BIODIVERSITY AND INDUSTRY · generated by the losses of biodiversity and create a methodology to...

Brasilia, October, 2012

Short Version

BIODIVERSITY AND INDUSTRY

Information for a sustainable management

NATIONAL CONFEDERATION OF INDUSTRY – CNIRobson Braga de AndradePresident Communication DepartmentCarlos Alberto BarreirosDirector Industrial Development DepartmentCarlos Eduardo AbijaodiDirector Education and Technology DepartmentRafael Esmeraldo Lucchesi RamacciottiDirector Policy and Strategy DepartmentJosé Augusto Coelho FernandesDirector Institutional Relations DepartmentMônica Messenberg GuimarãesDirector Legal DepartmentHélio José Ferreira RochaDirector

CONTENTS

Foreword .............................................................................................................................................................................. 7

Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................................... 9

1. Understanding Concepts ... .............................................................................................................................................. 11

2. International Scenario ...................................................................................................................................................... 19

3. National Scenario .............................................................................................................................................................. 23

4. Some Successful Cases ...................................................................................................................................................... 35

5. The Management of Biodiversity in Brazil ....................................................................................................................... 53

References ............................................................................................................................................................................. 56

© 2012. CNI – National Confederation of IndustryAny part of this publication may be reproduced, provided the source is cited.

CNIEnvironment Executive Board- GEMAS

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National Confederation of Industry.Biodiversity and Industry: information for a sustainable management/ Beatriz de

Bulhões Mossri. – Brasília : CNI, 2012. 54 p. : il.

1. Biodiversity 2. Industry I. Title

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FOREWORD

Biodiversity is not an easy concept to grasp in its fullness, nor is it obvious to establish its direct relationship with indus-

trial activity. At first, biodiversity is associated with environmental issues, with species conservation, but not with industry.

With the increased knowledge and the deepening of international negotiations, this picture has changed. The theme

of biodiversity has assumed a prominent place in the national and international debate, due to evidences of its economic

and social impacts.

Biodiversity and ecosystem services are the means of subsistence of thousands of people around the world. Providing

food, medicines, fibers for clothing, shelter, in addition to clean air, clean water, and climate control. Loosing it all may repre-

sent a loss of trillions of dollars, mostly affecting underserved populations in the poorest countries.

Studies have shown that, on a global level, biodiversity is declining. Combating and preventing the loss of biodiversity and

degradation of ecosystems and their services are the major environmental challenges facing humanity. In order to reverse

this trend, the political commitment of the United Nations and the engagement of stakeholders should be reaffirmed.

Aware of the importance of better understanding the relationship between biodiversity and the various industrial activi-

ties, the National Confederation of Industry (CNI - Confederação Nacional da Indústria) introduced this theme in the list of

priority issues and has developed various activities and projects. One of which is to provide and disseminate information

bout emerging issues of interest to industry in order to facilitate understanding the impacts and opportunities that arise in

contemporary societies.

Associação Caatinga


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This publication had the following goals: to inform, warn, and guide. The idea is to offer information in a simplified way

on biodiversity and its policies, based on the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), an international agreement signed by

193 countries, including Brazil.

Brazil is in a privileged position when it comes to biodiversity. It is part of the group of 17 megadiverse1 countries and is

considered the country with the highest biodiversity in the world. What are the opportunities for industries? How can the

country enjoy this immense wealth sustainably? And how can Brazilian society benefit from it? To answer these questions

we must have in mind sustainability and innovation as central pillars for the consolidation of a new development model that

encourages the sustainable use of biodiversity components while preserving them in order to provide social and economic

benefits for current and future generations.

The publication is organized in five parts. The first one focuses on explaining what biodiversity is, its distribution, its value,

causes for its loss, why this is a problem and how to avoid or minimize its loss. The second part presents the main commit-

ments in the international arena, as well as initiatives to engage the private sector in the theme of biodiversity. Afterwards,

the national scenario is presented: Brazilian biodiversity, the implementation of the three objectives of the Convention in

Brazil, the opportunities and risks that the Brazilian industry faces regarding biodiversity, the relationship between different

industrial sectors and biodiversity, and some of Brazil’s most important biodiversity policies from a business perspective. To

illustrate, in the fourth part of the publication are presented some successful study cases of Brazilian companies with biodi-

versity. Finally, a list is provided with a brief description and contacts of the agencies of the National Environmental System

(Sisnama), responsible for environmental management, including the management of biodiversity.

INTRODUCTION

Biodiversity is more than just species. Biodiversity, or biological diversity is the variety of all life on the planet. It is genes,

species and ecosystems. At all times we are faced with and relate to some component of biodiversity. It is in what we eat,

what we wear, the medicines we take, the products we use for both personal and household hygiene. Biodiversity not only

embodies the goods it offers, but also the services it provides.

It comprises the air we breathe, the water we drink, it is connected to flood control, pollution control, to our leisure time

at the park, or the pleasure in contemplating beautiful landscapes. The existence and maintenance of it all is directly related

to the way we make use of those resources, the way we respect and protect ecosystems and the species that live in them.

Biodiversity, as is the case of climate changes, is also considered a global issue, i.e., it must be addressed together with

other countries so as to establish consensus and general rules on several issues that impact the global community. In this

sense, Brazil participates in various international, bilateral, and multilateral agreements whose central theme is biodiversity.

The most important agreement on the subject is the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in force since December 1993,

and of which Brazil is a signatory. Under this Convention, various commitments have been made by State Parties which

should be internalized nationally through policies, programs and projects in the public and private spheres.

Although Brazil is a megadiverse country, biodiversity has not been adequately treated in its social and political develop-

ment, and instead of becoming a competitive edge, the rich biodiversity has been little exploited in favor of the Brazilian

economy and society.

1. The concept of “mega-diversity” was cre-

ated in 1988 by Russell Mittermeier, world

renowned primatologist, president of Conservation

International, when he observed that 17 countries

concentrated about 70% of the biodiversity wealth

on the planet. These countries are distributed across the 4 continents, but most of them are in the Americas. They are:

Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru,

United States, South Africa, Madagascar,

Congo, Indonesia, China, Papua New

Guinea, India, Malaysia, Philippines, and Australia

(MITTERMEIER; ROBLES GIL; MITTERMEIER, 1997).


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The themes related to biodiversity are still marginalized in public and private policies, and national priorities. And the

reason for this is the lack of knowledge that most people have about the consequences of its loss. Increasing the visibility of

biodiversity and bringing more awareness to people through public debates on national, regional and local policies is the real

challenge to be faced.

Brazil has sought to walk this path, of reconciling sustainable use of biological resources with the conservation of biodi-

versity. But what is missing to make it effectively possible to use the components of Brazilian biodiversity? What needs to be

done and how to make that happen?

1 UNDERSTANDING CONCEPTS...

1.1 What is biodiversity?The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) defines biological diversity or biodiversity as “the variability among living or-

ganisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems”.

The concept of biodiversity encompasses all the biological resources and genetic resources and their components, the vast and complex relationship of ecosystems and habitats, as well as the processes that result from this diversity, such as photosynthesis, nutrient cycling and pollination.

Biodiversity is one of the fundamental properties of nature, responsible for the balance and stability of ecosystems, a source of immense economic potential. It is the basis of agricultural, livestock, fishing and forestry activities, and also the basis for strategic biotechnology industry.

The total biodiversity estimated at a global level varies from 3 to 100 million species (UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME, 1995). Most of the biodiversity is yet undiscovered in the tropics. In Brazil, it is estimated that there are more than three million species, many of which are still unknown. Out of a total of 1.5 million species already cataloged worldwide, Brazil holds about 20%.

1.2 Ecosystems and their servicesAccording to CBD, ecosystem is “a dynamic complex of plant, animal and microorganism communities and their nonliving

environment interacting as a functional unit.” Thus, the components of biological diversity are key elements of the ecosys-tems’ functioning and are the maintainers of basic ecological processes. Therefore, the loss of biological diversity compro-mises the ecological balance and health of the ecosystems.


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Ecosystems provide a range of services essential to human survival. According to the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, ecosystem services are “the benefits that people obtain from ecosystems.” They include (MILLENNIUM ECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENT, 2005):

• Provisioning services, including food, water, timber and fibers;

• Regulating services, which affect climate, floods, diseases, waste and water quality;

• Cultural services, which provide recreational, aesthetic and spiritual benefits;

• Supporting services, such as soil formation, photosynthesis and nutrient cycling.

Ecosystem services and industries• Supply of water used in industrial processes• Supply of raw material for various industrial sectors such as: food, fuel, fiber, timber, construction materials,

extracts, oils, molecules used by the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries• Water supply, water flow regulation and maintenance of water quality,• Regulation and purification of atmospheric gases• Climate and weather moderation• Waste decomposition and detoxification• Protection against natural disasters

For the agricultural sector, the most important ecosystem services are:• Soil formation and maintenance of its fertility• Primary production by photosynthesis, as the basis for all forms of life,• Pollination of plants, control of pests and diseases• Maintenance of genetic resources

Therefore, it is the ecosystem services that enable the survival of the human species and other forms of life, in addition to ensuring the development of the economy. For them to perform this function, they need to be healthy.

1.3 Value of Biodiversity and EcosystemsBesides its intrinsic value, biodiversity has ecological, genetic, social, economic, scientific, educational, cultural, recre-

ational and aesthetic values.Without biodiversity there is no life. It is what sustains the means of human subsistence and life in itself. For traditional

peoples biodiversity is fundamental to their livelihoods. They are totally dependent on it. Their cultures and history are closely linked to the environment and natural systems. In western cultures, although not as evident, there is also a strong dependence on biodiversity.

