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Biodiversity Resource InventoryEcosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski

An Ecosystem-based Adaptation in Mountain Ecosystem in Nepal

supported by:

INTERNATIONAL UNION

Nepal Country OfficeKupondole, LalitpurP.O.Box 3923, Kathmandu, NepalTel: +977 1 5528781Fax: +977 1 5536786Email: [email protected]/nepal

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The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN.

Published by: IUCN Nepal, Kupondole, Lalitpur, Nepal

Edited by: Amit Poudyal & Anu Adhikari, IUCN Nepal

Designed by: Naresh Subba (Limbu) & Amit Poudyal, IUCN Nepal

Language editing: Dr. Bishnu Hari Baral

Copyright: © July, 2013 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources

Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without priorwritten permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged.Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permissionof the copyright holder.

Available from:IUCN NepalKupondole, LalitpurP.O. Box 3923, Kathmandu, NepalTel: (977-1) 5528781Fax: (977-1) 5536786E-mail: [email protected]: www.iucn.org/nepal

This Report has been published under ‘Ecosystem-based Adaptation in Mountain Ecosyestem’ Project, jointly

implemented by International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), United Nations Development Programme

(UNDP) and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) with financial support from Germany’s Federal

Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU).

supported by:

Research Team:Bhuvan Keshar Sharma (Team leader/Ecosystem and Biodiversity)Kiran Timalsina (Natural Resources Management)Roshani Rai & Surya Kumar Maharjan (Forestry)Anish Joshi & Biplob Rakhal (GIS /Database)

Technical Advisor Team of IUCN Nepal:Anu AdhikariRajendra KhanalRacchya ShahSony BaralDr. Yam Malla


An Ecosystem-based Adaptation in Mountain Ecosystem in Nepal


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This report provides the findings of biodiversity resource inventory of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC ofKaski district of Western Nepal. IUCN Nepal is grateful to Green Governance Nepal (GGN) forconducting the study and support to prepare the report in this form. Bhuvan Keshar Sharma,ecosystem and biodiversity specialist and also a Team Leader for this study deserves specialappreciation.

We would also like to appreciate the contribution of other team members. Kiran Timalsina (NaturalResources Management), Roshani Rai and Surya Kumar Maharjan (Forestry), Anish Joshiand Biplob Rakhal (GIS and Database) are also sincerely acknowledged. Special thanks goesto field enumerators, local resource persons and the technical experts: Asha Paudel, PratimaBhandari, Anita Dandakhiya, Shiva Acchami, Him Lal Subedi and Kim Raj Paudel, withoutthem this endeavour would not have been successful.

The residents of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski are highly appreciated for their supports to carryout the field study. We are also indebted to those government and non-government organizationsand individuals, who spent their precious time during consultations, discussions, meetings andfield observations.

Last but not least we would like to express our gratitude to all individuals who helped us in one wayor another.

July, 2013

I

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) Project is being piloted in Nepal, Peru and Ugandawith funding from German Government, Federal Ministry for the Environment, NatureConservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) through its International Climate Initiative and is jointlyimplemented by International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the United NationsEnvironmental Programme (UNEP) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).In Nepal, the Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation (MoFSC) is the implementing agency atthe national level in partnership with UNDP, IUCN and UNEP while the Ministry of Science,Technology and Environment (MoSTE) plays an overall coordinating role. The pilot site for thisproject is the Panchase area, belonging to Kaski, Parbat and Syangja districts.

The area is rich in biodiversity and is a paradise for orchids. In current decades, the area, notdifferent from other parts of the country, is being affected by climate change. It is prerequisite toknow the status for implementation of EbA activities and to assess the impacts of climate changeon biodiversity of the area. Hence, this study is conducted to know the baseline of biodiversity indifferent ecosystems, particularly forest, agriculture land and wetland in Bhadaure Tamagi VDCof Kaski district.

Inventory guidelines developed by MoFSC and participatory NTFP inventory guidelines developedby ANSAB were extensively followed in this study. Counting and measuring of flora and fauna inthe VDC was done by laying composite plots on the ground. In addition, Focus Group Discussions(FGD), Key Informant Interviews (KII), household surveys, and transect walks were also doneto collect the required data.

The study found that the area is dominated by broad-leaved species with rich epiphytes, fernsand mosses. Among broad-leaved species, chilaune (Schima wallichii), katus (Castanopsisindica) and rakchan (Daphniphyllum himalense) are the most dominant species. Among differentforest types, chilaune-katus forest supports high biodiversity and utis (Alnus nepalensis) forestsupports low diversity. However, the regeneration status is opposite to biodiversity in such typesof forests. The VDC consist of 263 floral species and 32 faunal species. Among ecosystemtypes, forest hosts highest floral and faunal biodiversity. In addition, forest consists of five endemic,two protected and one invasive species. The study has also found the existence of one ofCITES Appendix II species, Cyathea spinulosa Wall. ex Hook. in the VDC. Likewise, diversity ofareal species is high in the forest and vice versa in agriculture. The study also confirmed theexistence of big mammals, such as brown bear, leopard and deer on the basis of their droppingscattered throughout the VDC.

Despite of being rich in biodiversity the VDC also has several management issues in conservingit. Open grazing, ongoing road construction, forest fire, poaching, and illegal logging are someof the issues that are seriously threatening the biodiversity of the area. Some cases of human-wildlife conflict such as crop raiding by monkeys and wild hares were also found during thestudy. Similarly, some cases of leopard attack were also recorded. The study concludes that thechange in social dimension mainly out-migration has positive impacts on biodiversity. This studyhas recommended for involvement of local communities in biodiversity conservation through,eco-tourism, cultural tourism, promotion of forest-based enterprises and promotion of organicagriculture.

III

ACRONYMS & ABBREVIATIONS

ANSAB Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresources

BA Basal Area

BMU Ministry for the Environment, Nature conservation and Nuclear Safety

CB Community Based

CBD Convention on Biological Diversity

CBNRM Community Based Natural Resource Management

CBO Community Based Organization

CBS Central Bureau of Statistics

CC Climate Change

CF Community Forest

CFUG Community Forest Users' Group

CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

DACAW Decentralized Action for Children and Women

DBH Diameter at Breast Height

DDC District Development Committee

DEM Digital Elevation Model

DHM Department of Hydrology and Metereology

D-tape Diameter tape

EbA Ecosystem based Adaptation

ES Ecosystem Services

FGD Focus Group Discussion

FUG Forest Users' Group

GGN Green Governance Nepal

GIS Geographic Information System

GPS Global Positioning System

I/NGOs International/Non-Governemental Organizations

IAS Invasive Alien Species

IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature

IVI Importance Value Index

KII Key Informant Interview

LPG Liquid Petrolium Gas

LRMP Land Resource Mapping Project

MAPs Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

MDO Machhapuchhre Development Organisation

MEA Millennium Ecosystem Assessment

MoFSC Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation

MoSTE Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment

NTFPs Non Timber Forest Products

NWP National Wetland Policy

PA Protected Area

PCBUS Panchase Chhetra Bikash Upabhokta Samiti

PDDP Participatory District Development Programme

PES Payment for Ecosystem Services

RC Relative Coverage

V

RD Relative Density

Rdo Relative Dominance

RF Rakchan Frequency

RP Resource Person

RS Remote Sensing

RUPP Rural Urban Partnership Program

SNPP Shree Nepal Panchadham Panchase

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

UNEP United Nations Environmental Programme

VDC Village Development Committee

WL Wildlife

VI

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................... IEXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................... IIIACRONYMS & ABBREVIATIONS........................................................................................... V

1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 11.1. Background .................................................................................... 11.2. Rationale of the Study .................................................................................... 11.3. Objective of the Study .................................................................................... 21.4. Management of the Study .................................................................................... 21.5. Limitations of the Study .................................................................................... 21.6. Organisation of the Report .................................................................................... 31.7. Target Users .................................................................................... 31.8. Glossary of Key Terms .................................................................................... 3

2. STUDY AREA : AN OVERVIEW .................................................................................... 42.1. Study Area - Panchase .................................................................................... 42.2. Study Site - Bhadaure Tamagi VDC .................................................................................... 42.3. Socio-economy .................................................................................... 52.4. Geology and Topography .................................................................................... 62.5. Altitude .................................................................................... 62.6. Slope and Aspect .................................................................................... 72.7. Climate .................................................................................... 72.8. Soil Type and Soil Fertility .................................................................................. 10

3. APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY .................................................................................. 123.1. Study Design and Methodology .................................................................................. 123.2. Sampling Design for Participatory Forest Resource Inventory ......................................... 13

3.2.1. Size and shape of sample plots ............................................................................... 133.3. Field Arrangement .................................................................................. 14

3.3.1. Arrangement of field equipment and data collection formats .................................. 143.3.2. Formation of multidisplinary team ........................................................................... 143.3.3. Orientation to the field technicians .......................................................................... 143.3.4. Field demonstration to the field technicians ............................................................ 14

3.4. Field Inventory .................................................................................. 143.4.1. Field measurement .................................................................................. 143.4.2. Focus Group Discussion (FGD) .............................................................................. 143.4.3. Key Informant Interview (KII) .................................................................................. 153.4.4. Field observation and transect walk ........................................................................ 153.4.5. Secondary data collection ..................................................................................15

3.5. Geographical Information System (GIS) Mapping............................................................. 153.5.1. Datasets used .................................................................................. 153.5.2. Mapping of Ecosystem types .................................................................................. 163.5.3. Mapping of biodiversity .................................................................................. 173.5.4. Mapping of services and institutes .......................................................................... 173.5.5. Development of GIS database ................................................................................ 17

3.6. Data Entry and Processing .................................................................................. 193.6.1. Quantitative analysis .................................................................................. 193.6.2. Qualitative analysis .................................................................................. 20

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS .................................................................................. 214.1. Ecosystem Types .................................................................................. 21

4.1.1. Forest Ecosystem .................................................................................. 224.1.2. Agriculture Ecosystem .................................................................................. 254.1.3. Water bodies (wetland) Ecosystem ......................................................................... 254.1.4. Pasture/grazing land .................................................................................. 26

4.2. Biodiversity .................................................................................. 274.2.1. Flora .................................................................................. 274.2.2. Fauna .................................................................................. 29

4.3. Hotspots - Flora and Fauna .................................................................................. 31

5. OBSERVED ISSUES AND MANAGEMENT OPTIONS ............................................................... 335.1. Ecological Issues .................................................................................. 33

5.1.1. Open grazing .................................................................................. 335.1.2. On-going road construction .................................................................................. 335.1.3. Flooding/siltation .................................................................................. 335.1.4. Forest fire .................................................................................. 335.1.5. Agricultural land abandonment ................................................................................ 345.1.6. Illegal logging .................................................................................. 345.1.7. Illegal poaching .................................................................................. 345.1.8. Human wildlife conflict .................................................................................. 345.1.9. Spread of Invasive Alien Species (IAS) ................................................................... 34

5.2. Social issues .................................................................................. 345.2.1. Migration .................................................................................. 345.2.2. Overseas remittance .................................................................................. 355.2.3. Untouched forests .................................................................................. 35

5.3. Potential Options .................................................................................. 355.3.1. Community involvement in biodiversity conservation ............................................. 355.3.2. Ecotourism promotion .................................................................................. 355.3.3. Promotion of private sector investment in forest-based enterprises ...................... 365.3.4. Cultural tourism promotion .................................................................................. 365.3.5. Promotion of organic vegetable farming.................................................................. 365.3.6. PES potential .................................................................................. 365.3.7. Vulture conservation .................................................................................. 365.3.8. NTFPs Promotion .................................................................................. 37

5.4. Bio-indicators of Climate Change .................................................................................. 375.5. Ecosystemwise Management Options ............................................................................... 38

6. CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................. 39

7. REFERENCES .................................................................................. 40

ANNEXURES .................................................................................. 41Annex 1: Glossary of Key Terms .................................................................................. 41Annex 2: Tally Sheet Used for Forest Resource Inventory .................................................... 46Annex 3: Checklist Used for Agriculture Resource Information Collection ............................ 47Annex 4: Checklist Used for Faunal Resource Information Collection .................................. 48Annex 5: Checklist Used for Anthropogenic Pressure and Natural Hazard Related

Information Collection .................................................................................. 49Annex 6: List of Sample Point Covered as Universe for Forest Resource Inventory ............ 50Annex 7: List of Participants of FGDs and Key Informants .................................................... 52Annex 8: Wardwise Major Ecosystems (Area in ha) .............................................................. 55Annex 9: IVI of Canopy Layer Species .................................................................................. 56Annex 10: Vegetation Type by Ward .................................................................................. 57Annex 11: Seedling and Sapling Density by Vegetation Type.................................................. 58Annex 12: Species Wise Density of Poles and Trees............................................................... 60Annex 13: Species Wise Growing Stock of Poles and Trees ................................................... 62Annex 14: Cultivation Type by Ward .................................................................................. 64Annex 15: Tree Species Found in Forest Ecosystem of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC .................... 65Annex 16: Non-tree Species Found in Forest Ecosystem of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC ............. 67Annex 17: Flora found in agriculture ecosystem of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC ............................ 72Annex 18: Flora Found in Wetland Ecosystem of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC .............................. 75Annex 19: Wild Fauna Found in Bhadaure Tamagi VDC ......................................................... 76Annex 20: Domesticated Fauna Found in Bhadaure Tamagi VDC .......................................... 77Annex 21: Wetland Fauna Found in Bhadaure Tamagi VDC ................................................... 78Annex 22: Endemic Species Found in Bhadaure Tamagi VDC ............................................... 79Annex 23: Protected Species Found in Bhadaure Tamagi VDC .............................................. 80Annex 24: NTFP Species Found in Bhadaure Tamagi VDC .................................................... 81Annex 24: Grassland in Bhadaure Tamagi by ward ................................................................. 87

