by eliminating or sharply reducing

factors.– Reintroduce _________if necessary.– ________ area from _______ degradation.– Use adaptive _________ to ________ efforts,

assess successes, and modify strategies.

Will Restoration_________Further ___________?

• There is some ________ that ecological restoration could promote further environmental destruction and degradation.– Suggesting that _____ ecological _____ can be

________– __________ecosystem damage is far

______than ecological restoration.

____________ Costs• The ______ of _______ _________.

• Example, how much would it cost to protect a forest from cutting, move an endangered species to a new habitat, or restore a statue damaged by air pollution?

______________• _________ and _________ study devoted to

restoring, repairing, and reconstructing damaged ecosystems.

_____________• __________aside or _______ undisturbed

natural _______ from harmful human activities.

____________• _________ an ecosystem that has been

destroyed.

_____________• _______ of a system to _______ for some

specified time.

WHAT CAN WE DO?• ______ priorities for protecting biodiversity:

– Take __________ action to _________world’s biological hot spots.

– Keep intact remaining _____ growth.– Complete ________ of world’s __________ for

inventory and decision making.– Determine world’s __________ hot spots.– Concentrate on protecting and _________ lake

and river systems (most threatened ecosystems).

WHAT CAN WE DO?

– ________ that the full range of the earths ecosystems are ________ in global conservation strategy.

– Make conservation __________.– Initiate ecological restoration _________ to

_______ some of the damage done and increase share of earth’s land and water allotted to the rest of nature.

SPECIES EXTINCTION

• ______ species have _________ that make them _________ to ecological and biological extinction.

Figure 9-3Figure 9-3

Fig. 11-4, p. 225

Low reproductive rate(K-strategist)

Specialized niche

Narrow distribution

Feeds at high trophic level

Fixed migratory patterns

Rare

Commercially valuable

Large territories

Characteristic

Blue whale, giant panda,rhinoceros

Blue whale, giant panda,Everglades kite

Many island species,elephant seal, desert pupfish

Bengal tiger, bald eagle,grizzly bear

Blue whale, whooping crane,sea turtles

Many island species,African violet, some orchids

Snow leopard, tiger, elephant, rhinoceros, rare plants and birds

California condor, grizzly bear, Florida panther

Examples

• ______ Reproductive Rate• Specialized ________ Habits• Feed at high ________ levels• Large ________• Specialized ______ or _______ areas• Found only in _____ place or region• Fixed____________patterns• _____ on livestock or people• ___________ Patterns

SPECIES EXTINCTION• Scientists use ____________ and ______

to estimate extinction rates.– The International Union for the

__________of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) publishes an annual ________, listing the world’s threatened species.

– The ________ Red List contains __________ species at risk for extinction.

SPECIES EXTINCTION

• _____________ of various species types threatened with premature _________ from human activities.

Figure 9-4Figure 9-4

HABITAT _____, ___________, AND _______________

• Conservation biologists _________ the most important causes of premature extinction as “________”: – _________ destruction, degradation, and

fragmentation– __________species– __________ growth– ___________– ___________

• _________Loss- people moving in (the _______ ____reason for endangerment!)

• ________ pollution- polluted air, water, etc

• ________-Hunting• __________Harvest- sold for profit

_________ of Endangerment

Location Where Endangerment is a Problem:

• _________California, Hawaii, Texas and Southeastern states like Florida

• Worldwide- Places that don’t ______ _______ and _______ countries that need the food. Ex. Africa, Asia, Middle East.

___________ Biology-Multidisciplinary science that deals with the _____ of ________ and how to maintain the earth’s ecosystems.

_________ used to help Endangered Species:

In Situ: • ________ the animal where it ____

but _________ it. – Ex. Elephants; make laws that prevent

_______ and have people to enforce it.– Ex. Marine turtles are protected but ______

nets must be used on all fishing nets so the turtles can get out and not drown.