Furthermore, processes such as climate balance are associated with biodiversity. In them, photosynthesis and carbon sequestration are essential. There is also an estimation that 40% of the world economy is based on biological products and processes. The interaction between man and biodiversity led to the creation of several farm and pet animal varieties for human societies. Then, the question remains: how valuable is biodiversity?

1.4 The loss of biodiversity Nearly a quarter of plant species is considered threatened with extinction. The abundance of vertebrate species, based

on the assessed populations, fell by nearly a third on average between 1970 and 2006, and continues to fall globally, with especially severe declines in the tropics and among freshwater species. Extensive fragmentation and degradation of forests, rivers and other ecosystems have also led to loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Agriculture and livestock genetic diversity continue to decline in managed systems (BRAZIL, 2010b).

Biodiversity also underpins the performance of ecosystems that provide a wide range of services to human societies. Its continued loss, therefore, has major implications for current and future human well being. The supply of food, fiber, medicines and drinking water, crop pollination, filtering of pollutants, and the protection against natural disasters are among the ecosystem services potentially threatened by declines and changes in biodiversity. Cultural services such as


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spiritual and religious values, opportunities for knowledge and education, recreational and aesthetic values are also in decline (BRAZIl, 2010b).

The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, a study coordinated by the United Nations (2001-2005), which involved hundreds of scientists and other interest groups, noticed the decline in biodiversity due to anthropic activities. Over 60% of all the planet’s ecosystems are threatened. Of these, 35% are mangroves and 40% are forests. Demand for natural resources ex-ceeds in 35% the capacity of the planet Earth. If the current pace is maintained in 2030 that demand will require two Earths. From 2000 to 2005, the devastation of forests in South America totaled 4.3 million hectares. Of the total devastated hectares, 3.5 million have been reported in Brazil. The annual loss due to deforestation is from US$ 2.5 to US$ 4.5 trillion dollars to the global economy (TEEB, 2010).

The main factors responsible for the loss of biodiversity are habitat loss and fragmentation; introduction of exotic spe-cies and diseases; overexploitation of plant and animal species; invasive exotic species; soil ,water and atmosphere pollu-tion and climatic change.

1.4.1 Why is the loss of biodiversity a problem for the industry?

All businesses depend on and impact biodiversity and ecosystem services, and face increasing risks linked to the scarcity of natural resources. Some companies are highly dependent on healthy ecosystems and biodiversity to their productivity. For example, it is estimated that the degradation of fish stocks result in income loss of US$ 80-100 billion for the fisheries sec-tor, threatening 27 million jobs (TEEB, 2010). Deforestation represents costs between U$$ 2 and US$ 5 billion in ecosystem services each year and for the world economy associated to the environmental externalities of nearly US$ 7 billion per year (TEEB, 2010).

It is becoming increasingly more evident that the ongoing degradation of ecosystems causes a material impact on busi-nesses, reducing their income, benefits, license to operate and access to new markets (WORLD BUSINESS COUNCIL FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, 2011).It is estimated that the global opportunities for businesses based in the sustainability of natural resources, may fluctuate between US$ 2-6 billion a year from now to 2050. To seize these opportunities, companies must first recognize that all businesses depend on and impact ecosystem services and the natural biodiversity that exists on Earth. For example, the availability of water, provided by ecosystems, is critical for the most important industrial processes.

For the pharmaceutical industry, genetic resources are essential. The agricultural sector depends on pollination, pest control and erosion regulating services. The forest-based industry and related sectors depend on the supply of wood and wood fi-bers. Tourism increasingly relies on cultural services and aesthetic values provided by nature. Civil construction sector relies on ecosystem services such as erosion and flood control which are essential to protection against natural hazards.

The deterioration of ecosystems poses a real and increasingly urgent risk for business operations. It is not only an ecologi-cal or biological concern, but rather a concern with the implications to the economic growth, human well-being and business performance. But instead of viewing it as a problem or risk, companies can envision some new business opportunities that will require changes in corporate management. As examples, we mention some of these businesses that will generate many millions of dollars: the international market for biodiversity offsets; global trade in CO2 emissions; and the opportunities for sustainable business based on natural resources (WORLD BUSINESS COUNCIL FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, 2011).

1.4.2 What to do in order to avoid or minimize this loss?

There are many ways by which you can prevent or minimize the loss of biodiversity. One of them is in situ biodiversity conservation through the creation of protected areas, especially of conservation units, or ex situ conservation of species and genes in botanical gardens, zoos, seed banks, DNA banks, and other scientific collections. Other ways to minimize biodiversity loss are sustainable management, recovery and integrated management of ecosystems.

The companies are agents of change and innovation for creating favorable markets for biodiversity and ecosystems and to develop more sustainable technologies. Biodiversity conservation is a source of innovation for pioneering companies in environmental services’ emerging markets and for products related to biodiversity.

Increased understanding of the value of biodiversity and its ecosystem services, through the development of studies, new market mechanisms that incorporate this value, and an adequate legislation will help companies change their corporate management by integrating the value of biodiversity in corporate activities, such as planning, management and enterprise financial analysis that define priority investments and analyze the results of its operations.

Consumers are more aware of biodiversity issues and are increasingly looking for sustainable products. Therefore, busi-nesses face the social and political control of their impact on biodiversity. They also have to deal with regulations. The long-term loss of biodiversity can lead to increased costs with inputs for business processes or unpredictable changes for


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APRESENTAÇÃO

Biodiversidade ainda não é um conceito fácil de ser compreendido em sua plenitude, nem é óbvia a relação direta com a

atividade industrial. Em um primeiro momento, associa-se biodiversidade com questões ambientais, com a conservação de

espécies, mas não com a indústria.

Com o aumento do conhecimento e com o aprofundamento das negociações internacionais, este quadro tem mudado. O

tema biodiversidade tem assumido lugar de destaque no debate nacional e internacional, devido às evidências dos impactos

econômicos e sociais.

A biodiversidade e os serviços dos ecossistemas são o meio de subsistência de milhares de pessoas em todo o mundo.

Fornecem alimentos, medicamentos, fibras para vestimentas, moradia, além de ar puro, água limpa e controle do clima. A

perda disso tudo pode representar prejuízo de trilhões de dólares, afetando em especial as populações carentes dos países

mais pobres.

Estudos constataram que, em nível global, a biodiversidade está em declínio. Combater e evitar a perda de biodiversidade

e a degradação dos ecossistemas e seus serviços são os principais desafios ambientais enfrentados pela humanidade. Para

reverter esta tendência, o compromisso político das Nações e o engajamento das partes interessadas devem ser reafirmados.

Cientes da importância de se compreender melhor a relação da biodiversidade com as diversas atividades industriais,

a Confederação Nacional da Indústria (CNI) inseriu tal tema no rol de temas prioritários e vem desenvolvendo diversas

atividades e projetos. Uma delas é disponibilizar e disseminar informações sobre os temas emergentes que interessam a

indústria, de modo a facilitar a compreensão dos impactos e oportunidades que surgem nas sociedades contemporâneas.

businesses. Ignoring biodiversity, therefore, may result in loss of profit and market share and ultimately cause serious dis-ruption to existing business models. The corporate management that currently integrates environmental issues, including biodiversity has a competitive edge because it materializes waste reduction, prevent pollution and thereby offer products and services of a better quality (ALMEIDA; BULHÕES, 2006). Therefore, biodiversity management is a way of managing risk.

Ignoring biodiversity in corporate management may result in losses both in profit and market share, and cause severe harm to existing business models. Incorporating it in corporate management is a way of minimizing risks arising from the productive activity. The sustainable corporate management that currently integrates environmental issues, including biodi-versity management, has a competitive edge, which is materialized in the reduction of wastes, avoids or minimizes pollution, guarantees raw material supply and consequently the company may offer products and services of a better quality and safety at lower costs (ALMEIDA; BULHÕES, 2006).


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Esta publicação teve estes objetivos: informar, alertar, orientar. A ideia é oferecer, de forma simplificada, informações sobre

biodiversidade e suas políticas, tendo como base a Convenção sobre Diversidade Biológica (CDB), acordo internacional no

qual participam 193 países, entre eles o Brasil.

O Brasil está em uma posição privilegiada ao se tratar de biodiversidade. Faz parte do grupo de 17 países megadiversos*,

sendo considerado o país com maior biodiversidade do mundo. Quais são as oportunidades para as indústrias? Como o

país pode usufruir desta imensa riqueza de forma sustentável? E como a sociedade brasileira pode se beneficiar disto? Para

responder a estas questões há que se ter em mente a sustentabilidade e a inovação como pilares centrais para a consolidação

de um novo modelo de desenvolvimento que incentive a utilização sustentável dos componentes da biodiversidade, ao

mesmo tempo em que os conserva para proporcionar benefícios sociais e econômicos para as gerações atuais e futuras.

A publicação completa está organizada em cinco partes. A primeira se concentra em explicar o que é biodiversidade, sua

distribuição, seu valor, causas de sua perda, por que isto é um problema e o que fazer para evitar ou minimizar sua perda. A

segunda parte apresenta os principais compromissos assumidos no âmbito internacional, bem como iniciativas para engajar

o setor privado na temática da biodiversidade. Em seguida, o cenário nacional é apresentado: a biodiversidade brasileira,

a implementação dos três objetivos da Convenção no Brasil, as oportunidades e riscos que a indústria brasileira enfrenta

ao se relacionar com a biodiversidade, a relação entre diferentes setores industriais e a biodiversidade e algumas das mais

importantes políticas brasileiras de biodiversidade na perspectiva de negócios. Para ilustrar, na quarta parte da publicação,

são apresentados alguns casos de sucesso de empresas brasileiras com biodiversidade. Por último, são listados, com uma

breve descrição e contatos, os órgãos do Sistema Nacional do Meio Ambiente (Sisnama), responsáveis pela gestão ambiental,

incluindo a gestão da biodiversidade.