LIST OF TABLESTable 1: Population distribution in Bhadaure Tamagi VDC ................................................. 5Table 2: Methods used for information collection .............................................................. 12Table 3: Datasets used for the study ................................................................................. 16Table 4: List of GIS Datasets Developed .......................................................................... 18Table 5: GIS Standards Adopted ....................................................................................... 18Table 6: Major ecosystem of Bhadaure Tamagi ................................................................ 21Table 7: Major Vegetation Types ....................................................................................... 23Table 8: Vegetation types by altitude................................................................................. 23Table 9: Species Composition by Vegetation Type ........................................................... 23Table 10: Seedling and Sapling Density by vegetation type ............................................... 24Table 11: Density of Poles and Trees ................................................................................ 25Table 12: Growing Stock of Poles and Trees ...................................................................... 24Table 13: Major Cultivation Types ....................................................................................... 26Table 14: Species Richness of Ecosystems by Taxa ......................................................... 28Table 15: Number of Floral Species found in Bhadure Tamagi by Life Form ..................... 29Table 16: Types of Vegetable found in the Study VDC ....................................................... 29Table 17: Ecological Status of Floral Species ..................................................................... 29Table 18: Fauna in the Forest and Agriculture Ecosystem ................................................. 31Table 19: Status of faunal species....................................................................................... 31

LIST OF FIGURESFigure 1: Map showing the location of study area ...............................................................5Figure 2: Settlement in Bhadaure Tamagi VDC ...................................................................5Figure 3: Geological map of Bhadaure Tamagi ....................................................................6Figure 4: Altitude map of Bhadaure Tamagi .........................................................................6Figure 5: Slope map of Bhadaure Tamagi ...........................................................................7Figure 6: Aspect map of Bhadaure Tamagi ..........................................................................7Figure 7: Annual average precipitation (1985-2010) ...........................................................7Figure 8: Seasonal precipitation trend (1985-2010) ............................................................8Figure 9: Seasonal precipitation patterns (1985-2010) ........................................................8Figure 10: Average annual temperature (Minimum) ..............................................................9Figure 11: Mean winter rainfall (Source Bioclim, 2010) .........................................................9Figure 12: Average annual maximum and minimum temperatures (1981-2011) ................10Figure 13: Soil map of Bhadaure Tamagi .............................................................................10Figure 14: Study framework .................................................................................................12Figure 15: Layout of sample points for resource inventory ..................................................13Figure 16: Diagrammatic representation of concentric circular plots...................................13Figure 17: Participants of focus group discussion ...............................................................15Figure 18: Key informants during key informant interview ...................................................15Figure 19: Ortho-rectified RapidEye Image of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC ...............................21Figure 20: Ecosystem map of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC (Rapid Eye Image analysis) ...........22Figure 21: Epiphytic fern ......................................................................................................22Figure 22: Major vegetation type ..........................................................................................22Figure 23: Major cultivation types in Bhadaure Tamagi .......................................................26Figure 24: Level Terraces seen in Bhadaure Tamagi ..........................................................26Figure 25: Water bodies of Bhaudare Tamagi VDC .............................................................27Figure 26: Water bodies in Study VDC a) Harpan Khola b) Ponds used by buffalo ............27Figure 27: Grassland/grazing patches seen in Bhadaure Tamagi .......................................26Figure 28: Chhatre (Tree fern, Cyathea spinulosa Wall. ex Hook.) .....................................28Figure 29: Scats of Wild Animal ...........................................................................................31Figure 30: Vultures seen flying over the sky of Bhadaure Tamagi (left); Tiktike (right) .......31Figure 31: Bird hotspots in Bhaduare Tamagi ......................................................................32Figure 32: Wildlife hotspots in Bhaduare Tamagi .................................................................32Figure 33: Plant hotspots in Bhadaure Tamagi ....................................................................32Figure 34: Landslide triggered by on-going road construction ............................................33Figure 35: Vulture roosting in a Lapsi tree ...........................................................................36Figure 36: Jalkumbi invasion in a pond in Chainpur, Bhadaure Tamagi VDC .....................37

1

Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background

The Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) Project for mountain ecosystems in Nepal, Peru andUganda aims to strengthen the capacities of these three countries, which are particularlyvulnerable to climate change impacts in Ecosystem-based Adaptation approaches. The projecttargets to strengthen ecosystem resilience of these countries and reduce vulnerability of localcommunities with particular emphasis on mountain ecosystems.

The project is funded by the Federal Ministry of the Environment, Nature Conservation andNuclear Safety (BMU), Germany through its International Climate Initiative, and is jointlyimplemented by IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), the United NationsEnvironmental Programme (UNEP), and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).

In Nepal, the Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation (MoFSC) is the implementing agency atthe national level in partnership with UNDP, IUCN and UNEP, while the Ministry of Science,Technology and Environment (MoSTE) plays an overall coordinating role. The pilot site for thisproject is the Panchase area belonging to Kaski, Parbat and Syangja districts. The area isvulnerable to climate change, with negative impacts on water resources, agriculture andbiodiversity. The project is designed on the premise that social and human adaptation is bestachieved by ensuring the continued provision of ecosystem services and enhancing humancapacity to address current challenges and future uncertainties, especially in contexts such asthe mountains of Nepal where communities are still significantly dependent on ecosystem servicesfor their primary livelihoods. The project has four major components: (i) the development ofmethodology and tools for mountain ecosystems; (ii) the application of the above tools andmethodology at the national level; (iii) the implementation of EbA pilots at the ecosystem level;and (iv) the formulation of national policies and building an economic case for EbA at the nationallevel.

Half of the area of Panchase was declared as a protected forest from MoFSC. It has been thefocus of national, regional and local development considering its high natural resource significanceas well as its potential for eco-tourism. It is considered to be a hotspot biodiversity. The areacontains various types of ecosystems - wetland, forest, agriculture and grassland, and 107types of orchids. Furthermore, Bhaudare Tamagi, the largest VDC of the Panchase area,represents all four types of ecosystems in this area. In this context, this assessment tried toassess the detailed biodiversity resources of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC.

1.2. Rationale of the Study

Ecosystem-based Adaptation is a new concept. In order to understand the function of ecosystems,their composition needs to be assessed. As each flora and fauna has a specific and importantrole in maintaining ecosystems, this study was conducted to gain an overall impression ofbiodiversity composition. It also assessed different ecosystems with particularly focus onbiodiversity, landscape management and climate change adaptation as well as the functions ofthe various ecosystems within the VDC. The major aim of this study was to assess the overallecosystem status of the VDC so that it will help visualize VDC conditions as well as identify sitespecific management options. The inventory is expected to produce baseline status of the existingbiodiversity scenario of the VDC and to know the status of various ecosystems. Moreover, it willsupport for further monitoring of the sites and to know the changes in the status of the ecosystem.It was, therefore, necessary to establish base-line values for different indicators mentioned inmonitoring and evaluation matrix of the programme. This study also provides insights intointerrelation between the programme's target groups and different ecosystems.


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1.3. Objective of the Study

The overall objective of the study were to undertake a comprehensive biodiversity resourceinventory of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC of the Panchase Area with clear mapping of all importantecosystems, including forest, agriculture, wetland and water body. Specific objectives were to:

a. carry out a detailed taxonomic inventory of biodiversity (both flora and fauna) resourcesand identify their conservation status (in terms of rarity, endemism, invasive nature andso forth);

b. analyse the vulnerability of identified endemic and threatened biodiversity with respectto climate change and human induced threats;

c. provide site specific management options to help in the mitigation of threats/pressureassociated with identified threatened species;

d. identify bio-indicators for further long-term monitoring and assessment of a local- levelimpact of climate change; and

e. prepare geo-morphological GIS maps showing the study area's land-use pattern,vegetation, climatic condition and species habitat.

1.4. Management of the Study

The study was successfully accomplished in close coordination and collaboration with GreenGovernance Nepal (GGN), the implementing agency for the study, and IUCN, the funding agency.Rajendra Khanal of IUCN was responsible for overall coordination of the study. Similarly, AnuAdhikari and Sony Baral of IUCN were assigned as the main focal persons and were responsiblefor coordination and communication with relevant stakeholders, monitoring of the study andproviding required backstopping support to the study team. The focal persons and other teammembers of IUCN provided invaluable inputs in finalising methodology and implementing thestudy. They also provided inputs on the report.

From GGN's side, a multi-disciplinary team of 12 professionals was involved to accomplish thestudy (for details of the study team, see Project Team section). To make a common understandingamong the study team members and the field researchers about the study and to familiarise thefield researchers and locally hired resource persons with the process of information collectionand checklists, a three-day orientation was organised in Pokhara prior to field work. This ensuredefficient data collection in the field.

1.5. Limitations of the Study

The timing of the study was observed as a major constraint of the study. The non-floweringseason made identification of plant species difficult, especially orchid species. The winter season,a time for the hibernation of the majority of cold blooded fauna, could be one of the reasons forabsent or limited sighting of aquatic and terrestrial fauna in the field.

Ecological sampling was limited only to the forest, and no ecological sampling was carried outfor agriculture and wetlands due to seasonal differences. Furthermore, the sampling was intendedfor plant species which could not cover animal species. Data and statistics on agriculture, waterbodies and fauna were based mainly on field observation, transect walk, focus group discussion,key-informant interview and secondary sources. The study does not cover the diversity ofmicrobes in the area. As December is the off season to grow agricultural crops, interactions onagriculture growing patterns and their main outcomes could not be indicated in the study time.

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1.6. Organisation of the Report

Chapter 1 covers the background, rationale, objectives, limitations and target users of the study.Chapter 2 gives an overview of the study area in terms of physiography, socio-economic situation,geology and environmental situation of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC and of the whole district.Chapter 3 provides details on approaches and methodology, including study design, methodology,sampling design for participatory forest resource inventory, field arrangement and field inventory.Chapter 4 contains results obtained from the field data and secondary information of the studyarea whereas discussion provides the scenario of the study findings. Chapter 5 includesecological, social, bioindicators and ecosystemwise management option. Chapter 6 concludesthe study and recommends some management options for implementation.

1.7. Target Users

The primary target users of this report are IUCN, EbA Project team and partner organisationsworking directly or indirectly in the Panchase area. The report is also targeted for researchers,academicians, local communities, the government and non-governmental organisations in Kaski,Syangja and Parbat districts, and development partners working closely with the Ministry ofForests and Soil Conservation, the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, the Ministryof Agriculture Development and their respective departments.

1.8. Glossary of Key Terms

Major technical terms used in this report are described in Annex 1.


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2. STUDY AREA : AN OVERVIEW

2.1. Study Area - Panchase

The Panchase area is situated at the junction of three districts - Kaski, Parbat and Syangja. It issituated in the mid-hills of Nepal, west of Pokhara, at longitudes between 830 45' and 830 57' Eand at latitudes between 280 12' and 280 18' N. This region is densely populated by subsistencefarmers, and livestock rearing is an integral part of their livelihood. Altitude ranges from 815 m atHarpan River to 2517 m at the peak of Panchase hill whereas the forest ranges from 1450 m tothe peak and receives more than 5000 mm precipitation per year.

The Panchase hill is the origin of many rivers and tributaries supplying water to the lowlandvillages and a primary source for Phewa Lake. The lower limit of Panchase is enriched byflooded rivers and agricultural lands. Varieties of terrain types and climatic variations rangingfrom upper tropical to moist temperate has allowed Panchase to give rise to a great diversity ofecosystems and species. Hill sal forest, pine forest, schima-castanopsis forest, and oak forestare the major types of forests in the Panchase area. At present, 68.69 percent of the forest isprotected forest and the rest is community forest (Aryal and Dhungel, 2009).

Panchase is a rich area in biodiversity (Koirala 1998), possessing a total of 310 plants, out ofwhich about 100 species are NTFPs and 113 orchids. The Panchase area holds immensepotential for establishing micro-enterprises based on several NTFPs like lokta (Daphne bholuwa),mollah (Viburnum mullaha), allo (Girardinea diversifolia), nigalo (Arundinaria species) that arefound in a good number. Lokta can be used for making Nepali paper, allo for weaving cloth,nigalo for making bamboo products, and mollah for extracting good valued juice with a sweetish-sour taste.