___________________:

Ex Situ:• Taking the animal _____ of its habitat & _______ it.• Ex. Zoo’s• 2 types:

– _____ pulling -collecting wild eggs laid by critically endangered bird species and then hatching them in zoos or research centers

– _______ breeding, wild individuals of a critically endangered species are captured for breeding in captivity, with the aim of __________ the offspring into the wild.

Fig. 9-10a, p. 199

Range 100 years ago

Indian Tiger

Range today(about 2,300 left)

Fig. 9-19b, p. 199

Range in 1700

Black Rhino

Range today(about 3,600 left)

Fig. 9-10c, p. 199

Probable range 1600

African Elephant

Range today

Fig. 9-10d, p. 199

Range today(34,000–54,000 left)

Asian or Indian Elephant

Former range

________ SPECIES• Many ________

species provide us with food, medicine, and other benefits but a few can wipe out _____ species, disrupt ecosystems, and cause large _________losses.Kudzu vine was introduced in Kudzu vine was introduced in

the southeastern U.S. to the southeastern U.S. to control erosion. It has taken control erosion. It has taken over native species habitats.over native species habitats.

Figure 9-12Figure 9-12

INVASIVE SPECIES

• Many invasive species have been introduced ____________.

Figure 9-11Figure 9-11

INVASIVE SPECIES

• Many invasive species have been introduced ________________.

Figure 9-11Figure 9-11

INVASIVE SPECIES• The

__________introduced to Mobile, Alabama in 1932 from South America.– Most probably from

_______.– No ________ predators.

Fig. 9-14, p. 203

• Do not allow wild animals to escape.

• Do not spread wild plants to other areas.

• Do not dump the contents of an aquarium into waterways, wetlands, or storm drains.

• When camping use wood near your campsite instead of bringing firewood from somewhere else.

• Do not dump unused bait into the water.

• After dogs visit woods or the water brush them before taking them home.

• After each use clean your vehicle, mountain bike, surfboard, kayaks, canoes, boats, tent, hiking boots, and other gear before heading for home.

• Empty all water from canoes, kayaks, dive gear, and other outdoor equipment before heading home.

• Plant a variety of trees, shrubs, and other plants in your yard to reduce losses from invasive species.

• Do not buy plants from overseas or swap them with others using the Internet.

What Can You Do?

Invasive Species

• Climate similar to habitat of invader

• Absence of predators on invading species

• Early successional systems

• Low diversity of native species

• Absence of fire

• Disturbed by human activities

Characteristics ofSuccessful

Invader Species

• High reproductive rate, short generation time (r-selected species)

• Pioneer species

• Long lived

• High dispersal rate

• Release growth-inhibiting chemicals into soil

• Generalists

• High genetic variability

Characteristics ofEcosystems Vulnerable

to Invader Species

____________• Each year

____________:– Kill about 1/5th of the

U.S. _________ colonies.

– 67 million ______.– 6 -14 million _____.– Threaten ____th of the

U.S.’s endangered and threatened species.Example of biomagnification Example of biomagnification

of DDT in an aquatic food of DDT in an aquatic food chain.chain.

Figure 9-15Figure 9-15

______________• Some ____________are killed for their

valuable ____ or are sold live to ________.• Killing predators and pests that ______ us

or cause ________ losses threatens some species with ___________ extinction.

• Legal and illegal trade in wildlife species used as _____ or for ________ purposes threatens some species with extinction.

________ _________

A _________ strategy; ________protect or protect the environment ______ endangerment occurs.

__________ RestorationRenewing, repairing, or reconstructing damaged __________.

____________ ECOLOGY

• Reconciliation ecology involves finding ways to _____ places we dominate with other ______.– Replacing ________ grasses with native species.– Maintaining habitats for insect eating _____ can

keep down unwanted insects.– Reduction and elimination of _________ to

protect non-target organisms (such as vital insect pollinators).