2 INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO

2.1 The Convention on Biological DiversityThe Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is an international agreement that aims to preserve biodiversity, the sustain-

able use of its components and the just and the equitable share of the benefits arising out of such use. In its objectives are also pointed out the need for proper access to genetic resources and the appropriate transfer of relevant technologies. The CBD also emphasizes that the rights over genetic resources and technologies should be ensured, and also that there is an adequate funding that will allow these goals to be achieved.

The text of the Convention reaffirmed the sovereignty of countries as to their genetic resources and the right to receive benefits from the use of biodiversity components originating in their territories. The rights of indigenous peoples and local communities over their knowledge related to biodiversity have also been recognized.

CBD is the main global forum for the definition of the legal and political framework for themes and issues related to biodiversity (currently 193 countries are signatories to the Convention). CBD’s top decision-making body is the Conference of the Parties (COPs) in which all the signatory Parties are represented and have the same degree of importance, and which holds a meeting every two years. The CBD was opened for signature at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), known as the Rio-92, held in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992. One hundred and sixty-eight countries in to-tal have signed the Convention, including Brazil. In 1993, CBD came into force. And in Brazil, the text went into effect in 1994.

The CBD has two supplementary agreements to it: the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety and Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing. The first was adopted by the Conference of the Parties in January 2000 and en-tered into force in September 2003. Brazil ratified its accession in November 2003. The objective of the Cartagena Protocol is to ensure an adequate level of protection in the field of transfer, handling and use of living modified organisms insurance (LMOs) resulting from modern biotechnology that may have adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, taking into account the risks to human health arising from the transboundary movement (Art. 1 of the Cartagena Protocol). The Nagoya Protocol aims to implement the third objective of the Convention - the fair and equitable

Miguel de Paula Acervo / Associação Caatinga


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sharing of the (monetary and non-monetary) benefits arising from the use of genetic resources by creating rules for the ac-cess to genetic resources and their derivatives and for the traditional knowledge associated to genetic resources. The Nagoya Protocol establishes obligations for the Contracting Parties to take measures nationally and internationally.

In order to assess the fulfillment of the objectives of the CBD at the global, regional and national levels, a Strategic Plan was approved in 2002 with goal for the period from 2002 to 2010. In the same year, in Johannesburg, South Africa, during the World Summit on Sustainable Development, the countries agreed to the goals adopted under the CBD and pledged to “achieve by 2010 a significant reduction of the current rate of biodiversity loss at the global, regional and national level as a contribution to poverty alleviation and to the benefit of all life on earth.” In 2010, during the 10th Conference of the Parties, held in Nagoya, Japan, the countries presented their reports with the degree of achievement of the goals. Overall, no goal has been fully achieved. A new Strategic Plan was approved during the COP 10, this time with 20 goals for the period of achievement from 2011 to 2020. The so-called Aichi Goals.

To achieve the global goals, the Parties shall define their own goals and objectives according to their national needs and priorities and will have to present a report to the Conference of the Parties. Brazil has promoted a broad process of dialogue with Brazilian society to work together in the definition of national goals aiming to promote a consensus among the various social actors so as to engage them in the commitment and effort to implement the objectives and national strategies.

2.2 The private sector and the CBDThe importance of a broader engagement of society in the implementation of the CBD became more explicit with the

adoption of the Strategic Plan of the Convention, at the COP 6 in 2002. Regarding the private sector, the Business and the 2010 Biodiversity Challenge initiative was conceived, coordinated by the CBD Secretariat in partnership with various actors (ALMEIDA; BULHÕES, 2006). This initiative sought to better understand the impact that business activities had on biodiver-sity. For this purpose, companies were divided into groups: a)those that had a direct impact on biodiversity (direct footprint); b) those that impacted biodiversity through their supply chains; c) companies that dealt with issues related to access to ge-netic resources and benefit sharing; and d) the financial sector.

The private sector engagement in the CBD has been strengthening since the COP 8, held in Curitiba, Brazil, in 2006, with the approval of Decision VIII/17, which specifically addresses this issue. In it was recognized the relevance of corporate

influence on public opinion and governments, and the relevance of their knowledge and technologies. At the COP 10, held in Nagoya, Japan, in 2010, Decision X/21 was adopted, which reinforces the importance of business engagement, and brings a number of recommendations for the Parties, businesses and the Convention Secretariat.

2.3 The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB)The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity or TEEB is an independent study linked to the United Nations Environment

Program, commissioned by the G8 +5 in 2007 with the goal of developing a comprehensive analysis of the economic impact generated by the losses of biodiversity and create a methodology to assign economic value to biodiversity. The report aims to present the best available evidence in favor of the incorporation of biodiversity and ecosystem services (BES), including risks and opportunities, so as to enable efficient and concrete actions to combat the increasing loss of biodiversity. The TEEB com-prises a series of reports geared to different users: ecologists and economists, political decision makers, local and regional politicians, companies and citizens in general.

2.4 Global Platform on Business and BiodiversityThe Global Platform on Business and Biodiversity (GPBB) was created by the CBD Secretariat in 2011, aiming to promote

markets that support nature conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. The Platform is focused on helping companies become aware of the importance of biodiversity on their daily activities, and for the long term future of their organizations. Therein one can find an overview of the tools and mechanisms designed to help companies integrate biodiversity and sus-tainability in business strategies and decision making, as well as case studies of best practices and business strategies.


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INTRODUÇÃO

Biodiversidade é mais que apenas espécies. A biodiversidade, ou diversidade biológica, representa toda a variedade de

vida no planeta. São genes, espécies e ecossistemas. A todo o momento nos deparamos e nos relacionamos com algum

componente da biodiversidade. Está no que comemos, no que vestimos, em medicamentos que usamos, nos produtos que

usamos para higiene pessoal e higiene doméstica. A biodiversidade não se materializa somente nos bens que nos oferece,

mas também nos serviços que nos proporciona. É o ar que respiramos, a água limpa que bebemos, está no controle de

enchentes, controle de poluição, no nosso lazer no parque, em nosso prazer em contemplar belos cenários. A existência e

manutenção disto tudo está diretamente relacionada com a forma como dispomos desses recursos, de como respeitamos e

protegemos os ecossistemas e as espécies que neles vivem.

A biodiversidade, assim como as mudanças climáticas, também é considerada uma temática global, ou seja, deve ser

tratada conjuntamente com outros países para se estabelecer consensos e regras gerais em diversos assuntos que impactam

a coletividade global. Neste sentido, o Brasil participa de diversos acordos internacionais, multilaterais e bilaterais, que o

tema central é a biodiversidade. O acordo mais importante sobre esse tema é a Convenção sobre Diversidade Biológica (CDB)

em vigor desde dezembro de 1993, e da qual o Brasil é signatário. No âmbito dessa Convenção, diversos compromissos são

assumidos pelos países-Partes e que devem ser internalizados nacionalmente por meio de políticas, programas e projetos

nas esferas pública e privada.

Embora o Brasil seja um país megadiverso, a biodiversidade não tem sido adequadamente tratada em suas políticas sociais

e de desenvolvimento, e ao invés de se tornar um diferencial competitivo, a rica biodiversidade tem sido pouco “explorada”

Sandra Magalhães / MMA

3 NATIONAL SCENARIO

3.1 The Brazilian BiodiversityBrazil is one of the 17 countries considered megadiverse. The main criterion for joining this group is the number of endemic

plants, i.e., those that only exist within the country and nowhere else. The number of endemic species and the total number of mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibious are other criteria taken into account when establishing the megadiversity of a country (MITTERMEIER; ROBLES GIL; MITTERMEIER, 1997).

Of the megadiverse countries, Brazil is considered the greatest in terrestrial biodiversity, gathering almost 12% of all species on the planet. There are 55 thousand higher plant species, representing 22% of all known species in the world; 524 mammal species; over 3 thousand freshwater fish species; and millions of insects, many yet to be described (BRAZIL, 2010a), as well as a rich genetic diversity. It also houses a huge cultural diversity represented by some 240 indigenous ethnic groups, Maroon fields and other local communities living closely linked to biodiversity.

Brazil has three marine ecosystems and six terrestrial biomes (Amazon Rainforest, Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, Caatinga, Pantanal, Pampas), two of which are recognized as biodiversity hotspots - Atlantic Forest and Cerrado, due to the degree of threat they have been suffering (BRAZIL, 2010a).

The Amazon Rainforest is the largest Brazilian biome, with an area of 4,230,490.77 km2, corresponding to about 50% of the area of the country. Cerrado is the second largest biome of the country, with an area of 2,047,146.35 km2, covering 22% of the Brazilian territory. Pantanal biome covers an area of 151,186.20 km2, which according to the Brazilian Ministry of Environment (BRAZIL, 2010a), holds 86.77% of its native cover. Caatinga is the only biome entirely located within the national territory and accounts for approximately 10% of Brazil, a total of 825,750.00 kilometers2. The Atlantic Forest biome is by far the most altered (70.95%) of the terrestrial biomes, currently occupying 1,059,027.85 km2, which represents about 7% of its original area. The Pampa biome, second smallest biome in Brazil (only 2.10% of the national territory), encompasses the fields of Missoes and the southern half of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, extending into Uruguay and Argentina with an area of 178,243,01 km2. It is a biome that is severely modified by human use (48.70%), particularly for ranching and forestry plantations.