Common fodder trees in the Panchase area are pakhuri (Ficus glaberrima), dudhilo (Ficusnerifolia), nebaro (Ficus roxburghii), kabhro (Ficus lacoor), khanyu (Ficus semicordata), gogan(Sasaurrea napaulensis), badahar (Artocarpus lakoocha), bedulo (Streblus asper) and others.Tejpat (Cinnamomum tamala), sugandhkokila (Cinnamomum glaucescens), amriso (Thysolaenamaxima), chiraito (Swertia chirayita), timur (Zanthoxylum armatum), lapsi (Choerospondiasaxillaris), kurilo (Asparagus racemosus) etc. are common NTFPs of the area. Besides these,chiraito (Swertia chirayita), satuwa (Paris polyphylla) and kurilo (Asparagus racemosus) areimportant medicinal plants with high market value.

The ethnic composition of the area constitutes Brahmin, Chhetri, Gurung, Bishwokarma, Nepali,Pariyar, Magar and Thakali, where Gurung communities inhabit at higher elevations and Brahminsand Chhetris at lower elevations. Of these, Gurungs and Magars are indigenous to the area,and Bishwokarma, Nepali and Pariyar are disadvantaged groups. Approximately 40,000 peoplelive in and around the Panchase area sustaining their livelihood by utilizing resources andproducts (fodder, firewood, timber, edible, medicinal plants, etc.) of the same area (Bhattarai etal. 2012).

2.2. Study Site - Bhadaure Tamagi VDC

Of the 17 VDCs in the Panchase Protected Area, Bhadaure Tamagi is the one of the largestVDCs. It extends to an area of 2504.26 ha and is inhabited primarly by Gurungs. Similar to otherareas and Panchase in general, Gurungs and other ethnic groups have inhabited upper elevationareas while Brahmins and Chhetris lower elevation areas. The VDC stretches at latitudes between28o12'35" and 28o16'34" and at longitudes between 83o48'14" and 83o52'52" (Figure 1). TheVDC has a consistent bioclimate (upper tropical to moist temperate) as Panchase has (UNDP/MDO, 2006) and annual precipitation is 3355 mm. The major part of the Panchase forest lies in

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Bhadaure Tamagi. 76 percent of the VDC iscovered by forest. The altitude of the VDC variesfrom 815 m to 2484 m. The lower and middleparts of the VDC are dominated by chilaune-katus forest while the upper part is dominatedby rakchan forest. The major part of the forest isnorth, east or north-east facing and thus thereare plenty of possibilities for NTFPs and MAPs.Chhatre (tree fern, Cyathea spinulosa), whichfalls under the CITES Appendix II, is abundantabove Kutbidada to Sidhane and aroundHarpankot of Bhadaure Tamagi in the gulley.However, local inhabitants use tender parts tomake pickles so the population of tree ferns is indecline.

2.3. Socio-economy

Approximately 40,000 people live in thePanchase area (there are 17 VDCs in this). Theydepend on forests for their livelihood (fodder,forage, fuelwood, timber, edible and medicinalplants). Out of this population, 3,286 (1,487 aremales and 1,799 are females) individuals live inBahdaure Tamagi VDC. There are 878households in the VDC, with an average of fourmembers per household (Figure 2 and Table 1).

Information on literacy, income source,occupation, caste and ethnic composition ofBhadaure Tamagi VDC was collected during thefield work. However, the overall information onall these demographic situations is not verydifferent than that of the overall rate of the district.According to the census of 2011, the literacy rateof Kaski district is 82.4 percent. Similarly, 52percent of the population is involved inagriculture, and 11 and 9 percent of thepopulation actively participate in industrial andbusiness sectors respectively. The lower areaof the VDC is densely populated by subsistencefarmers, and livestock rearing is an integral partof their livelihood (Bhattarai et al., 2012). Aslivestock comprises a major part of agro-ecological system of the Panchase area, foddercollection is the second most important biomassouttake, especially in dry and lean periods whenon-farm fodder is particularly sparse. Thepreferred fodder species are Schima wallichii,Castanopsis indica, C. tribuloides, Euryaacuminata, Prunus sp., Quercus lamellosa andQ. semicarpifolia. However, their productivity isconstrained by outcompeting for nutrients byEupatorium (Bhattarai et al., 2012).

Ward Household Male Female Total

1 201 325 463 788

2 53 85 93 178

3 45 83 89 172

4 127 206 272 478

5 294 547 610 1,157

6 27 40 47 87

7 43 72 87 159

8 28 38 47 85

9 60 91 91 182

Total 878 1,487 1,799 3,286

Source: Preliminary results of Census 2011, CBS

Table 1: Population distribution in BhadaureTamagi VDC

Figure 2: Settlement in BhadaureTamagi VDC

Figure 1: Map showing the locationof study area


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2.4. Geology and Topography

The Himalayas, of which Bhadaure Tamagi VDC is a part, is the youngest mountain range in theworld, and consists of highly metamorphosed complex rock like gneisses, phyllites, mica schist,etc (Carson, 1992). A geological map of the study area is presented in Figure 3.

However, the underlying rock is not of prime importance to the vegetation (Arneberg, 1995).Altitude, rainfall, and aspect are the most important factors determining the main vegetationtypes (Stainton and Polunin, 1984). The topography is extremely rugged with massive mountainridges and gentle to steep slopes. The study site is found to be highly susceptible to erosions(LAC, 2000). Terracing is mandatory to control erosion when used for arable agriculture.

2.5. Altitude

Bhadaure Tamagi is one of the largest VDCs in the Panchase area. It extends to an area of2504.26 ha. The altitude of the VDC ranges from 815 m at the Harpan khola flood plains to2484 m at the peak of Panchase hill (Figure 4).

Figure 3: Geological map of Bhadaure Tamagi

Figure 4: Altitude map of Bhadaure Tamagi

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2.6. Slope and Aspect

The topography is extremely rugged with massive mountain ridges and gentle to steep slopes.Generally the slope ranges from 21o to 52o. The major part of the VDC is north, east or north-east facing and thus there are plenty of possibilities for NTFPs and MAPs. Slope is classifiedinto six major classes depending on the degree of slope. Less than 210 is categorized as gentleslope while more than 520 as extreme slope (Figure 5 and Figure 6).

2.7. Climate

This part of Kaski district is located in sub-tropical climatic zone and receives an average annualrainfall of 338 mm (over the period of 25 years from 1985 to 2010) with the highest rainfalloccurring in the monsoon of 1988 (with the total rainfall of 4936.6 mm). The average annualnumber of days of rainfall occurrence is 128 days (from years 1985 to 2010) with a maximum of164 days recorded in the year 1985 (Figure 7).

Figure 7: Annual average precipitation (1985-2010) (from DHM station 0813 Bhadaure)

Figure 5: Slope map of Bhadaure Tamagi Figure 6: Aspect map of Bhadaure Tamagi


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The seasonal1 precipitation trend over the past25 years (1985-2010) shows an average rainfallof 473 mm in the pre-monsoon season, 3336mm in the monsoon season, 171mm in thepost- monsoon season and 82 mm in the winterseason (Figure 8). The seasonal precipitationpatterns (total rainfall) of the last 25 years isshown in Figure 9.The highest and lowest meanmonsoonal rainfall in Bhadaure region is 902mm and 308mm (Figure 10). Similarly, themean maximum winter rainfall is 17mm andminimum 9 mm in the VDC area (Figure 11).

As per downscaled global projected climatedata of Bioclim, the extremeness of

temperature scenario in both maximum and minimum in Bhadaure Tamagi VDC had beenmore significant in the subtropical region that covers the inner valley and plains of Harpan Kholaand Khahare Khola existed in the eastern part of the region. Ward 5 will absorb maximumtemperature (31oC) followed by wards 3, 4 and 6. At the same time minimum temperature willdecline below 00C throughout the region; however, its extremeness will be observed around thecool temperate region in south western flank surrounding Panchase peak in ward 9. Otherregions of ward 5, 7, 8 and 9 will exhibit warm temperate climate condition.

Figure 8: Seasonal precipitation trend(1985-2010)

1 Pre-monsoon months are March-May; Monsoon months are June-September; Post-Monsoon months are October-November and Winter months are December-February

Figure 9: Seasonal precipitation patterns (1985-2010)

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The spatial distribution of precipitation data shows two different scenarios, namely during monsoonand winter seasons. It is observed from the above figures that the entire part of BhadaureTamagi VDC receives a good amount of rainfall annually. The gridded data shows that duringmonsoon the rainfall distribution pattern will be more than 902 mm along the ridges from centralnorth to south direction whereas the other part will receive not less than 308 mm rainfall. Themost benefited wards of monsoon rainfall in Bhadaure Tamagi VDC are wards 1, 2, 3, 7, 8 and9. Interestingly, other than these wards, especially wards 4 and 5, the eastern parts of wards 3and 6 and the western parts of 7 and 9 receive a good amount of rainfall (16mm) in the winterseason.

The average annual maximum and minimum temperatures (from 1981-2011, DHM station no.0814, Lumle; Figure 12) vary from 20.230 C to 120 C. The hottest months were recorded in theyear 2009, with a maximum of 220C and the coldest of 110C was recorded in the winter monthsof 2011 (Figure 12).

Figure 11: Mean winter rainfall (Source Bioclim, 2010)

Figure 10 : Average annual temperature (Minimum)


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2.8. Soil Type and Soil Fertility

Located in the middle mountain physiographic region of the country, Bhadaure Tamagi VDC inthe Panchase Protected Forest Area consists of almost all the land forms and land types typicalof the physiographic region, except a few. Harpan khola, the major river flowing through thearea along with khahare kholas (seasonal streams), have made a strip of alluvial plains. Soil inthese alluvial plains varies with the proximity to the rivers. Areas adjacent to the rivers havefragmental sandy Psaments with some Ustorthents as well. These soils may not be suitable forcultivation because of their relatively coarse texture and excessive drainage. Moreover, theyare very prone to flood hazard during monsoon. These areas are better left for grass lands andsome riverine trees. Those areas which are occasionally flooded have Ustifluvents andFluvaquents with gravelly sandyloam/loam soils over sands and gravels. These areas withoccasional flood hazards are generally suitable for selective winter crops with good watermanagement practices. Areas away from the flood events and adjacent to foothills generallyhave well to moderately well drained coarse loamy Ustochrepts and at places EepiaquicHaplustepts. These areas are suitable for paddy in the monsoon season, and with irrigationfacility, a wide range of winter crops can be grown.

Figure 12: Average annual maximum and minimum temperatures (1981-2011, Station 0814)

Figure 13: Soil map of Bhadaure Tamagi

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In the moderately steep mountainous terrain, cultivation occurs generally on the slopping aswell as level terraces. The slopping terraces generally have moderately deep skeletal loamyand sandy Dystrochrepts and Ustochrepts. These areas are best suited to maize- based croppingsystems. The level terraces generally have well to moderately well drained Epiaquic andAnthraquic coarse loamy Ustochrepts and Haplustepts and are better suited to paddy in therainy season and diverse winter crops with good water managemewnt practices. The forestedmoderately steep mountainous terrain has well- drained coarse loamy Haplumbrepts andHapludepts. The steep to very steep mountainous terrain which are mostly under forest havesandy and skeletal loamy Lithic and Paralithic Dystrochrepts and Ustorthents. These areas arenot suited to agriculture and maintainence of good vegetational cover is necessary as they arevulnerable to degradation.


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3. APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY

3.1. Study Design and Methodology

A series of meetings and discussions were held with IUCN Programme Team to discuss studymethods, determine the sample size, and finalise the checklist for information collections. MoFSCinventory guidelines and ANSAB participatory NTFP inventory guidelines were thoroughlyreviewed to come up with a biodiversity resource inventory method. Based on those meetingsand discussions with IUCN Programme Team and review of relevant literature, the followingstudy methods (Table 2) were agreed and used for information collection required for the study.Based on the information obtained from participatory resource inventory and transect walk,resource status and threats were assessed. Resource inventory provided information on cover,density, abundance, growing stock and regeneration status of important species.

Figure 14: Study framework

Ecosystem

Forest * Field observation* Transect walk* Participatory resource inventory* Consultation with stakeholder* Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and* Key Informant Interview (KII)

Agriculture/wetland or water body/grassland * Field observation* Transect walk* Consultation with stakeholder* Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and* Key Informant Interview (KII)

Table 2: Methods used for information collection

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Transect walk provided information on threats based on anthropogenic disturbances andecosystem health. Consultation with stakeholders, FGD and KII provided the overall informationof the VDC. They were particularly used to compile information on the perception of the localpeople. A tally sheet (Annex 2) was developed for a participatory resource inventory. Checklistsas shown in Annex 3, 4 and 5 were developed for consultation with stakeholders, FGD and KII.A detailed methodological framework of the study area is presented in Figure 14.

3.2. Sampling Design for Participatory Forest ResourceInventory

The Land Resource Mapping Project (1984)maps were taken as basis for determiningsampling intensity and laying out samplepoints for participatory forest resourceinventory. LRMP (1984) has categorized theforests of Bhadaure Tamagi into two types,namely deciduous mixed broad-leaved forestand hill sal Forest. These two forest typeswere taken as two different strata and thesample points were systematically laid out atevery 250 m x 250 m throughout the forest.Points located along the alternative columnsfrom left were considered for the inventory.Furthermore, for convenience during the fieldmeasurement, points located in the area withmore than 300 slope were discarded. Thisleft the study team with 73 points: 69 pointsin deciduous mixed broad-leaved forest and4 in hill sal forest (Figure 15).