Using Reconciliation Ecology to Protect _________

• Putting up bluebird _____ with holes too small for (________) competitors in areas where trees have been cut down have helped reestablish ____________.

Zoos, aquaria, gardens, etc.

Breeding programs, protection, ______ public about the animals/ plants so they will want to ________ them.

Conservation Organizations•Some are severe like _________- bomb whaling vessels, etc., others send money or try to pass ______.

Policy & Laws:__________ _______ ___ - 1973

• One of the world’s _________ environmental laws. • It is _____ for Americans to _______ or _____ in any

product made from an __________ or ________ species unless it is used for an approved scientific purpose or to enhance the survival of the species.

• Authorizes the ________________and the _____________________ to identify and list all other endangered & threatened species.

• These species ________ be hunted, killed, collected or injured in the U.S.

Case Study: U.S. Endangered Species Act

• One of the world’s most far-reaching and controversial environmental laws is the 1973 U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA).– ESA ________ federal agencies (besides defense

department) to carry_____/ ______ projects that would _________an endangered species.

– ESA makes it _______for Americans to engage in _________ associated with or hunt / kill / collect endangered or threatened species.

Species to Know

• __________• ___________• ______________• __________• _____________• ___________

________________• Rhinoceros are

often killed for their _____ and sold illegally on the _____ market for decorative and ________ purposes.

Figure 9-17Figure 9-17

Case Study: Rising Demand for

____________ in Africa• Bushmeat ______

has caused the local _______ of many animals in West ______.

• Can spread ______ such as ________ and ______ virus.

Figure 9-18Figure 9-18

Endangered Species

• Because of scarcity of inspectors, probably no more than ____th of the ______ wildlife trade in the U.S. is __________.

Figure 9-20Figure 9-20

Endangered Species• Congress has ________ the ESA to help landowners

protect species on their land.• Some believe that the ESA should be _________ or

________ while others believe it should be _________ and modified to focus on protecting ecosystems.

• Many scientists believe that we should focus on _________ and __________ biodiversity and ecosystem function as the best way to protect species.

Local Examples of Endangered Species

American Alligator- threat.

Peregrine Falcon- DM

Whooping Crane- end.

Bald Eagle- DM

Grizzly Bear- threatened

PROTECTING WILD SPECIES: LEGAL AND ECONOMIC APPROACHES

• International ________ have helped reduce the international trade of endangered and threatened species, but _______________ is difficult.– One of the most powerful is the ______ Convention on

International Trade of Endangered Species (______).• Signed by _______ countries, lists _____ species that cannot

be commercially traded.

_________ Treaty• Convention on International Trade in Endangered

Species of Wild ______ and _____• ________ all international trade in _______

products to protect elephant populations that were being decimated by poachers.

• Signed by ______ countries and lists more than ______ species that cannot be commercially traded as live specimens or wildlife products because they are in danger of extinction and __________ other species whose international trade is monitored because they are at risk of becoming threatened.

Fig. 10-28, p. 247

• Adopt a forest.

• Plant trees and take care of them.

• Recycle paper and buy recycled paper products.

• Buy sustainable wood and wood products.

• Choose wood substitutes such as bamboo furniture and recycled plastic outdoor furniture, decking, and fencing.

• Restore a nearby degraded forest or grassland.

• Landscape your yard with a diversity of plants natural to the area.

• Live in town because suburban sprawl reduces biodiversity.

Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity

What Can You Do?

Fig. 9-22, p. 213

• Do not buy furs, ivory products, and other materials made from endangered or threatened animal species.

• Do not buy wood and paper products produced by cutting remaining old-growth forests in the tropics.

• Do not buy birds, snakes, turtles, tropical fish, and other animals that are taken from the wild.

• Do not buy orchids, cacti, and other plants that are taken from the wild.

• Spread the word. Talk to your friends and relatives about this problem and what they can do about it.

What Can You Do?

Protecting Species