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3.1.1 Brazil and the Convention on Biological Diversity

To coordinate the implementation of the commitments made under the Convention and contribute to the achievement of its goals, Brazil created the National Program for Biological Diversity, the PRONABIO. Many of the provisions of the CBD and the decisions taken by the COPs were internalized in the country through laws and other public policies, programs, and activities.

Regarding the conservation of biodiversity, Brazil has prioritized the creation of conservation units and other protected areas. In 2010, there were a total of 1963 conservation units (1,539,416 km2). These units are distributed as follows: Amazon, 1,137,305 km2 (27.10% of the biome); Caatinga, 61,907 km2 (7.33% of the biome); Cerrado, 171,616 km 2 (8.43% of the biome); Atlantic Forest, 99,815 km2 (8.99% of the biome); Pampa, 6173 km 2 (3.50% of the biome); Pantanal, 7205 km2 (4.79% of the biome) and Coastal and Marine Zone, 116,278 km 2 (3.14% of ecosystems) (BRAZIL, 2010). Brazil still has part of its territory protected by 688 indigenous lands, which corresponds to 109,550,282 ha, or 12.64% of the national territory (NATIONAL INDIAN FOUNDATION, 2012).

The second objective of CBD is the sustainable use of biodiversity. The Brazilian economy depends heavily on the use of biodiversity products, whether originating in Brazil or those that have been brought from elsewhere. The export of coffee, soybeans, oranges and other products not originally from Brazil account for 31% of total exports. Agriculture, forestry and fisheries account for almost 40% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The products of Brazilian biodiversity also have their role in the economy. Species such as pineapple (Ananas comosus), chestnut-and-stop (Bertholletia excelsa), cashew-nut (Anacardium occidentale), peanuts (Arachis spp), cassava (Manihot esculenta), and açai (Euterpe olearacea) are in great de-mand in the world market. The possibility of increasing the share of these products in the global market is huge, especially due to advances in biotechnology.

The third objective of CBD, benefit-sharing, is the least implemented due to the difficulty of understanding its scope, its cutting line in time, and the way it should be implemented. Also contributing to the delay in its implementation is the resis-tance of developed countries – holders of advanced technologies and users of genetic resources – in accepting commitments to return benefits from the use of biodiversity components to countries that own the genetic resources. More recently, with the approval of the Nagoya Protocol, it is believed that this goal will finally be implemented. Brazil is one of the few coun-tries that has legislation on the subject. The first attempt by the Federal Government to regulate the third objective of the CBD was in 2000, and since then the government has been seeking to improve existing legislation in order to facilitate its implementation.

3.2 Industry and biodiversity in BrazilThere is already a consensus that long-term survival of economic activity depends on good environmental and social

performance, and the adoption of the paradigm of sustainability. Companies recognize that this good performance can be a competitive advantage, by reducing waste, preventing pollution and consequently supplying better products and services (EARTHWATCH INSTITUTE; INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES; WORLD BUSINESS COUNCIL FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, 2002).

The industrial sector has been implementing voluntary actions for conservation and the sustainable use of biodiversity. Access to genetic resources and valuation of ecosystems and biodiversity are priorities for the industrial sector in Brazil. The industry seeks for a legislation on access and benefit sharing that stimulates innovation and biodiversity-related business and, at the same time, minimizes risks that threaten their productive activities.

Biodiversity and ecosystem services underpin business operations. Indeed, it is hard to think of any business activity that does not benefit from biodiversity and ecosystem services, or which does not impact them somehow. Understanding this fact can be an incentive for companies to engage in the protection and preservation of ecosystems in order to ensure that they continue to provide their services.

3.2.1 Opportunities and Risks

The opportunities are many: potential of new products to the market arising from biodiversity is one of them. In the search of innovative products, the bioprospecting of new molecules and active principles of components from Brazilian bio-diversity is a promising activity. There is great interest from several companies and research centers in prospecting Brazilian biomes seeking economic and social benefits. One example is the isolation of a protein extracted from spiders, which is as-sociated with its ability to build webs. This protein confers increased strength and elasticity to cotton fibers for the textile in-dustry. Another interesting case is jaborandi (Pilocarpus microphyllus), a native plant that has a substance called pilocarpina, an alkaloide of extensive use in ophthalmology, used in the treatment of glaucoma as it contracts the pupil, increases the drainage of aqueous humor, and diminishes intraocular pressure. Jaborandi, due to its stimulating and tonic action is used as capillary tonic to fight hair fall. It also stimulates salivary, lachrymal, gastric, pancreatic and intestinal glands, which causes the increase of salivation and transpiration.


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Other opportunities may arise from the relationship between companies and biodiversity: Supply of raw material for industrial processes such as wood, fiber, extracts, waxes, oils and others; ecotourism and rural tourism; supply of biodiver-sity components for the food industry, such as fruits, fish, grains, flour, etc.; inspiration from nature, such as biomechanics, biomimicry, ethnic patterns, improvement in corporate performance through the integration of biodiversity issues to corpo-rate management systems. Moreover, having a good biodiversity management may contribute to: ensuring operation license; strengthening the supply chain; having better relationships with stakeholders; a more positive image among ethical consum-ers; guarantee of sustainable growth; drawn the attention of socially responsible investors and improve the productivity of em-ployees who work with more satisfaction and pride (EARTHWATCH INSTITUTE; INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES; WORLD BUSINESS COUNCIL FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, 2002).

One of the greatest risks in ignoring the corporate management of biodiversity is derailing industrial activities due to shortages of raw materials or components that integrate industrial processes, or because of the degradation of ecosys-tem services essential for business operation, such as providing water, climate regulation, flood control and many oth-ers. Another business risk is the damage to corporate reputation. If industrial activity significantly impacts biodiversity, the company may be negatively identified by society, and promote boycotts to its products or campaigns against the company. Moreover, its license legal operation can be questioned by the competent body and it can receive huge fines or may have to pay compensations for environmental damages to third parties.

3.2.2 Industrial Sectors

All industries depend and impact on biodiversity to some degree: industries that directly impact biodiversity, exploiting natural resources (footprint), such as forestry, fisheries, water resources, mining, oil and gas; industries that impact biodiver-sity through their supply chains; industries that depend on access to genetic resources and/or traditional knowledge. And, for this reason they must engage in actions that protect biodiversity in order to ensure their existence and function, in addition to contribute to achieving the objectives of the CBD.

It is possible to identify, in general, two forms of participation and contribution from the industry in the implementation of the goals of the Convention. The first of them is the direct participation in negotiations under the CBD, whether in the Conferences of the Parties, technical meetings, or in specific meetings with the private sector. The other way to contribute to

Photo: Brazilian Business and Biodiversity Initiative


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the objectives of the CBD is the adoption of voluntary initiatives by companies or in partnership with other social actors, such as certifications (forest, fisheries, agriculture, tourism, etc.), codes of conduct, sector specific good practice guides, incentives for adoption of best practices in biodiversity, new criteria for granting credit that incorporate social and envi-ronmental sustainability, biodiversity information dissemination, education, training, incorporation of biodiversity issues in corporate management in the planning phase, implementation and post-implementation (ALMEIDA;BULHÕES, 2006).

Each industrial sector, due to its peculiarities and specificities, can identify new business opportunities to expand their markets (domestic and international). Each sector also has its own risks that must be known in order to be avoided or mini-mized. In Brazil, due to its environmental and social characteristics, the sectors most closely related to biodiversity are: per-sonal hygiene, perfumery and cosmetics; forestry, pharmaceuticals, mining, agriculture, textiles and clothing; biotechnology; construction and infrastructure; fisheries and aquaculture; energy and chemical industry.

Some recommendations

• Stimulate the engagement in discussions on biodiversity within your company

• Understand corporate issues that are linked to biodiversity

• Empower your team

• Create a Corporate Policy on Biodiversity to internalize the view of sustainability

• Support suppliers in search of better management practices, incorporating issues related to biodiversity

• Report and disseminate projects and actions of the company related to biodiversity

• Establish partnerships and dialogues with stakeholders of the company: NGOs, universities, communities, companies in the production chain

3.3 Brazilian Policies on Biodiversity from a business perspectiveBrazil, even before the CBD entered into force, has been establishing policies and other laws in order to protect its natural

resources and regulatory issues related to forests and biodiversity. We highlight below some of them.

Forest Code – First established in 1934 (by Decree No. 23.793, of January .1934), with the general rules for protection and use of forests and, it has been altered over the years to suit the changes in society and in the economy. The latest amend-ments to the Forest Code are in the Law 12.651/12. In it, rules were established for the exploitation and use of wood from native forest species, defining rules of sustainable management for commercial purposes (Art. 22) and the development of Sustainable Forest Management Plans (PMFS). The new rules will affect all activities of the industrial sectors which demand forest products in their operations, or which change land use.

Fauna Protection - The law that provides for fauna protection is the Law No5.197/1967. It states that all wildlife, its nests, shelters and natural breeding grounds are owned by the state and it is not allowed to use, chase, destroy, hunt or capture them without permission from the competent federal agency. However, there are exceptions, such as amateur hunting (ac-cording to regional peculiarities), trade of breeding animals from authorized breeding grounds, gathering of larvae and cubs for breeding centers, destruction of animals harmful to agriculture or public health.