3.2.1. Size and shape of sample plots

The XY coordinates of laid out sample plotswere transferred to GPS for navigation andfield measurement (Annex 6). Once the pointswere located, concentric circular plots werelaid out at each sample point for the fieldmeasurement. Figure 16 shows thatconcentric circular plots of 500 m2, 300 m2,25 m2 and 10 m2 were used for measurementof trees, poles, saplings and seedlingsrespectively. Number of individuals of eachspecies was recorded in all plots. Thediameter at breast height (DBH, 1.37m) andheight for trees and poles were also recorded.The tally sheet used for recording and the listof the sample points used in the study areaare presented in Annex 2 and Annex 6respectively. Along with these parameters,other geographical, edaphic and climaticdisturbance characteristics were alsorecorded for each plot.

Figure 15: Layout of sample points for resourceinventory

Figure 16: Diagrammatic representation ofconcentric circular plots used for forest resource


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3.3. Field Arrangement

3.3.1. Arrangement of field equipment and data collection formats

Field inventory equipment, including GPS, diameter-tape, linear tape and height measuringinstruments, was assembled. Field equipment was prepared, checked and calibrated beforehand.A set of checklist format was also prepared and handed over to the field team.

3.3.2. Formation of multidisplinary team

A forest measurement team was formed consisting of botanist, forest technician, technicianfrom district forest office, project technical staff and local resource person. The data collectionprocess was entirely participatory. Local forest users' groups members were involved in themeasurement and preparing the participatory resource map, which helped in sampling designand planning inventory.

3.3.3. Orientation to the field technicians

Three-day orientation training was organised for information compilation and forest resourceinventory based on the checklist and format developed before going to the field. All the fieldtechnicians attended the training and became familiar with the process of information collection,and were subsequently deployed to their respective fields. The main objective of the orientationwas to ensure that they would able to handle the equipment and perform the inventory taskconsistently.

3.3.4. Field demonstration to the field technicians

In the fourth day, the entire field technicians were taken into a forest to demonstrate the inventorymethods. Firstly, participants were trained in using different equipment required for inventoryworks. Then the participants were trained on measuring the slope of the terrain and correctingthe slope. Secondly, they were trained on laying inventory plots of different sizes for herbs,shrubs and trees on the ground. Thirdly, they were trained on how to count and measure differentspecies in each plot. Finally, they were trained on recording data in respective formats.

3.4. Field Inventory

3.4.1. Field measurement

Observations were made and measurements of species found in each plot were done. Oncethe centre of sampling plot was located using GPS, plots of four different sizes (Figure 16) wereestablished for observation and measurement. All the regeneration of the prioritized specieswas also counted and recorded. Likewise, crown diameter was measured from the observation.

3.4.2. Focus Group Discussion (FGD)

The study team also conducted focus group discussions (FGDs) with the project beneficiariesto compile information of existing forest management practices, farming system and socio-economic conditions of the VDC. The FGDs were also used as opportunities to reflect on the

15


current status, trends and issues related tobiodiversity conservation, landscape management,climate change adaptation, and ecosystemmanagement in the study area. Altogether five FGDs,covering all wards of the VDC, were conductedduring the study. Figure 17 shows the ongoingdiscussion of FGD in the study area (for thechecklists used for FGDs, see Annex 3, 4 and 5).Information collected from FGD and other fieldmeasurements were validated by published andunpublished literature, forest operational plans andmanagement activities going in the field.

3.4.3. Key Informant Interview (KII)

Altogether 15 key informants were interviewed forcompiling detailed information on specific subjectssuch as MAPs in the area; forest managementpractices; cropping system; land use history. Thelist of key informants is included in Annex 7 andFigure 18.

3.4.4. Field observation and transect walk

Field observation and transect walk were used to compile information on forest, agriculture,pasture and wetland biodiversity. This provided a clear overview of the VDC. Transect walkswere also used as opportunities to compile information on wild animals and other ecosystems inthe VDC.

3.4.5. Secondary data collectionAvailable DFO's records and constitutions and operational plans of CFUGs were used forcompiling information on total number and area of CF handed over and benefitted population.CFUGs' records were helpful in undertaking resource inventory, determing species compositionand density of forests.

3.5. Geographic Information System (GIS) Mapping

Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing based imagery analysis along withground observation data were used for biodiversity inventory design as well as for mappingenvironmental/bio-climatic variables, ecosystems and their components. GIS databases weredeveloped for various bio-physical parameters and components of ecosystems. The followingsub-section briefly presents the approaches and methodology used for mapping and developingdatabase for various components under this study.

3.5.1. Datasets used

Various available datasets were used for developing/generating new datasets for biodiversityinventory and mapping of ecological components. These datasets and sources are listed inTable 3.

Figure 17: Participants of focus groupdiscussion

Figure 18: Key informants during keyinformant interview


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3.5.2. Mapping of Ecosystem types

Ecosystem types viz. forest ecosystem, agriculture ecosystem and water body (wetlandecosystem) were mapped using high resolution RapidEye (RE) satellite image of the year2010/11. RapidEye image was classified using segmentation and object classification methodusing eCognition software tool for mapping ecosystem types.

A further classification of forest ecosystem was done based on vegetation types into chilaune-katus forest, hill sal forest, rakchan forest and utis forest. The forest types were classified andmapped using RE satellite imageries and inventory data, taking terrain slope and aspect asother parameters.

Agriculture ecosystem was sub-classed based on topography and cropping pattern of the regionfollowing LRMPs classification scheme. The cultivation classes identified and mapped in theVDC region are flood plain cultivation (lower river terraces), river terrace cultivation (upper riverterraces) in the valley floor/river flood plain area; level terrace cultivation, and sloping terracecultivation in the hilly areas (Box 1).

S.No. Datasets Sources/Year

1 Topographic datasets 1:25,000 scale National Topographic Database, SurveyDepartment, 2001

2 Land Utilization and Land System Maps 1:50,000 scale LRMP Land Utilization Map and LandSystem Maps, Kenting Earth Science, 1986

3 Climate datasets raster (Mean annualtemperature, mean precipitation

BioClim, downloaded from http://www.worldclim.org/bioclim

4 RapidEye (RE) 5m Satellite Imageries FRA Nepal Project, 2012

5 Other datasets Genesis Consultancy (P) Ltd., 2005-2010

Table 3: Datasets used for the study

BOX 1: CULTIVATION TYPES

Flood plain cultivation (Lower river terraces):The flood plain cultivation is the lower river terraces in the valley floor. These river terraces are theflood plains generally with one crop of rice.

River terrace cultivation (Upper river terraces):The river terrace cultivation is the upper river terraces with occasional flooding. Rice or seasonalvegetables are grown in the upper river terraces cultivation area in general.

Level terrace cultivation:The level terrace cultivation in the hilly region (hill slope cultivation) comprises terraces of up to 4oeither backward sloping towards the hillside or forward sloping. Single monsoonal upland rice is grownwith rain-fed water or hill irrigation system. Terraces where rice is grown are known as khet (low land?).Rice is followed mainly by wheat or fallow in the dry season.

Sloping terrace cultivation:Terraces in the hilly region with convex, concave or straight sloping surfaces are sloping terraces.Sloping terraces are found on upper slopes and spurs throughout the hilly region. These sloping terracesare known as bari or pakho (upland?) under Nepalese land classification terminology. Dominant croppingpattern in this type of cultivation land is maize during monsoon followed by millet, potato/mustard orwheat. In narrower sloping terraces maize or millet is often followed by fallow.

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Agriculture sub-classes were classified and mapped using RE satellite images, terrain slopeparameters and ground observation of the cultivation pattern.

Grass land and grazing patches were mapped using high resolution Google Earth image. Onlysmall privately owned or abandoned land with grass cover was found in the VDC.

Water bodies (wetland ecosystem) consisting of rivers, streams and ponds were mapped usingsatellite images and ground observation.

3.5.3. Mapping of biodiversity

Floral and faunal bio-diversity and their hotspots were mapped using RE images and groundobservation data. The richness of forest species was mapped based on the occurrences ofspecies types in the inventory plot using GIS- based geostatistical analysis of the richnessparameter to create a species richness map.

The hotspots of the selected flora and fauna species (bird and wildlife) were mapped based onground observation, participatory mapping and location of the hotspots using GPS.

3.5.4. Mapping of services and institutes

Services (including ecosystem services) and institutes were mapped based on ground locationusing GPS and participatory mapping approaches. These services are categorized and mappedunder the following classes:

• Agriculture• Commercial• Cultural• Educational• Infrastructure• Institutional• Public• Religious• Social/public• Tourism

3.5.5. Development of GIS database

GIS database and datasets were developed for the ecosystem and its (aforementioned)components based on the RE satellite images and field measurement/observation andparticipatory mapping approaches. An attribute database was developed based on fieldmeasurement/observation and participatory mapping and other secondary sources. GIS datasetsdeveloped under the study and technical standards adopted are presented in Tables 4 and 5.The catalogue of attribute data and metadata is summarized in Table 4. The standards of GISdata used for the analysis is given in Table 5.


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Table 4: List of GIS Datasets Developed

S.No. Datasets/Layers Remarks

A Administrative

1 Panchase region boundary Based on national topographic data

2 17 VDC boundaries in Panchase Based on national topographic data

3 Wards boundaries in 17 VDCs Based on national topographic data

B Bio-physical and environment

4 Altitude/Digital Elevation Model (DEM) DEM generated from 20m contours

5 Slope & Aspect Derived from DEM

6 Average Annual Temperature Analyzed from DHM data and Bioclim

7 Average Precipitation Analyzed from DHM data and Bioclim

8 Geology Based on regional geological map, DMG

9 Soil Type Based on LRMP Land Utilization Map

C Topographic and hydrography

10 Terrain contours and spot levels Based on national topographic data

11 Road infrastructure Based on data from DoR

12 River and Streams Based on national topographic data

13 Watershed and Sub-watershedboundaries

Based on watershed deleniaiton using SWAT model

14 Water bodies (Ponds) Based on national topographic data and mapped from fieldobservation

D Ecosystem and Components

15 Biodiversity inventory plots Based on field observation and GPS location

16 Ecosystem Types Based on RE images and field data

17 Vegetation Types Based on RE images and field inventory data

18 Vegetation Species Richness Based on RE images and field inventory data

17 Cultivation Types Based on RE image and field observation

20 Wildlife Hotspots Based on field observation and GPS location andparticipatory mapping

21 Bird Hotspots Based on field observation and GPS location andparticipatory mapping

E Rapid Eye 5m satellite imagery Ortho rectified satellite imagery

Table 5: GIS Standards Adopted

S.No. Parameters Details

1 Coordinate Reference System (CRS) Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 44 N

2 Spheroid World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84)

3 Data formats Vector: ESRI Shape File; Raster: GeoTIFF

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3.6. Data Entry and Processing

Resource inventory data were entered in MS Excel by developing standard data entry format todevelop a database and for further analysis. Similarly, information compiled from FGDs, KII,and observations and transect walks and secondary sources were entered in a custom developeddata entry software for easy data management and analysis. Data were analysed both qualitativelyand quantitatively.

3.6.1. Quantitative analysis

The quantitative data on seedlings, saplings, poles and trees obtained from forest resourceinventory were analysed to calculate quantitative vegetation parameters like density, frequency,basal area with their relative values and Importance Value Index (IVI) for classification of forestecosystem into major vegetation types. They were further analysed to calculate growing stockof pole and tree using the following formulas:

Density and relative densityDensity expresses the numerical strength of the presence of a species in a community. It is thenumber of individuals per unit area and is expressed as number per hectare.

Relative density is the density of a species with respect to the total density of all species.

[Source : Zobel et al. 1987]

Frequency and relative frequencyFrequency is the number of sampling units in which particular species occur, thus expressingthe dispersion of various species in a community. It refers to the degree of dispersion in terms ofthe percentage of occurrence.

Relative frequency is the frequency of a species in relation to other species.

[Adapted from Raunkiaer 1934]

Basal Area and Relative Basal AreaBasal area is the space covered per unit area by plant stems estimated by measuring diameterat breast height (DBH). It is one of the chief characteristics to determine dominance. Relativebasal area is the proportion of basal area of species to the sum of the basal area of all species.


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[Adapted from Zobel et al. 1987]

Importance Value Index (IVI)Importance Value Index (IVI) was introduced by Curtis and McIntosh (1951) as an index ofvegetation importance of any species to express ecological success with a single value within astand. It is the function of Relative Density (RD), Relative Frequency (RF) and Relative BasalArea (RBA) or Relative Coverage (RC) for shrubs of each species. This index provides aquantitative basis for the classification of a community. The IVI value of any species in a communityranges between 0-300.

IVI = Relative Frequency (RF) + Relative Density (RD) + Relative Dominance (RDo)

Growing stockGrowing stock expresses the volumetric strength of the presence of a species in a community.It is the volume of individual species per unit area and is expressed as volume per hectare.

Where,

3.6.2. Qualitative analysis

Qualitative data like local people's perception about existing forest management practices, farmingsystems, socio-economic conditions, current status, trends and issues related to biodiversityconservation, landscape management, climate change adaptation and ecosystem managementin the study VDCs were compiled separately and analysed to come up with ecological andsocial issues related to biodiversity conservation and their potential management options andbio-indicators of climate change in the study VDCs. The species listed from participatory forestresource inventory, FGDs, KII, field observations, transect walks and secondary sources wereclassified by taxonomy, life form, origin, endemism, invasiveness, conservation status and theiruses.

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4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1. Ecosystem Types

High resolution RapidEye satellite imageries of the year 2010/11 (Figure 19) and field data wereused to produce an ecosystem map of the study area. The entire VDC was classified into threeecosystems: agriculture/cultivation; forest and water body; and associated sandbars/riverbed(Figure 20). Forest was found to be the dominant ecosystem in the study area that covers morethan three quarters of the study area followed by agriculture which is 23 percent (Table 6).Khahare Khola and Harpan Khola are two major river systems in the VDC that constitutes amajor part of water body ecosystem in the VDC. Sand, gravel and boulder deposit along thesetwo rivers constitutes sandbars/riverbed. The statistics on ecosystem types by ward is presentedin Annex 8.

Table 6: Major ecosystem of Bhadaure Tamagi

Land Use class Area (ha) Percentage

Cultivation 572.49 22.86

Forest 1906.45 76.13

Sandbars/Riverbed 23.96 0.96

Water body 1.36 0.05

Total 2504.26 100

Figure 19: Ortho-rectified RapidEye Image of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC


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4.1.1. Forest Ecosystem

LRMP (1984) has categorized the area mainly as deciduous mixed broad-leaved forest with asmall portion of hill sal forest near the Thulakhet area. The dominance of broad- leaved speciesin the area can be attributed to its high rainfall. Due to high rainfall, the forests are rich inepiphytes, ferns and mosses. About 76 percent of the VDC is covered by forest and most of thetropical zone is dominated by chilaune-katus forest while temperate zone is dominated by rakchanforest (Figure 22).

Based on the Immportance Value Index (IVI) of canopy (pole and tree) species as shown inAnnex 9, the forest area was further classified into four vegetation types, namely rakchan forest,chilaune-katus forest, hill sal forest, and utis forest (Figure 22). Hill sal and utis were classifiedas separate vegetation types based on their localised dominance.

Chilaune-katus forest (56 percent) and rakchan forest (38 per cent) are major vegetation typesin the VDC, whereas hill sal forest and utis forest are negligibly present in north-eastern andnorth-western corners of the VDC respectively (Figure 22, Table 7). The statistics on vegetationtypes by ward is presented in Annex 10.

Figure 21: Epiphytic fern Figure 22: Major vegetation type

Figure 20: Ecosystem map of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC (based on recent Rapid Eye Image analysis)

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Vegetation type by altitude

The altitude of Bhadaure Tamagi ranges from 815 m to 2484 m. This was classified into fourcategories as shown in Table 8: Below 1000 m, 1000-1500 m, 1500-2000 m and more than2000 m for analysis of change in vegetation type by altitude. The analysis shows that chilaune-katus and hill sal forests are predominant in the low altitude area while rakchan forests arepredominant in the high altitude area.

Species composition by vegetation type

The study found out that in terms of species composition the chilaune-katus forest was therichest (38 tree species), whereas the hill sal forest was found to be the poorest (6 tree species).Schima wallichii and Castanopsis indica were found in all the vegetation types available inBhadaure Tamagi VDC (Table 9).

Vegetation Type Area (ha) Percentage

Chilaune- Katus Forest 1075.07 56.39

Hill Sal Forest 29.50 1.55

Rakchan Forest 734.32 38.52

Utis Forest 67.56 3.54

Total 1906.45 100.00

Table 7: Major Vegetation Types

Table 9: Species Composition by Vegetation Type

S.No.Vegetation

TypeSpecies Composition

Total noof species

1 Chilaune-KatusForest

Akhitare, Amala, Angeri, Baakle, Baanjh, Bedulo, Bhakimlo, Bilauni, Castanopsisindica, Dabdabe, Damaura, Dhupi, Dudhilo, Gurans, Jamun, Kafal, Kaulo, Khirro,Kyamun, Lapsi, Mallato, Mallo, Mauwa, Musure katus, Paate, Paiyu, Pakhuri,Raatpaate, Rakchan, Rudilo, Schima wallichii, Siris, Tanki, Tejpat, Tiju, Tilko, Tooni,Utis

38

2 Hill Sal Forest Castanopsis indica, Kafal, Mauwa, Sal, Schima wallichii, Tiju 6

3 RakchanForest

Angeri, Bilauni, Castanopsis indica, Dabdabe, Darekanda, Dudhilo, Ghudakhari,Gurans, Kafal, Kalikatha, Kaulo, Lek chaanp, Mallato, Mallo, Mauwa, Paate, Paiyu,Phalat, Raatpaate, Rakchan, Schima wallichii, Symplocus, TiteKatha

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4 Utis Forest Angeri, Castanopsis indica, Dudhilo, Mallo, Paate, Rakchan, Schima wallichii, Utis 8

Altitude class(m)

Vegetation type (ha)

Chilaune-Katus Forest

Hill SalForest

RakchanForest

UtisForest Total

Below 1000 85.31 21.88 107.19

1000 - 1500 709.43 7.62 11.89 12.82 741.77

1500 - 2000 280.32 508.05 54.73 843.10

Above 2000 214.38 214.39

Total 1075.06 29.50 734.32 67.55 1906.45

Table 8: Vegetation types by altitude


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Regeneration status

The understory in terms of the regeneration status in the forest types of Bhadaure Tamagi wasalso analysed during the study. The understory in all the forest types was dominated by majortree species. The result showed that the understory in the utis forest was devoid of its ownregeneration which justifies the fact that it is a pioneer species that regenerates in reclaimedlands only. It can be implied from this analysis that utis forest can be replaced by other speciesin the long run. It was also found out that the understorey of all the forests comprised mixedspecies except for the understory of hill sal forest, which was composed of mere 4 species: sal,katus, mauwa and tiju.

Hill sal forest and utis forest which were least in area in Bhadaure Tamagi were found to havethe highest density of seedlings and saplings per ha respectively (Table 10). The details ofdistribution according to species are given in Annex 11 . The lower seedling and sapling densityin chilaune-katus forest and rakchan forest can be attributed to their higher canopy closure.

Sal 1200

Mauwa 400

Rakchan Forest

Bilauni 1750

Rakchan 1167

Rakchan 1011

Bilauni 522

Symplocus 28

Kafal 28

Mallato 11

Lek chaanp 11

Utis Forest

Paate 3000 4400

Mallo 400

Forest TypeSeedling Sapling

Highest Lowest Highest Lowest

Chilaune-Katus

Tiju 4219

Castanopsis indica 3031


Schima wallichii 500

Khirro 31

Paiyu 31

Damaura 13

Kyamun 13

Hill SalForest

Sal 35000


Tiju 1000


Table 10: Seedling and Sapling Density by vegetation type

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Density of poles and trees

The analysis in terms of canopy layer showed that all the forest types were dominated by polesrather than trees as illustrated in Table 11, and details are given in Annex 12 according tospecies. The dominant tree species of these forest types comprised the largest portion in termsof the structure of respective forests. The disaggregated analysis in terms of forest types showedthat chilaune-katus forest with 700 poles/ha is the richest in terms of pole density while utisforest with 120 trees/ha is the richest in terms of tree density.

Growing stock of poles and trees

The analysis in terms of the growing stock of the canopy layer of the forest types was performedin terms of trees and poles. It was found that the dominant tree species constituted the largestportion of the growing stock. As the canopy layer constituted of more poles than trees, a similarresult was found in terms of growing stock. The disaggregated analysis for growing stock showedthat hill sal forest with 152.76 cu.m. of stock per ha is the richest, whereas rakchan forest with93.28 cu.m. of stock per ha is the poorest in terms of growing stock (Table 12). The details of thegrowing stock according to species are presented in Annex 13.

4.1.2. Agriculture Ecosystem

Based on the topography and cropping pattern, agriculture land was classified and mapped intofour cultivation types, namely flood plain cultivation (lower river terrace), river terrace cultivation(upper river terrace), sloping terrace cultivation and level terrace cultivation (see Box 1 fordefinition). Flood plain cultivation and river terrrace cultivation were found along the KhahareKhola and Harpan Khola in ward no. 5 (Figure 23) Level terrace cultivation in the VDC is depictedin Figure 24.

Table 11: Density of Poles and Trees

Forest Type Pole Tree Total

Chilaune-Katus 426 68 494

Hill Sal 700 60 760

Rakchan 345 56 401

Utis 433 120 553

Total 1904 304 2208

Table 12: Growing Stock of Poles and Trees

Forest TypeTotal Growing Stock (cu.m./ha)

Pole Tree Total

Chilaune-Katus 57.37 59.64 117.01

Hill Sal 96.69 53.24 149.93

Rakchan 51.35 41.93 93.28

Utis 55.4 97.36 152.76

Total 260.81 252.17 512.98


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Much of the agricultural land in Bhadaure Tamagi is under sloping terrace cultivation which istypical of the mid-hills of Nepal. On the otherhand, 1.15 percent of the area is suitable for floodplain cultivation, whereas about 4 percent of the area is suitable for river terrace cultivation andlevel terrace is used in 16.60 per cent of the area of agricultural land. Major cultivation types foreach ward of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC are presented in Annex 14 and summary of the cultivatedarea is given in Table 13.

4.1.3. Water bodies (wetland) EcosystemHarpan Khola and Khahare Kholaare two major river systems in theVDC. These two streams are inletsto Fewa Lake. Five metres on eachside of rivers and streams will bemanaged as a green belt forprevention of stream and riverbank degradation. Thus, theproposed total green belt area of94.78 ha was indicated in dark bluecolour (Figure 25). The location ofmajor 7 ponds (3 natural pondsand 4 fish ponds) and 3 watersprings (2 potable) are alsoindicated in the map. The criticalwatersheds of natural ponds areindicated in light blue color whichequals to an area of 28.55 ha.Water bodies such as small pondsand reservoirs are shrinking day

Figure 23: Major cultivation types inBhadaure Tamagi

Figure 24: Level Terraces seen in BhadaureTamagi

Table 13: Major Cultivation Types

Agriculture class Area (ha) Percentage

Level Terrace Cultivation 95.04 16.60

Sloping Terrace Cultivation 448.99 78.43

River Terrace Cultivation 21.86 3.82

Flood Plain Cultivation 6.61 1.15

Total 572.49 100.00

Figure 25: Water bodies of Bhaudare Tamagi VDC

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by day and water table is decreasing annually (Figure 26). Rain water harvesting is done insmall ponds.

4.1.4. Pasture/grazing land

There is no pasture/grazing land in the VDC. However, there is a practice of keeping goth/kharka in private land. In general, cattle in goth/kharka are left for free grazing in forests andsmall patches of grassland (Figure 27). This is common in higher altitude areas of the VDC,whereas most of the forests are under government management. In Bhadaure Tamagi, therewere altogether 23 grassland patches in ward nos. 1, 3, 6, 7, 8 and 9 covering an area of 15.24ha. Ward nos. 2, 4 and 5 do not have grassland patches (Figure 27). The details of grasslandpatches are presented in Annex 25.

Figure 26: Water bodies in Study VDC a) Harpan Khola, b) Ponds used by buffalo for drinking water

Figure 27: Grassland/grazing patches seen in Bhadaure Tamagi


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4.2. Biodiversity

4.2.1. Flora

The study has assessed the floral diversity present in the major ecosystems of Bhadaure TamagiVDC, viz. forest, agriculture, wetland and rangeland. Forest ecosystem with species richness of178 was found to be the richest while wetland ecosystem with species richness of only threewas found to be the poorest ecosystem from the floral diversity point of view (Table 14). Acomplete list of species is presented in Annex 15, 16, 17 and 18.

Out of total 263 floral species in all ecosystems, the majority of them were dicots (170) of whichmore than half occurred in forests (109). The second largest component in the floral speciesdiversity was of the monocots (69) of which 47 species were found in forests. Of the 47 speciesof monocots found in the forest, 30 species are orchids. Gymnosperms and algae were theleast occurring species, one each in the forest and water body respectively. Bryophytes werenot recorded in the VDC during this study. The total number of tree species found in the studyarea is 47 (Annex 15) and the number of small plants, climbers, orchids, NTFPs, herbs andshrubs found in the VDC is shown in Table 15.

Table 14: Species Richness of Ecosystems by Taxa

S.No. Taxa Forest Agriculture Water body Total

1 Dicotyledons 109 61 170

2 Monocotyledons 47 20 2 69

3 Gymnosperms 1 1

4 Pteridophytes 11 1 12

5 Lichens 2 2

6 Fungi 5 5

7 Algae 1 1

8 Unidentified 3 3

Total 178 82 3 263

Table 15: Number of Floral Species found in Bhadure Tamagi by Life Form

S.No. Life form Forest Agriculture Water body Total

1 Climber 8 8

2 Fern 11 1 12

3 Fungus 5 5

4 Herb 48 51 3 102

5 Lichen 2 2

6 Orchid 30 30

7 Shrub 27 7 34

8 Tree 47 23 70

Total 178 82 3 263

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In total, there were 56 agricultural crop species in BhadaureTamagi. Of which, 12, the maximum,are vegetable species followed by 11 species of spices, 9 species of fruit and 7 species each ofcereal and flowers (Table 16). The details of these species are presented in Annex 16.