National System of Conservation Units (SNUC) - The SNUC defines conservation units like “territorial spaces and their environmental resources, including jurisdictional waters, with relevant natural characteristics legally established by the Government, with conservation goals and limits, under special administration regime to which appropriate guarantees suit-ed for protection are applied”. On July 18, 2000, SNUC was established by the Law No. 9.985 With the following objectives: biodiversity conservation, especially of endangered, rare, endemic species; restoration of natural ecosystem diversity; bal-ance between conservation and development; protection of natural landscapes of outstanding scenic beauty; promotion of education, scientific research studies and environmental monitoring; economic and social valuation of biodiversity. The SNUC differentiates conservation units into two groups, Full Protection and Sustainable Use. The Full Protection group aims at preserving nature, and only the indirect use of its natural resources is allowed. The Sustainable Use group has, as its basic aim, reconciling nature conservation with the sustainable use of a portion of its natural resources.


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The law also addresses environmental compensation, which enterprises of significant environmental impact are required to provide in order to support the implementation and maintenance of a conservation unit. Establishing the value of the environmental compensation is an attribution of IBAMA, an environmental licensing body, and is calculated according to the degree of negative impact of the project on the environment, based on a previous study and the respective environmental impact report (EIA/EIR). This law impacts all industries that go through the licensing process for its projects with significant environmental impact. Law enforcement can also have its positive side from a business perspective. The creation of private reserve of Natural Patrimony (RPPN, portuguese acronym) for ecotourism and research activities of economic interest can be a good opportunity for the sustainable use of biodiversity components and its conservation. The manager of a RPPN can raise national and international funds, as well as establish partnerships with scientific institutions

National Biodiversity Policy (PNB) - In 2002, the federal government, through Decree No 4.339, established the principles and guidelines for the implementation of the National Biodiversity Policy, in order to promote biodiversity conservation and sustainable use of its components with a fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of components of genetic resources and traditional knowledge associated to these resources. The PNB consists of seven components, each with its own specific directives, when applicable, for all Brazilian biomes:

1. Biodiversity Knowledge;2. Biodiversity Conservation;3. Sustainable Use of Biodiversity Components;4. Monitoring, Assessment, Prevention and Mitigation of Impacts on Biodiversity;5. Access to Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge, Benefit Sharing, Education, Public Awareness, Information and Publicity on Biodiversity; and6. Legal and Institutional Strengthening for Biodiversity Management.

Priority Areas for Conservation, Sustainable Use and Benefit Sharing of Brazilian Biodiversity - Through an extensive process of consultation with civil society and experts, and based on information and knowledge on biodiversity and anthropic pressure, priority areas by biome have been identified. The priority of each biome was defined according to its biological

wealth, importance to indigenous peoples and traditional communities and their vulnerability. The 900 areas identified were recognized by Decree No 5.092/2004 and introduced by Ordinance of the Ministry of the Environment No 126/2004. The list of areas, as determined by the Ordinance, was reviewed based on IBGE’s Map of Biomes and in the principles of sys-tematic planning for conservation and its basic criteria (representativeness, persistence and vulnerability of environments), and prioritized the participatory process of negotiation and consensus building. The results of the review of the areas were organized into a new map, which was approved by CONABIO, on December 20, 2006, through Deliberation No 46. These new priority areas were recognized by Ordinance of the Ministry of Agriculture No 9 of January 23, 2007. The “Priority Areas for Biodiversity” are not Protected Areas or Conservation Units. They do not set restrictions on agricultural activities, but rather indicate the most important geographic areas for the conservation and sustainable use of Brazilian biodiversity.

National Strategic Plan for Protected Areas (PNAP) - It was established by Decree no 5758, of April 13, 2006. The Plan sets out principles, guidelines, goals and strategies to reduce the rate of biodiversity loss, through the consolidation of a compre-hensive system of ecologically representative and effectively managed protected areas to be integrated to wider terrestrial and marine landscapes until 2015. The Plan covers the areas of the National System of Conservation of Nature (SNUC), indig-enous lands and territories Maroons. The permanent conservation areas and legal reserves are treated in landscape planning within the ecosystem approach, with a strategic connectivity between natural fragments and protected areas per se. In order to avoid conflicts between productive activity and establishment of protected areas, a more active engagement is of the industrial sector in debates at the local, regional and federal debates on priority areas for conservation and sustainable use, planning, creation and management of conservation units is essential. With participation and dialogue, the potential conflicts can be solved even before they exist.

Access to Genetic Resources, Associated Traditional Knowledge and Benefit Sharing - This issue is regulated in Brazil by the Provisional Measure 2186-16, 2001, with legally binding effects. It states that all institutions that want to access genetic resources existing in the territory, in the continental platform and the exclusive economic zone, for purposes of scientific research, bioprospecting and technological development, must comply with the rules of the PM, including re-questing the Federal Government prior to performing the access to genetic resources, through the Board of Management of Genetic Patrimony (CGEN). The Associated Traditional Knowledge contemplated by the Provisional Measure is the one that is relevant to the conservation of biodiversity and to maintaining the integrity of the genetic heritage of Brazil and the use of its components.


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em prol da economia e da sociedade brasileira.

Os temas relacionados à biodiversidade ainda são tratados de forma marginalizada nas políticas, públicas e privadas, e

prioridades nacionais. E o motivo disso é o pouco conhecimento que a maioria das pessoas possui sobre as consequências

de sua perda. Aumentar a visibilidade da biodiversidade e tornar as pessoas mais conscientes por meio de debates públicos

das políticas nacionais, regionais e locais é o verdadeiro desafio a ser enfrentado.

O Brasil tem buscado traçar este caminho, da conciliação do uso sustentável dos recursos biológicos com a conservação

da biodiversidade. Mas o que falta para que efetivamente seja possível a utilização dos componentes da biodiversidade

brasileira? O que e como fazer para que isto aconteça?

Access to Genetic Resources and Industrial Property - One of the ways to protect industrial property rights relating is the patent, governed by Law No 9279 of 1996, which regulates industrial property rights. The Provisional Measure 2186-16, 2001 conditions the concession of industrial property rights, i.e. patents, to the information on the origin of the genetic material and associated traditional knowledge as well as the authorization or application number with the Board of Management of Genetic Patrimony (CGEN). This provision is in the Art 31 of the PM, and Resolution No34/2009 of CGEN and Resolution N o 134/2006 of the INPI. If there is no authorization from the CGEN for the project, the patent may be canceled. Brazilian law (Law No 9279 of 1996) does not allow patenting of living organisms or their molecules, protecting only the technological pro-cess that generates substances from them.

Payment for Environmental Services (PSA) - The recognition of the value of ecosystem services provided for human sur-vival brought the interest in seeking the definition of rules that allow the implementation of payment for ecosystem services, or environmental services. In Brazil there are some initiatives that have used the concept of PSA, such as the Program for Environmental Development of Rural Family Production, Proambiente, of the Brazilian Ministry of Environment; the “Bolsa Floresta” Program (PBF - Forestry Grant) of the Government of the State of Amazonas andProgram to support environmental conservation Green Grant (”Bolsa Verde”) .

National Policy on Climate Change (NPCC) - Climate changes cause the alteration of existing ecosystems and inter-spe-cies relationships in terms of behavior, reproduction, competition and trophic relationships, resulting in changes in their geo-graphic areas. This endangers the species whose original area diminishes or disappears. In Brazil, National Policy on Climate ChangeChange (NPCC), established by Law No 12.187, of December 29, 2009, incorporates in its objectives the concern for biodiversity conservation. Among its objectives, in addition to reducing emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) mitigation and adaptation to the effects of GHG emissions,oabove all preservation, conservation and restoration of environmental resources, with particular attention to major natural biomes deemed National Heritage and the consolidation and expan-sion of legally protected areas and the encouragement of reforestation and restoration of vegetation in degraded areas.


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Carajás / Pedro Cattony

4 SOME SUCCESSFUL CASES...

4.1 Vale do Rio Doce and Biodiversity - Protected AreasVale is the second largest mining company in the world, operating in 37 countries and present on the five continents. It is

the world’s largest producer of iron ore and the second largest producer of nickel. It also produces copper, coal, manganese, ferroalloys, fertilizers, cobalt and platinum group metals. It also operates in the sector of Logistics, Iron Metallurgy, Energy and Fertilizers. Their work is lead by responsibility and sustainable development.

As part of its commitment to biodiversity conservation, Vale protects almost 13,700 km2 natural areas (nearly 1.4 million hectares) distributed in Brazil and other countries. These areas include sites owned by the company (3%) and Conservation Units protected in partnership with local governments (97%).

Most areas protected by Vale, whether owned or protected in partnerships, are located in Brazil (91%) (Table 1). There are 56 protected areas in the country, covering units located in the Amazon Forest (Maranhão and Pará), Atlantic Forest (Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro) and Cerrado (Minas Gerais) - all biomes internationally classified as areas of high value for biodiversity conservation. Of this total, 17 areas are owned by the company (303 km2) and other (n = 39) are areas that the company helps protect through public-private partnerships (12,131 km2)


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Table 1: Protected Areas owned by Vale and areas that Vale helps protect in Brazil. The actions taken by Vale in protected areas include one or several activities, such as fire prevention and fire fighting; combat fishing, hunting and gathering of biodiversity components (flora and fauna), and development of scientific research to improve knowledge about local biodiversity.

Among the areas owned by the company, we highlight 12 Private Reserve of Natural Heritage (PRNH) located in Minas Gerais, which comprise a network of protected areas covering different environments in the region. Besides these, there are other projects to create five units and two proposals for the expansion of already created reserves, covering over 50 km2 of protected areas in the region.

Another property worth mentioning is the Natural Vale Reserve (RNV), formed from a gradual process of acquiring properties, started in the 1950s, and today represents one of the main remnants of Espírito Santo’s forest, adjacent to the Sooretama Biological Reserve (Rebio Sooretama), managed by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio). Besides supporting the protection of Rebio Sooretama, Vale has a technical and financial cooperation program whose objective is to promote actions for preventing and fighting forest fires in Minas Gerais, covering areas owned by Vale and 32 Conservation Units for Full Protection and Sustainable Use under the responsibility of the State Government located in the Iron Quadrangle.

In the region of Carajás, Vale is responsible for the Plan for Fire Prevention and Firefighting in the Mosaic Ecosystem of Conservation Units of the Mineral Province of Carajás. Besides the Carajás National Forest and the Tapirapé-Aquiri National Forest, home to the company’s operations, this plan covers three other Conservation Units managed by the government that make up the Mosaic of Carajás - National Itacaiúnas Forest, Tapirapé Biological Reserve and Igarapé do Gelado Environmental Protection Area.

These actions demonstrate that the private sector can act as the leading partner in the protection of natural areas and in the in situ conservation of biodiversity components.

4.2 Beraca: Case of Sustainability with Coopermaflima in Marajó Island – State of Pará – BRAZIL

Beraca is an authentic Brazilian company, which has seven units in Brazil, one in France and one in the United States and has been investing in the development of sustainable inputs in Brazil for more than 50 years and adds value to a large number

1Source: ICMBio - Chico Mendes Institute for

Biodiversity Conservation (http://www.icmbio.gov.br/

brasil) - Brazilian Ministry of the Environment. The

areas of the Conservation Units are under review by the Government and the

figures are likely to change over the year 2012.

2Source: SEMAD - State Secretariat of Environment

and Sustainable Development / IEF -

State Forestry Institute - Government of Minas

Gerais.

3Source: INEA - Environmental State

Institute - Government of Rio de Janeiro.


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Maria das Flores, Coopemaflima leader. She is signing the partnership contract with Loccitane.

Ulisses Sabara, Beracas Presidente. Meeting of the branch project with Coopemaflima leaders.

Auditing by Ecocert for the organic product certification.

Cooperative branch.

Photos: Beraca

of brands and products worldwide. It is a leading supplier of natural and organic ingredients from the Amazon and other Brazilian biomes for the cosmetics, pharmaceutical and fragrances industry. The company is committed to the ethical trade of ingredients originated from native biodiversity and to the facilitation of long-term partnerships, between scientific orga-nizations and local communities in the introduction and dissemination of technologies and products with fair remuneration as well as benefit sharing along the productive chain. With the support and guidance of Beraca, the cooperative has found alternative sources of income that ensure the quality of life of its families and the conservation of the local biodiversity.

Andiroba (Carapa guianensis), Pracaxi (Pentaclethara macroloba) and Ucuuba (Ferrule surinamensis) can be mentioned as examples of products commercialized by Beraca, which come from COOPEMAFLIMA - Cooperative of Forest and Marine Extractivist Producers of the Marajo Island (Cooperativa dos Produtores Extrativistas Florestais e Marinhos da Ilha do Marajó), in the Region of Salvaterra, Marajo Island, in the State of Pará.

Eleven years ago, BERACA created the Program for Biodiversity Valuation, which has the objective of ensuring the trace-ability in providing raw materials from Brazilian biomes, especially form the Amazon. This project focuses on the community and its inhabitants, contributing to regional development and to the conservation of the greatest tropical forest in the world.

The company’s relationship with Coopemaflima involves approximately 500 people, including cooperative members and surrounding residents, directly and indirectly, also considering other products, assisting in the organizational process of the cooperative, providing training, encouraging partnerships and expanding market opportunities.

With the promotion of this program, the company encourages selective and responsible waste collection, applying the concept of avoided deforestation, contributes to regional development and the strengthening of local communities, to the conservation of the flora and to the conservation of raw materials found in national biodiversity.

The partnership with Beraca allowed Coopemaflima — once a non-organized group of people who worked with fishing and collecting seeds for oil production, both for their own consumption — to organize itself and sell the seeds / oils as feed-stock for the cosmetic industry, reaching national and international markets and achieving a greater organizational maturity which increased the number of people involved as well as the income of the cooperative and of the cooperative members.

The main actions carried out by Beraca in relation to Coopemaflima, which supports the model of a joint and sustainable business construction were: organizational and business management support, stimulating the creation of a micro-busi-ness cooperative; promotion of the first Beracom, a Dialogue between Beraca and Community Leaders in Amazon, aiming at guiding the supplying communities on aspects that define the commercial demands, administrative issues related to the purchase and production of raw materials and the actions of the Program for Biodiversity ValuationTM; guaranteed yearly


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purchase demand of Andiroba, Pracaxi and Ucuuba; training as well as technical and environmental capacity-building, teaching the cooperative members about best practices to ensure the best performance of the cooperative and to contribute to environmental conservation; training on business management.

Beraca´s products receive an organic certification issued by Ecocert. Coopemaflima´s Andiroba, Pracaxi and Ucuuba are certified by Ecocert nationally and internationally, a stamp that transfers added value to the community product, making the raw material value increase in the market.

4.3 Votorantim and BiodiversityVotorantim is a 100% Brazilian company, with operations in more than 20 countries. The Votorantim Group concentrates

operations in the basic sectors of economy that require intensive capital and large-scale production, such as cement, min-ing and metallurgy (aluminum, zinc and nickel), steel, pulp, concentrated orange juice and self-generation of energy. In the financial market, it operates through Votorantim Finances and in New Businesses, it operates with a Venture Capital and Private Equity fund.

Votorantim Industrial, the industrial segment of the Votorantim Group, has 56 factories, 44 mines, 111 concrete plants and 52 distribution centers in Brazil and abroad, besides 35 hydroelectric plants in Brazil, 22 of which are owned by the company and 13 on a consortium basis.

Votorantim, as the owner and user of large areas of important biodiversity areas, understands that, more than meeting the legal requirements, it should be aligned with international protection agreements, in order to guarantee the natural resources, in the long term. Therefore, the theme of biodiversity is considered a strategic issue for Votorantim Industrial. Currently, Votorantim works on two major strategic fronts in Biodiversity:

Biodiversity (stricto sensu), which consists of Mapping and Monitoring Biodiversity and defining management plans, andEcosystem Services, which deals with the definition of the scope for the application of tools for the assessment of the impact x de-

pendence on ecosystem services, and the valuation strategy.

By 2020, Votorantim intends to evaluate the ecosystem impacts and value biodiversity in its main operations.The company’s performance in this theme is coordinated by the holding, through the General Office of Sustainability,

which defines, together with the Businesses, the strategy for Votorantim.

In 2011, with the support of the Heritage Office and the six Businesses of the organization (Pulp, Cement, Metals, Steel, Energy and Orange Juice), geo-referenced data on areas of the company were compiled to give subsidy to a study which consists of identifying which of the units are located in priority areas (defined by the Ministry of Environment - MMA) for conservation, in addition to those that are actually inserted into the Conservation Units. The results of this study are the basis for defining the strategy of prioritizing the fauna and flora specific survey studies as well as for defining the strategic plans for the properties included in the conservation priority areas (defined by MMA).

Also, as a way of contributing to the protection of areas, Votorantim maintains a total of 647.35 km2, in the Cerrado and Atlantic Forest biomes, including 16 Environmental Protection Areas (APAs) and seven Private Reserves of Natural Heritage (RPPNs). Most operations of Votorantim take place in the Atlantic Forest biome, thus, many of the conservation actions focus on this biome.

Besides the areas classified into categories of the National System of Conservation Units (SNUC), Votorantim, in a pioneer-ing partnership between the public and private initiatives, created the Votorantim Reserve, an area of 35 thousand hectares of dense ombrophylous forest in the Atlantic Forest biome, in the southern part of the state of São Paulo, that has been protected for over 50 years.

Votorantim believes that the valuation of natural capital is a global trend, and Ecosystem Services is also an impor-tant issue. In that sense, it established two important partnerships. The first was with the Brazilian Business Council for Sustainable Development (CEBDS), in order to study the main tools for the valuation of ecosystem services. In a program of five workshops, concepts and methodologies with a focus on valuation were aligned with various companies and other CEBDS partners. Also in this issue, it was part of the Business Partnership for Ecosystem Services (PESE).

Based on studies on ecosystem services, the tool known as ESR (Ecosystems Services Review) is being applied, in a pilot project, in four of the Votorantim Business Units: Votorantim Metals, Votorantim Energy, Votorantim Steel and Votorantim Cements.

1 Votorantim Industrial is an industrial conglomerate

with an extensive busi-ness portfolio: Votorantim

Metals, Votorantim Energy, Votorantim Cement,

Votorantim Steel, Fibria and Citrosuco.


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Goals 2020The goal taken over by VID (Votorantim Industrial) will guide the goals and action plans for all BUs (business units). In 2012, VID will prepare an inventory plan for priority areas, which will enable the assessment of the conservation of the areas in the medium term, besides identifying more precisely, the flora and fauna species threatened by extinction.In five years:Map Votorantim areas, carry out surveys on fauna and flora and identify species listed on the endangered species lists.• Support businesses on the elaboration of management plans for the species listed on the endangered species

list registered in the Votorantim areas.

Goal 2020Evaluate impacts x dependence on ecosystem services, including biodiversity attributes, and value priority eco-system services in the main VID operations.