Ecological status of floral species

The study analysed has the ecological status of the floral species found in the major ecosystemsof Bhadaure Tamagi. Out of 263 floral species found in the VDC, 237 species are native while 6species are introduced (introduced in the area from other parts of Nepal) and 15 species arealien (introduced in the area from other countries). The status of five species was unknown.Three species falling in each three ecosystems were found to be invasive (for details, see thenote of Table 17). Similarly, three species were found to be protected. Among which, chhatre(tree fern, Cyathea spinulosa Wall. ex Hook.: Figure 28) protected under CITES Appendix II,was found both in forest and agriculture ecosystems.

S.No. Crop TypeNumber of

species

1 Beverage 2

2 Cash crop 1

3 Cereal 7

4 Flower 7

5 Fruit 9

6 Legume 2

7 Oil 1

8 Spices 11

9 Tuber 3

10 Vegetable 12

11 Weed 1

Total 56

Table 16: Types of Vegetable foundin the Study VDC

Figure 28: Chhatre (Tree fern,Cyathea spinulosa Wall. ex Hook.)

S.No. Ecological status ForestAgricul-

tureWaterbody

Total

1 Alien 5 9 1 15

Invasive 1 1 1 3

2 Introduced 6 6

3 Native 168 67 2 237

Endemic to Nepal 5 (1)* 2 (1) 7 (1)

Protected 2 (1)* 2 (1) 4 (1)

4 Unidentified 5 5

Total 178 82 3 263

* one species is common both in forest and agriculturalecosystem

Table 17: Ecological Status of Floral Species


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4.2.2. Fauna

The study has assessed the faunal species diversity present in the major ecosystems, viz.forest, agriculture and water bodies in Bhadaure Tamagi. Forest ecosystem was found to havespecies richness of 20 while agriculture ecosystem species richness of 9 and waterbody speciesrichness of 3 (Table 18). A complete list of species is presented in Annex 19, 20 and 21. Thewinter season, time for the hibernation of the majority of cold blooded fauna, could be one thereasons for limited sighting of fauna in the field, especially the aquatic fauna. Thus, this studycould not cover the faunal diversity of waterbodies in detail and is recommended to undertake afaunal study in summer/rainy seasons.

Invasive Species

Eupatorium adenophorum (forest ecosystem); Ageratum houstonianum Mill. (agriculture ecosystem)and Pistia stratiotes L. (water body ecosystem)

Species Endemic to Nepal

Arisaema tortuosum (Wall.) Schott (forest ecosystem); Cissampelos pareira L. (Forest ecosystem);Berberis aristata DC. (Forest ecosystem); Asparagus racemosus Willd. (forest and agricultureecosystem); Reinwardtia indica Dumort. (Forest ecosystem) and Ficus neriifolia Sm. (agricultureecosystem)

Protected Species

Shorea robusta Gaertn. (protected by the Forest Act 1993, found in forest ecosystem); Cyatheaspinulosa Wall. ex Hook. (listed in CITES Appendix II, found both in forest and agriculture ecosystems)and Bombax ceiba L. (protected by the Forest Act 1993, found in agriculture ecosystem)

Introduced Species

Akabare khorsani (Capsicum annum var. Frutesins); Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze); Maganpuredhaan (Oryza sativa L.); Manakamana makai (Zea mays L.); Kalki phool (Callistemon citrinus (Curtis)Skeels); and Ankhi timur (all found in Agriculture ecosystem)

Table 18: Fauna in the Forest andAgriculture Ecosystem

S.No. Taxa ForestAgricul-

tureWaterbody

Total

1 Mammals 6 5 11

2 Aves 14 4 18

3 Reptiles

4 Amphibians 1 1

5 Fish 1 1

6 Invertebrates 1 1

Total 20 9 3 32

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Ecological status of faunal species

The study analysed the ecological status of the faunal species found in the major ecosystems(Annex 19, 20 and 21) of Bhadaure Tamagi. A total of 32 species of wildlife, including an introducedspecies (broiler chicken), were found in the VDC (Table 19). There were no alien, invasive,endemic or protected faunal species in the VDC. The scats of fauna found in the study VDC areshown in Figure 29 which indicate the status of faunal diversity.

4.3. Hotspots - Flora and Fauna

This study has identified Bhadaure Tamagi as one of the potential habitats for bird speciesincluding a species of vulture (Gyps himalayensis) shown in (Figure 30). Point locations of thesuitable habitats were indicated in the map based on ground observations (Figure 31). BhadaureTamagi is also home to brown bear, leopard and deer. Droppings of these species were foundscattered throughout the VDC by the study team (point locations of droppings indicated in themap in Figure 32).

S.No. Taxa ForestAgricul-

tureWaterbody

Total

1 Introduced 1 1

2 Native 20 8 3 31

Total 20 9 3 32

Note: No Alien, invasive, endemic and protected speciesfound

Table 19: Status of faunal species

Figure 30: Vultures seen flying over the sky of Bhadaure Tamagi (left); Tiktike (right)

Figure 29: Scats of Wild Animal


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Figure 33: Plant hotspots in Bhadaure Tamagi

Figure 31: Bird hotspots in BhaduareTamagi

Figure 32: Wildlife hotspots in BhaduareTamagi

Bhadaure Tamagi is undoubtedly a paradise for orchids. Bhadaure Tamagi is home to 28 speciesof orchids. A threatened species of fern (Tree fern - Cyathea spinulosa) was also found in theVDC (point locations of species occurrence indicated in the map in Figure 33). Predominantpresence of lokta, a high value fibre species, was found in ward no. 7 of the VDC (Figure 33).

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5. OBSERVED ISSUES AND MANAGEMENT OPTIONS

5.1. Ecological Issues

Field observations conducted during the study have revealed several ecological issues that canbe deterrent to valuable floral and faunal species occurring in Bhadaure Tamagi VDC. Themajor ecological issues of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC observed during the study are as follows:

5.1.1. Open grazing

Open grazing was observed during field observations. Cattle were left freely to graze in theforest. This can manoeuvre a major threat to the conservation of vital plant species, includinghigh value NTFPs and regeneration as these cattle feed on them.

5.1.2. On-going road construction

Road construction is taken as a major infrastructural development indicator and Bhadaure TamagiVDC like every other VDC in the region is in the process of road construction. On-going roadconstruction can be crucial in destabilizing the geology of the study area resulting in landslidesand soil erosion and damaging lives and assets (Figure 34).

5.1.3. Flooding/siltation

Khahare Khola and Harpan Khola, the two major river systems occurring in the VDC and inletsto Fewa Lake, pose a serious threat of flooding in the rainy season. As a result, fertile soils arecontinually eroded downstream. Such soil erosion and continual sediment spill to these rivershave resulted in siltation , posing threats such as topsoil runoff, destruction of habitats for aquaticflora and fauna in these rivers and the existence of Fewa Lake.

5.1.4. Forest fire

Forests in the study area are also prone to forest fires that are either deliberate or accidental.Such incidents can cause extensive damage to plants and wildlife. They can result in humanfatalities if spread to human settlements.

Figure 34: Landslide triggered by on-going road construction


34

5.1.5. Agricultural land abandonment

Agricultural lands are being abandoned in the study area mainly due to migration of adults toPokhara and other major cities in Nepal and abroad. Due to migration and overseas employmentof adults from the VDC, only the elderly and children are left. This has brought about dominoeffect on the agricultural system, once fertile farmlands are being abandoned for trees to growand forests to come up in the long run. This poses a serious threat to agricultural production andfood security.

5.1.6. Illegal logging

Illegal logging is another major threat to forest tree species in the study area. Some sections ofthe forest were observed to have large tree stumps with a pathway besides it used for skiddingthe logs out of the forest.

5.1.7. Illegal poaching

Forests of Bhadaure Tamagi are home to a number of faunas but they have not remaineduntouched by illegal poaching. Wildlife such as deer, certain fowls, etc are illegally hunted eitherfor individual use or commercial purposes. This can be a principal threat to endangering thepopulation of such species resulting in the loss of such species in the long run.

5.1.8. Human wildlife conflict

Wildlife, which is specific in nature, is posing a major threat to the agricultural production of theVDC. Local people reported on wild hares 'chauda' from nearby forests infesting wheat, monkeysinfesting maize, and wild rats infesting cereal crops.

5.1.9. Spread of Invasive Alien Species (IAS)

The spread of invasive alien species in the forest, agricultural lands and water bodies is seen asa major threat to the floral species diversity of the VDC. It was observed that banmara (Eupatoriumadenophorum) had invaded the forest. The invasive species found in the agricultural land werenilo gandhe (Ageratum houstonianum Mill) and banmara (Eupatorium adenophorum). Thewaterbodies of the study area were invaded by jalkumbhi (Pistia stratiotes L.).

5.2. Social issues

5.2.1. Migration

The adults of the VDC were observed to have migrated to Pokhara and other major cities ofNepal as well as abroad. Migration occurred mainly in search of education, employmentopportunities and higher standards of living. This has left only the elderly and children in theVDC who are unable to perform strenuous tasks in agricultural fields, hence resulting intoabandonment of fertile farmlands.

35


5.2.2. Overseas remittance

Overseas remittance is the major contributor to the economy of Bhadaure Tamagi. One personfrom each family is in the Gulf countries for employment, with the entire family dependent onhim/her for financial security.

5.2.3. Untouched forests

People have ceased going to the forest these days as their household demands of fuelwood,fodder and small timber are being met from the trees growing on farmlands. Forests growing onabandoned farmlands are also a major contributor for meeting these needs. Also, there is lesserdemand for such fuelwood as people have started using LPG for cooking.

5.3. Potential Options

5.3.1. Community involvement in biodiversity conservation

As Bhadaure Tamagi is rich in biodiversity, community involvement can be a major activity bothin its conservation and management.

5.3.2. Ecotourism promotion

There is a promising aspect for ecotourism in the VDC by establishing an orchid arboretum. Ademo plot of orchids (28 species) already exists in wards 1 and 2 (see Box 2). An eco-trail canalso be constructed as the study area is home to vegetation ranging from sub-tropical to sub-alpine.

Box 3: Gurung Cultural Museum

With an aim to preserve the cultural heritage ofGurung communities of Panchase ProtectedArea, Machhapuchhre Development Organiza-tion in the support of UNDP/GEF Small GrantsProgramme established a Gurung Museum on5th June 2006 in Bhadaure Tamagi, Ward no.2. Since then the museum has been one of theattractions for the tourists having interest in acultural tourism.

Box 2: Orchid Demo Plot

Panchase Protected Forest Area with 113 speciesof orchids including two endemic species is knownas Paradise of Orchids. In order to demonstratethis rich diversity of the Panchase ProtectedForest Area, an in-situ orchid demo plot wasestablished by Naulochharchhare CFUG ofBhadaure Tamagi 1 and 2 in technical andfinancial support of Panchase Protected ForestProgramme. The plot extending to an area of 6.78ha hosts 28 species of orchids at present. Ifinstitutionalized, it has potential to be developedas an orchid arboretum.


36

5.3.3. Promotion of private sector investment in forest-based enterprises

There is potential of a nigalo- based community orchid enterprise in the VDC so that thecommunity can benefit from the revenue generated.

5.3.4. Cultural tourism promotion

Cultural tourism holds a major potential in the VDC, which already has a Gurung Cultural Museum.But there is a need for institutionalisation of the museum (see Box 3).

5.3.5. Promotion of organic vegetable farming

As Pokhara city has close proximity to the VDC, there is an immense potential of organic vegetablefarming in this area, so that the community can generate income from it.

5.3.6. PES potential

There is potential for enhancing the linkages between inhabitants of Bhadaure Tamagi anddownstream communities under PES mechanism for their mutual benefit as Harpan Khola andKhahare Khola streams are inlets of Fewa Lake.

5.3.7. Vulture conservation

Four vultures were sighted roosting in a lapsi tree during the field work by the field team (Figure35). This shows the potential of Bhadaure Tamagi for the development as a vulture conservationsite.

Figure 35: Vulture roosting in a Lapsi tree

37


5.3.8. NTFPs Promotion

NTFPs cultivation and marketing can be a good source of income generation in the study areabecause several indigenous species of non-wood species such as kurilo, lokta, broom grassand other NTFPs (Annex 23) are found in the area. Broom grass is not only economicallybeneficial but also ecologically important as it prevents potential soil erosion. Similarly, manyfruit trees can be grown on the ridges and bunds of the cultivated field. Therefore, in-situ cultivationof fruit trees, NTFPs and indigenous species are very effective mechanism for livelihoodimprovement.