4.4 Cemig – development of technologies for the maintenance of ecosystem servicesCemig is a publicly traded company controlled by the government of the state of Minas Gerais. Considered the largest

integrated firm in the Brazilian electricity sector, it has been part of the Dow Jones Sustainability World Index, since 2000. This index is a benchmark for valuing, in the capital market, the companies that are committed to sustainability.

As part of its efforts towards sustainability, Cemig´s actions towards the recomposition of the riparian vegetation, the conservation of fish stocks and genetic resources as well as the monitoring and control of invasive alien species in their plants should be highlighted.

The Riparian Reforestation Program, initiated in 1990, through an agreement with the Federal University of Lavras (UFLA)

and with partnerships with rural landowners, was motivated by the need to recover the company´s degraded areas, and is quickly being expanded to the recovery of the riparian vegetation areas, described in the Brazilian Forest Code. Nowadays, with the environmental regularization of enterprises that were installed before the Brazilian Environmental Legislation, this initiative is becoming a constraint in the plants´ Operation Licenses.

As part of the Program, Cemig maintains three forest nurseries, with a capacity of production of 600,000 seedlings / year, as well as the Forests Seeds laboratory. 60 forest species including native Atlantic Forest and Cerrado species as well as spe-cies destined to urban afforestation are cultivated. Throughout these years, one thousand hectares of riparian forests were reforested and 50 springs were recovered.

Through this program, new studies to evaluate the degree of establishment of riparian forests are being developed, considering their contribution to carbon sequestration, to the processes of natural regeneration and succession and to the attraction of fauna species, proving the effectiveness of these areas in the Conservation of the Biodiversity of riparian environments.

To promote the conservation of the fish stocks and protect the river basin communities where its plants are located, the Peixe Vivo (Live Fish) Program was launched, in 2007, which aims to protect fish species from the impacts of the hydropower plants, through three axes: conservation of species, research support and community involvement.

Integrated actions for the production and release of fingerlings; development of transposition systems; structural and operational adjustments of the plants and the monitoring of fish populations are developed.

The results achieved until this moment include: the development of solutions and technologies to reduce the direct im-pact of hydroelectric plants on icthyofauna, reducing fish mortality in Cemig´s plants in 87%; the release of native species fingerlings in order to maintain local biodiversity, fish stocks and to ensure the genetic viability of fish populations as well as food security of the communities.

To fight hydroelectric plants invasive alien species, especially the golden mussel (Limnoperna fortunei), Cemig has been developing researches and testing methodologies to control this species, since 2002. This mussel is originally from Asia and its reproductive characteristics allowed it to spread rapidly along the rivers of southern South America and to become a threat to native aquatic species and industries that use raw water in their production processes.

Despite not suffering damage from the invasion of the species in its facilities, in 2011, the company founded the Bioengineering Center for Species Invading on Hydroelectric Power Plants (CBEIH), aiming to foster the development of solu-tions to control the environmental, industrial and economic impacts caused by alien species. The Center is structured to act in bioengineering, modeling and environmental education.


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Sheila Oliveira / Associação Caatinga

4.5 Natural WaxNatural Wax is a carnauba (Copernicia prunifera) wax refining industry, located in the industrial district of Maracanaú,

state of Ceará, Brazil. It operates in the national and international markets, commercializing wax as a liquid and in flakes, which is a natural product, of high quality standard, developed with respect to all links of the productive chain and to the environment.

Carnauba is a Brazilian native species, member of the palmae family. Due to the required climatic conditions, the wax production only takes place in the Northeast, more significantly in Ceará, Maranhão, Piauí and Rio Grande do Norte. The plant has an important social value in these states. Approximately 200 thousand rural workers are economically involved in the extraction of the wax powder during the second half of the year, in the period of low rainfall, when agricultural farming and other income sources are less viable inland. Thus, the extraction of carnauba wax becomes an important alternative for generating income in the dry season, favoring the permanence of people in their regions of origin.

Besides the wax powder, carnauba is a source of raw material for many other activities. The leaves are used in house roofs, paper manufacturing and handicrafts. The oily fruits are used in animal food. The almonds and the roots are used in the development of medicines. The trunks are used for building structures. Due to its many uses, it is called the “tree of life”.

In industry, carnauba wax has many uses. It is used as floor polish, vehicle paint, food, leather, ceramics, wood, and phar-maceuticals, reducing permeability and contributing to the maintenance of the quality of the product. It is used as a release agent for metallurgy, as an additive in the production of gum base for chewing gum, as a binder in cosmetic industry, as input for computing devices, such as chips, toners, among others; as a lubricant and waterproofing for fabrics, paper and packag-ing, providing increased strength, rigidity and better sliding in thermal printing devices.

The carnauba wax is extracted in an artisanal and sustainable manner, benefiting thousands of small producers in the Caatinga who work on harvesting and wax processing in the dry season. The inputs are produced under laboratory control, throughout every step of the production process, from the selection of raw materials to packing for delivery. Every step of the production is recorded, which allows the traceability of information regarding the process.

Natural Wax contributes to the preservation of the Caatinga biome, which is the original region of the carnauba tree, and for the neutralization of carbon emissions in the manufacturing process, through a partnership with the Caatinga Association, a civil entity that promotes education and conservation actions for the sustainable use of this biome.

The partnership between the Caatinga Association and Natural Wax benefits the company´s clients: for every five tons of


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carnauba wax sold, the company adopts, for one year, an hectare of the Serra das Almas Private Reserve of Natural Heritage (RPPN), located in Crateús, Ceará. Customers are awarded a certificate, considering them a maintainer of the Caatinga of Northeastern Brazil. Thus, the purchase of carnauba wax directly contributes to the protection of species, main-taining trails, visitation infrastructure, inspection, prevention of forest fires in the Serra das Almas Natural Reserve and to the eco-development programs carried out with the surrounding communities.

Natural Wax supports research on species botany, fight against invasive species, environmental conservation and refor-estation, technological innovation of industrial processes and extraction, as well as actions aimed at generating employment and income as well as social, cultural and educational activities amid the production chain of the carnauba wax.

4.6 Centroflora Group: Partnerships for a Better WorldCentroflora Group was founded in 1957 in the city of São Paulo, and is today the South American leader in the production

and development of standardized plant extracts for the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries. It has customers in Brazil, the United States, Europe and Asia.

Centroflora was a pioneer in Brazil in the development of dry extracts of medicinal plants (atomization drying process) for the pharmaceutical industry, which was until then known only for soft and liquid extracts, which were transformed into pills after a complex technological process. This discovery was, at the time, considered a major innovation in the pharmaceutical industry, which promoted Centroflora´s growth and consolidation as a leading producer of plant extracts in Latin America.

In its business model, Centroflora establishes different strategies for research, development and supply of its products according to the plant species that is of the customer´s interest. It can act since the step that refers to access to genetic re-sources, working together with the client through the stages of Research & Development, continuing through the steps of transposition of the pilot-scale and feasibility on an industrial-scale. To make the supply of plants feasible, which is the raw material in its processes, the company has a specialized technical team to carry out the non-timber forest and agricultural crops management, as well as an extensive network of partners, including universities, other enterprises, cooperatives and family farmers that cooperate in the development of new businesses. The final goal is to guarantee the supply of plant-based raw material of high quality and to ensure its traceability. All of this has the objective of maintaining the phytochemical plant profile and enabling a better reproducibility of the extracts.

Searching for sustainability in its value chain, Centroflora created the program “Partnerships for a Better World,” in order

to ensure the standard of quality for natural inputs and to obtain the best gains for all links of the productive chain. The program has plant production branches in Brazil, trains them to develop the cultivation of important species and to develop the sustainable management of native species of interest. Approximately three thousand families have been benefited with income generation, many of them through training and capacity-building. The technical staff of Centroflora guides field activi-ties to certify the origin, traceability and sustainability of plant inputs that are used in the manufacture of herbal medicines, cosmetics, personal hygiene, among others. Thus, Centroflora customers benefit from greater safety and quality in their supply chains. The cultivation and management of selected species are closely monitored by Centroflora, which carries out botanical, horticultural and forestry analyses as well as the feasibility analysis. It is a worldwide initiative, enabling thousands of consumers to buy safe and effective natural products which do not harm the environment and improve the quality of life of local populations.

The program is based on the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, on traceability and sustainability of plant-based raw material provided on an industrial scale, and on the fostering of family agriculture, forest management, local de-velopment and ethical biotrade. The selection of medicinal plants potential suppliers is done constantly in rural communities, associations, cooperatives and small producers. Centroflora guarantees the purchase of planned crops, at a fair price and the transfer of the necessary technology to the rural area. Through the program Partnership, the company also fosters good quality organic agriculture, the conservation of native forest, income distribution, technological development and technical periodical visits to producers.

The program “Partnership for a Better World” is also connected to other Centroflora´s actions. There can be an agreement with the client so that a percentage of the final product billing is invested in socio-environmental projects, enabling the shar-ing of benefits. These actions are developed together with Floravida Institute, a nonprofit organization created in 2002 and maintained by the Centroflora Group, to foster actions in favor of the sustainable development of communities and places where Centroflora operates.

Floravida Institute plays a key role in the coordination with other institutions and in promoting sustainable local devel-opment. Since 2008, it has developed the “Jaborandi Enhancement” project, in partnership with GIZ (German Agency for International Cooperation), with the institutional support of Semar( Secretary of Environment and Water Resources), Incra (Brazilian National Institute of Land Reform), ICMBio, Land Credit and IBAMA. This project has, as its mission, the biodiversity conservation and income generation in communities that extract jaborandi (Pilocarpus microphyllus), in the states of Piauí, Maranhão and Pará. Approximately one thousand extractivist workers, harvesters of jaborandi, are benefited.