5.4. Bio-indicators of Climate Change

The following things were observed as bio-indicators of climate change in BhadaureTamagi VDC of the Panchase area:

• The invasion of banmara and hadeunyu in the forest has made it difficult toenter the forest and it has adversely affectednatural regeneration. Similarly, the invasionof nilogandhe in agriculture land has causeda decline in agricultural production.

• The invasion jalkumbhi in one of theponds of Chainpur has led to drying up ofthe pond (Figure 36).

• Delay in monsoon has forced to delay paddy planting time. Paddy planting time hasbeen delayed by 15 days, i.e. from mid-Jestha to early Asadh. In addition, the cultivation ofother crops has been delayed by a month, ie from Chaitra-Baishakh to Baishakh-Jestha.

• Local people have reported the rise in temperature in the area. Mosquitoes, once absentin the area, can now be seen in a large number in summer. This has made it impossible tosleep without a mosquito net. As it used to be very cold in the month of Magh in the past inthe area, a saying was quite popular among the local people a'9fvf8f df3nfO{, alnofaf7faf3nfO{ (English translation: Old and weak ones for winter, young and strong ones for tiger).However, the local people reported that this saying has lost its significance at present withthe rise in winter temperature.

Figure 36: Jalkumbi invasion in a pond inChainpur, Bhadaure Tamagi VDC


38

Forest • Vulture study - Vultures were sighted in the VDC and a detailed study is neededto come up with a habitat management and conservation plan.

• Human Wildlife Conflict study - Crop raiding by monkey,wild hare and wild ratreported. Thus a study is needed to assess the intensity of conflict.

• Wildfire - Bhadaure Tamagi is susceptible to wildfire; maintaining a buffer areafrom settlement mainly in southern aspects and preparation of communitywildfire management plan, firefighting equipment support and capacitydevelopment would undoubtely help local communities to fight wildfire.

• Orchid - An orchid demo plot already exists in the VDC and its upgrading to anarboretum will not only promote in-situ species conservation but also promoteecotourism in the VDC.

• Densely accumulated leaf litter on the forests can be used for organic manureproduction. This will not only provide additional economic incentive to localcommunities but also reduce wildfire risk by reducing the fuel for wildfire.

• Low cost bioengineering techniques could be adopted to prevent landslide andsoil erosion triggered by on-going road construction. Besides, local communitiesshould be made aware of the proper planning for road construction.

• Ecosystem based Adaptation project should be able to find a balance betweenecological and commercial management of the forests so that livelihood of forestdependent poor communities are not economically challenged.

Agriculture • Bhadaure Tamagi with quick access to Pokhara Sub-metropolis is a pontentialsite for promotion of organic farming, olericulture, pomoculture and productivelivestock farming.

• Agroforestry/farm forestry could be promoted to preserve agro biodiversity.

• Systems like stall feeding and rotational grazing system could be adoted to meetthe fodder demand of productive livestock farming. Besides, multi-layer farmingand introduction of improved varieties of fodder and grass species could also bepromoted in the VDC.

• Organic manure production from agriculture residue could supplement thefertilizer need of the VDC.

Wetland • Management of five meters on each side of rivers and streams as greenbeltwould prevent on-going stream and river bank degradation.

• Conservation of existing ponds would increase ground water rechargesubsequently reduce surface runoff and associated soil degradation in the VDC.

• There is a potential for enhancing linkages between inhabitants of BhadaureTamagi & downstream communities under PES mechanism for their mutualbenefit as Harpan Khola and Khahare Khola streams are inlets of Fewa Lake.

• Bhadaure Tamagi, with drying up water sources is facing drinking water scarcity,thus local communities should be made aware about proper management ofwater.

Cross cutting

Invasive species • All three major ecosystems in Bhadaure Tamagi: forest, agriculture and waterbodies have been invaded by invasive species. Thus, ecological restoration ofecosystem is must for continuous supply of ecosystem services.

• Coming up with the plans for alternative use of invasive species biomass wouldbe an effective intervention to control their invasion.

Museum • Bhadaure Tamagi does have potential for promotion of ecotourism throughupgradinto of Gurung cultural museum and orchid demo plot.

5.5. Ecosystemwise Management Options

39


6. CONCLUSIONS

Bhadaure Tamagi, the largest VDC in the Pahchase area, consists of three major ecosystems,namely forest, agriculture and wetland. The VDC is rich in forest resources and forest coversmore than 75 percent of land. This is followed by agriculture. Thanks to high rainfall and warmtemperature, the VDC is dominated by broad-leaved species with various species of epiphytes,ferns and mosses. Among the broad-leaved species found in the area, chilaune, katus andrakchan are the most dominant species. Chilaune-katus forest, hill sal forest, rakchan forestand utis forest are four major vegetation types under the forest ecosystem found in the VDC.The chilaune-katus forest supports higher biodiversity compared to other forest types. Despitewide altitudinal gradient, the utis forest is found to have less biodiversity as utis is a pioneerspecies and the forest is generally found in eroded soil. The study concludes that the regenerationstatus is poor in the dense canopy covered forest areas of chilaune-katus and rakchan forestsand are dominated by pole-sized plants.

Similarly, flood plain cultivation, river terrace cultivation, level terrace cultivation and slopingterrace cultivation are four major cultivation types under the agriculture ecosystem found inBhadaure Tamagi VDC. Likewise, Khahare Khola and Harpan Khola are two major river systemsin the VDC that constitute a major part of water body ecosystem in the VDC.

The study concludes that Bhadaure Tamagi VDC is indeed rich in floral and faunal biodiversity.It is home to 263 species of flora and 32 species of fauna. The forest ecosystem of BhadaureTamagi VDC is not only the largest ecosystem but also has the richest biodiversity and is hometo 178 species of flora, including 30 species of orchids and 20 species of fauna. The study alsoconcludes that out of 178 species of flora found in forest ecosystem, 107 species have non-timber values making Bhadaure Tamagi an NTFP rich VDC. The forest ecosystem consists offive endemic, two protected and one invasive species. Likewise, the agriculture ecosystemconsists of seven introduced, two endemic, two protected and one invasive species. The studyconcludes that diversity of fauna in the forest is higher compared to agriculture. Furthermore,diversity of arial species is high in the forest and vice versa in agriculture. The study has alsoconfirmed the existence of a CITES Appendix II species, i.e. Cyathea spinulosa Wall. ex Hook.,in the VDC. Besides, the study has confirmed the existence of big mammals, such as brownbear, leopard and deer as indicated by their droppings in the VDC.

Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, despite being a biodiversity rich VDC, is found to have many managementissues. Open grazing, on-going road construction, flooding/siltation, forest fire, agriculture landabandonment, illegal logging, poaching, human wildlife conflict and spread of invasive and alienspecies are some of the identified ecological issues that are posing serious threat to the richbiodiversity of the VDC. Unlike these ecological issues, change in social dimensions, mainlyout-migration, is having a positive impact on biodiversity of the VDC. Decrease in populationresulting from out-migration has considerably lowered pressure on the forest.

Despite all these management issues, Bhadure Tamagi has an immense potential of involvementof local communities in biodiversity conservation, ecotourism promotion, forest resorce-basedenterprise promotion, cultural trourism promotion, organic vegetable famring, PES, vultureconservation and NTFP promotion. Proper planning back up by some further studies willundoubtedly be helpful in materializing all these potentials.


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Stainton and Polunin. 1984. Flowers of the Himalayas.

Thapa, G.B. 1996. Land use, land management and environment in a subsistence mountaineconomy in Nepal. Agriculture, Ecology and Environment 57: 57-71.

UNDP/MDO. 2006. Panchase Biodiversity Management Project. UNDP/GEF/SGP andMachhapuchre Development Organisation, Pokhara.

Zobel, D.B., U.K. Yadav, P.K. Jha,, and M.J. Behan.1987. A practical manual for ecology. RaniPrinting Press, Kathmandu.

41


ANNEXURES

Annex 1: Glossary of Key Terms

AdaptationAn adaptation in biology is a trait with a current functional role in the life history of an organismthat is maintained and evolved by means of natural selection. An adaptation refers to both thecurrent state of being adapted and to the dynamic evolutionary process that leads to theadaptation. Adaptations contribute to the fitness and survival of individuals.

BiodiversityCommonly defined as "life in all its forms," biodiversity represents the variety of genes, species,and ecosystems present on earth, as well as the natural processes that sustain them. This is aweighty concept to comprehend, let alone inventory and document. At one end of the spectrum,biodiversity inventories include exhaustive "all-taxa" surveys that seek to identify the fullcomplement of living organisms within an area of interest (also known as the "bio-blitz" approach).

Canopy ClosureThe degree to which the canopy (forest layers above one's head) blocks sunlight or obscuresthe sky.

CanopyA layer of foliage in a forest stand. This most often refers to the uppermost layer of foliage, butit can be used to describe lower layers in a multi-storeyed stand. Leaves, branches and vegetationthat are above ground and/or water that provide shade and cover for fish and wildlife.

Crown CoverThe degree to which the crowns of trees are nearing general contact with one another.

EcosystemAn ecosystem is a complex set of relationships among the living resources, habitats, and residentsof an area. It includes plants, trees, animals, fish, birds, micro-organisms, water, soil and people.Ecosystems vary greatly in size and the elements that make them up, but each is a functioningunit of nature, everything that lives in an ecosystem is dependent on the other species andelements that are also part that ecological community. If one part of the ecosystem is damagedor disappears, it has an impact on everything else. Since ecosystem can be as small as a singletree or as large as entire forest.

Ecosystem-based AdaptationEbA is defined as the use of biodiversity and ecosystem services as part of an overall adaptationstrategy to help people to adapt to the adverse effects of climate change. EbA uses the range ofopportunities for the sustainable management, conservation, and restoration of ecosystems toprovide services that enable people to adapt to the impacts of climate change.


42

It includes a range of local and landscape scale strategies for managing ecosystems to increaseresilience and maintain essential ecosystem services and reduce the vulnerability of people,their livelihoods and nature in the face of climate change. It also identifies and implements arange of strategies for the management, conservation and restoration of ecosystems to ensurethat they continue to provide the services that enable people to adapt to the impacts of climatechange. It involves collective action among governments, communities, conservation anddevelopment organizations, and other stakeholders to plan and empower local action that willincrease environmental and community resilience to the changing climate. Ecosystem basedadaptation and community based adaptation are therefore mutually supportive.

Ecosystem servicesThe simplest and most widespread definition of ecosystem services is, "the benefits peopleobtain from ecosystems", as defined by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA). Examplesof ecosystem services include products (e.g., food, fuel and water), regulation of floods and soilerosion and disease outbreaks, and non-material benefits such as the recreational and spiritualbenefits of natural areas. Since what is an ecosystem in a particular locality is defined accordingto the interests of the people concerned, ecosystem services can also be defined as the benefitsthat people obtain from an area defined as an ecosystem. MEA grouped ecosystem servicesinto four broad categories:

Provisioning servicesProducts obtained from ecosystems, including food, fibre, fuel, genetic resources,ornamental resources, freshwater, biochemical, natural medicines and pharmaceuticals.

Regulating ServicesBenefits obtained from the regulation of ecosystem processes including air qualityregulation, climate regulation, water regulation, erosion regulation, water purification,waste treatment, disease regulation, pest regulation, pollination and natural hazardregulation.

Cultural ServicesNon-material benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment,cognitive development, reflection, recreation and aesthetic experiences, including culturaldiversity, spiritual and religious values, knowledge systems, educational values,inspiration, aesthetic values, social relations, sense of place, cultural heritage values,recreation and ecotourism.

Supporting servicesServices necessary for sustaining the production of all other ecosystem services.Examples: primary production for plant growth and nutrient cycling for soil formationand water quality regulation.

Endangered SpeciesAny species or subspecies in immediate danger of becoming extinct throughout all or a significantportion of its range.

Environmental DegradationThe reduction of the capacity of the environment to meet social and ecological objectives andneeds. Degradation of the environment can alter the frequency and intensity of natural hazardsand increase the vulnerability of communities. The types of human-induced degradation are

43


varied and include land misuse, soil erosion and loss, desertification, wild fires, loss of biodiversity,deforestation, mangrove destruction, land, water and air pollution, climate change, sea levelrise and ozone depletion.

ErosionThe wearing away of land or soil by the action of wind, water, or ice.

ForageVegetation such as leaves, stems, buds, and some types of bark, that can be eaten for food andenergy.

ForestA biological community dominated by trees and other woody plants.

Forest FragmentationThe subdivision of large natural landscapes into smaller, more isolated fragments. Fragmentationaffects the viability of wildlife populations and ecosystems.

Forest InventoryForest inventory is the systematic collection of data and information for assessment or analysis.An estimate of the value and possible uses of timber is an important part of the broader informationrequired to sustain ecosystems

Forest ManagementProper care and control of wooded land to maintain health, vigor, product flow, and other valuessuch as soil condition, water quality, wildlife preservation and beauty, and to accomplish specificobjectives.

Forest Management PlanWritten guidelines for current and future management practices needed to meet an owner'sobjectives.

Forest TypesGroups of tree species commonly growing in the same stand because their environmentalrequirements are similar.

GrasslandGrasslands are areas where the vegetation is dominated by grasses (Poaceae) and otherherbaceous (non-woody) plants (forbs).