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Photo: Centroflora

In addition, Floravida Institute supports a Wild Animals Screening Center (CETAS), in partnership with the Paulista State University (UNESP – Universidade Estadual Paulista), where it cares and provides appropriate destination for wildlife individu-als, that are victims of trafficking, abuse, or that come from voluntary donations, thus, being an important partner of IBAMA, the Environmental Police and the Judiciary.

Many of the established partnerships provided Centroflora good business opportunities, such as the case of the baleeira herb (Cordia verbenacea), used by Centroflora along with the Aché lab, in the development and production of the first ethical phytomedicine in Brazil, Acheflan. Another successful story is the use of jambu (Spilanthes oleracea) in a cosmetic for anti-aging treatment, Natura´s Chronos Spilol.

Centroflora Group has five units located in Botucatu (SP), Barueri (SP) and Parnaíba (PI). It also has two farms to ensure the supply of some specific species. Centroflora is the manufacturer of botanical extracts, juices and dehydrated pulps, pilo-carpine (active pharmaceutical ingredient) and essential oils, and its products are inputs in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries

The company is aligned with international standards of production, follows the Good Practices in Manufacturing and is aligned with ISO 9001 (quality management) and ISO 22000 (Kosher certification, which certifies that the food was made according to Jewish dietary laws). The Group’s activities are also certified by the Biodynamic Institute (IBD), accredited by the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM), which guarantees the processing of 100% organic extracts. Centroflora is also certified by USDA and Ecocert. Vegeflora, specifically, counts on one more control: it goes through regular inspections by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the North American agency responsible for the control of food and drugs.


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F@bio Poti / Associação Caatinga

4.7 CNI and the Biodiversity

4.7.1 The Biodiversity Network

The National Confederation of Industry (CNI) created, in 2011, the Forests and Biodiversity Network, with the objective of promoting increased engagement of industry in the theme of biodiversity. The Network is comprised of representatives of state industry federations, sector specific associations and companies from various sectors.

Through the Network, the industry actively participates in public policy discussions related to the theme of biodiversity and forests, besides following the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity in Brazil. In addition, the Network aims to identify opportunities related to business and biodiversity, as well as promote training actions in the industrial sector.

Among the objectives of the Network are: the strategic alignment of the themes under discussion in the forums related to the topic where CNI is represented (National Biodiversity Commission - CONABIO, National Forests Comission - Conaflor and Public Forest Management Commission - CGEFLOP) and issues related to biodiversity and forests on the agenda at the National Environment Council (CONAMA); discussion and building of positions on issues on the agenda of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), besides trends and other matters identified by the members of the Network as a priority.

Several issues have been discussed within the Network. Among them, the regulatory framework for access to genetic re-sources and benefit sharing, payment for ecosystem services, sustainable forest management and opportunities for industry for the sustainable use and conservation of biodiversity.

4.7.2 CNI and the Brazilian Businesses and Biodiversity Initiative

The National Confederation of Industry (CNI), the Brazilian Business Council for Sustainable Development (CEBDS) and the Business Movement for Biodiversity - Brazil (MEBB), with support from Life Institute, launched the Brazilian Business and Biodiversity Initiative. The initiative was encouraged by the outcome of the 10th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) held in Nagoya, Japan, in October 2010. At that time, it was decided that the Global Platform on Business and Biodiversity would be created and, by the end of 2011, it was launched by the Convention Secretariat. To

strengthen the business sector involvement, worldwide, the Secretariat has encouraged the creation of initiatives in the coun-tries that are Parties of the Convention and enabled the interaction among them. This is how the idea of the Initiative arose.

The objective of the Brazilian Initiative is to act as a direct channel between the business sector and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), representing the Brazilian productive sector in the Global Platform. With this, it will be possible to permit access to information on international negotiations and discussions related to biodiversity, enabling exchanges of experiences, the dissemination of best practices and case studies, tools, researches, and other events related to the theme. On the other hand, the Initiative will contribute to the dissemination of the Brazilian companies actions that are related to the sustainable use and conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services, that contribute to achieving the objectives of the CBD.

The Initiative has a rotating executive secretariat, which, every two years in each Conference of the Parties (CBD), alter-nates the institution that hosts the secretariat. In the first period of the Initiative, CNI hosts the executive secretariat.


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5 THE MANAGEMENT OF BIODIVERSITY IN BRAZIL

The Brazilian Federal Constitution (CF), in its 23rd Article, describes the competences that are common to the Union, the states, the Federal District and the municipalities. The protection of outstanding natural landscapes, of the environment, the fight against pollution and the conservation of forests, fauna and flora are some of them. To meet its responsibilities, the three federative levels must cooperate with one another, aiming at the development balance and the well- being, nationwide.

The Complementary Law No140/2011 regulates the article of common competence (23rd Article, CF) with the objectives of promoting the decentralized management, harmonizing policies and administrative actions in order to avoid overlapping of actions between federative entities, and to ensure uniformity of the environmental policy for the entire country, respecting regional and local peculiarities, among others.

Biodiversity management is a responsibility that is shared among federative entities: the Union, the States, the Federal District and the municipalities. The contribution of society to management is recognized through various legal instruments, especially the Convention on Biological Diversity.

The formulation of Biodiversity Policies nationwide, is usually coordinated by the Brazilian Ministry of Environment, Chico Mendes Institute of Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio), the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA), and Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden Research Institute (JBRJ). The states and municipalities may also formulate biodiversity policies, on a complementary basis, or more restrictive than national policies. Brazil is composed of 26 states and the Federal District, divided into five regions, namely: North, Northeast, Midwest, Southeast and South. In what refers to municipalities, there are 5,564, but not all of them count on a specific environmental management organizational structure.

Law No 6.938/1981, which provides for the National Environment Policy, established the National Environment System, Sisnama, which was regulated by Decree No 99,274 , 1990. It consists of the bodies and entities of the Federal Union, States, Federal District, the Municipalities and the Foundations established by public authorities, responsible for the protection and improvement of the environmental quality, such as, the management of biodiversity and forests. Its structure is, as follows

Ciro Albano / Associação Caatinga


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• Highest Body: The Government Council• Consultative and Deliberative Body: The National Environment Council – CONAMA• Central Body: The Ministry of Environment – MMA• Executive Body: The Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources – IBAMA• Sectional Bodies: agencies or state entities responsible for implementing programs and projects for the control and

supervision of activities capable of causing environmental degradation;• Local Bodies: Municipal bodies or entities responsible for the control and supervision of these activities in their

jurisdictions.

Igor Roberto / Associação Caatinga

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REFERENCES

ALMEIDA, F.; BULHÕES, B. Empresas na rede da sustentabilidade. In: Bensusan, N (Org.). Biodiversidade: para comer, vestir ou passar no cabelo? São Paulo: Peirópolis, 2006.BRASIL. MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT. BOARD OF THE NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION PROGRAM. Quarto Relatório Nacional para a Convenção sobre Diversidade Biológica. Brasília: Ministry of Environment, 2010a. BIOMINAS FOUNDATION. Estudo de Empresas de Biotecnologia do Brasil. 2007. Available at: <http://www.biominas.org/conteudo.php?idicod=1&paccod=15>. Accessed on Sept 25. 2012.EARTHWATCH INSTITUTE EUROPE; INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES; WORLD BUSINESS COUNCIL FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. Business and Biodiversity: The Handbook for Corporate Action. Switzerland: [s.n.], 2002.MILLENNIUM ECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENT. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis. Island Press, Washington, DC. 2005.MITTERMEIER, R.A; ROBLES GIL, P.; MITTERMEIER, C.G.(Eds.), Megadiversity: Earth’s Biologically Wealthiest Nations. Monterrey, Mexico: CEMEX. 1997.NATIONAL INDIAN FOUNDATION. Mapa do Brasil da Situação Fundiária Indígena. 2012. Available at: <http://mapas.funai.gov.br/dados/pdf/BRASIL_03_2012.pdf>. Accessed on on Sept 24. 2012.SECRETARIAT OF THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY. Global Biodiversity Outlook 3. 2010.TEEB, The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity: TEEB for Business Report. [S.l.]: National Confederation of Industry, 2010.UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME. Global Biodiversity Assessment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.WORLD BUSINESS COUNCIL FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. Guide to Corporate Ecosystem Valuation: a framework for improving corporate decision making. Switzerland: [s.n.], 2011.

CNIEnvironment Executive Board- GEMASShelley de Souza CarneiroExecutive Manager Technical CoordinationElisa Romano Dezolt

Communication Department – DIRCOMCarlos Alberto BarreirosCommunication Director Marketing and Advertisement Executive Board – GEXPPCarla Cristine Gonçalves de SouzaExecutive Manager CORPORATE SERVICES DEPARTMENT – DSCArea of Administration, Documentation and Information – ADINFMarcos Tadeu de SiqueiraExecutive Manager Documentation and Information Board– GEDINFabíola de Luca Coimbra BomtempoDocumentation and Information Manager Normalization Alberto Nemoto Yamaguti

Consultant Beatriz Bulhões Grammar ReviewThais Vaurof

TranslationTrilha mundos

Graphic Design and DiagrammingCartaz Criações e Projetos Gráfcos

PhotosSheila Oliveira / Associação CaatingaFábio Nunes / Associação CaatingaBrazilian Business and Biodiversity Initiative

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