HabitatAn area in which a specific plant or animal can naturally live, grow, and reproduce.

Habitat DiversityA variety of food or cover for wildlife that is often critical to the survival of a species.


44

Introduced SpeciesA species occurring in an area outside its historically known natural range as a result of accidentaldispersal by humans (also referred to as "exotic species" or "alien species").

Invasive SpeciesAn introduced species that invades natural habitats.

InventoryQuantitative method used to estimate the actual volume, composition, and market value ofstanding timber.

Land Use PlanningThe process undertaken by public authorities to identify, evaluate and decide on different optionsfor the use of land, including consideration of long term economic, social and environmentalobjectives and the implications for different communities and interest groups, and the subsequentformulation and promulgation of plans that describe the permitted or acceptable uses. Land-use planning is an important contributor to sustainable development. It involves studies andmapping; analysis of economic, environmental and hazard data; formulation of alternative land-use decisions; and design of long-range plans for different geographical and administrativescales. Land-use planning can help to mitigate disasters and reduce risks by discouragingsettlements and construction of key installations in hazard-prone areas, including considerationof service routes for transport, power, water, sewage and other critical facilities.

Land UseThe total of arrangements, activities, and inputs undertaken in a certain land cover type (a set ofhuman actions). The social and economic purposes for which land is managed (e.g., grazing,timber extraction, and conservation).

LandslideA mass of material that has slipped downhill by gravity, often assisted by water when the materialis saturated; rapid movement of a mass of soil, rock, or debris down a slope.

Pole TimberTrees 4 to 10 inches DBH.

RegenerationThe process by which a forest is reseeded and renewed. Advanced regeneration refers toregeneration that is established before the existing forest stand is removed.

ResilienceIs the capacity of a system, community or society potentially exposed to hazards to adapt, byresisting or changing in order to reach and maintain an acceptable level of functioning andstructure. This is determined by the degree to which the social system is capable of organizingitself to increase its capacity for learning from past disasters for better future protection and toimprove risk reduction measures. The ability of a system, community or society exposed tohazards to resist, absorb, accommodate to and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timelyand efficient manner, including through the preservation and restoration of its essential basicstructures and functions. Amount of change a system can undergo without changing state.

45


ResponseThe provision of emergency services and public assistance during or immediately after a disasterin order to save lives reduces health impacts, ensure public safety and meet the basic subsistenceneeds of the people affected.

RiskThe combination of the probability of an event and its negative consequences. Is the result ofinteraction of physically defined hazards with the properties of the exposed systems - i.e., theirsensitivity or (social) vulnerability. Risk can also be considered as the combination of an event,its likelihood, and its consequences - i.e., risk equals the probability of climate hazard multipliedby a given system's vulnerability. The relative degree of probability that a hazardous event willoccur. An active fault zone, for example, would be an area of high risk.

SeedlingA tree, usually less than 2 inches diameter at breast height.

SpeciesA group of related organisms having common characteristics.

Stand DensityThe quantity of trees per unit area, usually evaluated in terms of basal area, crown cover andstocking.

StockingThe number and density of trees in a forest stand. Stands are often classified as under stocked,well-stocked or overstocked.

StratificationDivision of a forest, or any ecosystem, into separate layers of vegetation that provide distinctniches for wildlife. See canopy, understory, and herbaceous vegetation.

Threatened SpeciesA species or subspecies whose population is so small or is declining so rapidly that it maybecome endangered in all or a significant portion of its range.

Wetlandare natural or artificially created areas, such as swamps, marsh, riverine floodplain, lake, waterstorage area and agricultural land containing water from underground water sources oratmospheric precipitation that may be permanent, temporary, static or flowing, and fresh orsaline (National Wetland Policy, 2003).

WildlifeA broad term that includes non-domesticated vertebrates, especially mammals, birds, and fish.


46

Annex 2: Tally Sheet Used for Forest Resource Inventory

(A) Preliminary Information of Forest

Name of forest: Name of block: Forest type:

Forest condition Information collection date: Info collected by:

(B) Plots description

Slope: Aspect: Erosion: Canopy density (%)TreePoleRegeneration

(C) Regeneration, Pole and Tree

Regeneration

Pole(DBH 10 - 30 cm)(Plot Size 300 m2)

Tree(DBH > 30 cm)

(Plot Size 500 m2)Seedling

Height < 1 m(Plot Size 10 m2)

SaplingHeight > 1 m and

DBH < 10 cm(Plot Size 25 m2)

S.No.Species/

Local Name NoSpecies/

Local Name NoSpecies/

Local NameDBH(cm)

Height(m) Quality

Species/Local Name

DBH(cm)

Height(m) Quality

(D) Small plant, Climber and Orchid (Plot Size 10 m2)

S.No. Species Local Name No Remarks

(E) Other Important Information from Ecosystem and Biodiversity point of view:

1.

2.

(F) Existing and Possible Threat from Ecosystem and Biodiversity point of view:

1.

2.

(G) Forest management activities

Note:• Radius required for circular plots in metres

S.No. Development stage Area of plot (m2) Radius (m)

1 Tree 500 12.62

2 Pole 300 9.77

3 Sapling 25 2.82

4 Seedling/Small plants/Climber/Orchid 10 1.78

• Inspection Visit• Visit of special area• Take pictures of each species and code them• If possible, try also to include fruits, flowers and leafs while taking the snap

47


Annex 3: Checklist Used for Agriculture Resource InformationCollection

Methods:o Field observationo Transect walk: Transects will be laid out focusing major ecosystems and hotspotso Focus group discussiono Participatory mapping

List of cultivated vascular and non-vascular plant species

Vascular Plant

S.No.Local name /

Vernacularname

Subsistence crops (S)/Cash crops

(C)/Ornamental plants(O) / Shading(S)

Native (N) /Exotic (E)

Found inPrivate land (P)/ Govt (G) / CF

(C)

Description /Characteristic

(tree, shrubs, forbs,grass) (mushroom,

lichens, climbers, algae,mosses, fungi, orchids,

NTFPs) (elevation)(annual, biannual,

perennial)

Comments /use value

(

Note:• List ornamental plants growing in private gardens as well as orchards• Note nonnative species planted as part of hedges or shelterbelts• List algae, mosses and fungi found in wetland areas• Note the local people’s perception about change in agriculture practices in the VDC


48

Annex 4: Checklist Used for Faunal Resource InformationCollection

Methods:o Field observationo Transect walk: Transects will be laid out focusing major ecosystems and hotspotso Focus group discussiono Participatory mapping

List of wild, domesticated and aquatic fauna

Fauna

S.No.Local name /

Vernacularname

Wild (W) /omesticated (D) /

Wetland (WL)

Description / Characteristic(mammal, bird, reptiles,

amphibians, fish, invertebrates)Comments

Note:• List all wild, domesticated and aquatic fauna (anima, bird and insect)• Indicate major habitats and also note their status• Faeces, footprint, sound, etc. will be taken as reference for the recording of fauna in the

forest, pasture and wetland• Note the local people’s perception about change in faunal population in the VDC

49


Annex 5: Checklist Used for Anthropogenic Pressure andNatural Hazard Related Information Collection

Methods:• Field observation• Transect walk• Focus group discussion• Participatory mapping

Anthropogenic pressure• Over grazing• Landslide• Fire• Illegal felling• Hunting/poaching• Abandoned land

Natural hazards• Landslide• Flood• Invasive plant• Soil/land degradation• Drought

Note:• Note coverage of each pressure, frequency of occurrence and area• Participatory mapping of anthropogenic pressure and natural hazard• Note the local people’s perception about change in anthropogenic pressure and natural

hazard incidences in the VDC


50

Annex 6: List of Sample Point Covered as Universe for ForestResource Inventory

S.No. Plot No Easting Northing Forest type Remarks

1 101 775859 3129989 Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest Not considered for analysis

2 105 776859 3129989 Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest







9 252 781609 3128989 Hill Sal forest





14 316 781609 3128489 Hill Sal forest



17 348 781609 3128239 Hill Sal forest



20 380 781609 3127989 Hill Sal forest



















51


S.No. Plot No Easting Northing Forest type Remarks



































52

Annex 7: List of Participants of FGDs and Key Informants

S.No. Name Organization Designation

1 Dar Kumari Gurung Ama Samuha Chairperson

2 Angsha Bahadur Gurung CFUG Secretary

3 Khem Bahadur Gurung CFUG Treasurer

4 Ganesh Bahadur Gurung CFUG Chairperson

5 Kal Kumari Bhujel CFUG Users

6 Bhima Gurung CFUG Users

7 Aaiti Nepali CFUG Users

8 Prem Kumari Gurung CFUG Users

9 Chandra Kumari Gurung CFUG Users

10 Gau Prasad Gurung CFUG Users

11 Sun Bahadur Gurung CFUG Users

12 Anjana Gurung CFUG Users

13 Durga Nepali CFUG Users

14 Ful Maya Nepali CFUG Users

15 Sujan Nepali CFUG Users

16 Ram Kumari Nepali CFUG Users

17 Hema Nepali CFUG Users

18 Suraj Nepali CFUG Users

19 Maikhu Nepali CFUG Users

20 Lal Prasad Gurung Indian Army Pensioner

21 Til Bahadur Gurung School Teacher

22 Dhan Bahadur Gurung Indian Army Pensioner

23 Dil Bahadur Gurung British Welfare

24 Min Bahadur Gurung School Principal

25 Gau Bahadur Gurung School School Caretaker

26 Hari Kumari Gurung School Teacher

27 Jamuna Gurung School Teacher

28 Dal Bahadur Gurung Retired Indian Army

29 Lal Bahadur BK Retired Indian Army

30 Hasta Kumari BK Local Resedence

31 Khimraj Paudel Panchase Protected Forest Facilitator

32 Taranath Bhandari Farmers' Group-Thulakhet Chairperson

33 Tikaram Adhikari Religious Group Member

34 Arjun Bhandari Paribartanshil Yuwa Club Vice-chairperson

35 Bharat Bhandari Paribartanshil Yuwa Club Member

36 Tanka Prasad Parajuli Local Resedence

37 Krishna Prasad Dahal Local Resedence

38 Liladevi Gurung Panchase Paribartanshil Ama Samuha Chairperson

53


SN Name Organization Designation

39 Damayanti Bhandari Panchase Paribartanshil Ama Samuha Member

40 Laxmi Bhandari Panchase Paribartanshil Ama Samuha Member

41 Taradevi Parajuli Panchase Paribartanshil Ama Samuha Member

42 Satyadevi Bhandari Panchase Paribartanshil Ama Samuha Member

43 Gopal Prasad Bhandari Siddhabarah Tapoban Committee Secretary

44 Dhurba Bhandari Siddhabarah Higher Secondary School Teacher

45 Prem Bahadur Gurung Wada Nagarik Manch Coordinator

46 Min Bahadur Gurung Panthare CF Secretary

47 Santa Bahadur Gurung Srijana Yuwa Club Chairperson

48 Deukaji Gurung Bahadure Higher Secondary School Chairperson

49 Shreeprasad Gurung Panthare CF & Naulo Charchare CF Chairperson

50 Som Bahadur Gurung Panthare CF Member

51 Taradevi Gurung Panthare CF Treasurer

52 Juke Gurung Gurung Museum Treasurer

53 Chij Kumari Gurung Krishi Munal Treasurer

54 Tikumaya Gurung Panthare CF Member

55 Jas Kumari Gurung Srijana Bachat Samuha Treasurer

56 Gam Bahadur Gurung Panthare CF FUG member

57 Ram Kumari Gurung Panthare CF FUG member

58 Sangeeta Gurung Srijana Krishi Samuha Member

59 Lachhina Gurung Naulo Charchare CF Joint-Secretary

60 Laxmi Paudel Namuna Ama Samuha Chairperson

61 Tikmaya Gurung Local Resedence

62 Yanu Maya Gurung Local Resedence

63 Dhan Bahadur Gurung Local Resedence

64 Suk Bahadur BK Macchapucchre Development Organization Vice-Chairperson

65 Gam Bahadur Gurung Hario Ban Program Secretary

66 Thakur Suwa Gurung Hario Ban Program Treasurer

67 Rana Prasad Gurung Hario Ban Program Member

68 Santa Bahadur Gurung Hario Ban Program Member

69 Deurupa BK Hario Ban Program Member

70 Man Kumari BK Hario Ban Program Member

71 Devi BK Hario Ban Program Member

72 Purna Kumari Gurung Hario Ban Program Member

73 Maita BK Hario Ban Program Member

74 Shanti Gurung Hario Ban Program Member

75 Iman Gurung Hario Ban Program Member

76 Heerlal Gurung Hario Ban Program Member

77 Kamala BK Hario Ban Program Member

78 Buddhi BK Hario Ban Program Member

79 Dr Rajan Pokharel Regional Forest Directoriate Regional Director

80 Rajendra Neupane Regional Forest Directoriate Montoring Officer (Under-Secretary)

81 Kedar Poudel Panchase Protected Forest Manager Under-Secretary)

82 Jeev Nath Poudel District Foret office, Syangja District Forest officer

83 Diwakar Pathak District Foret office, Kaski District Forest officer

84 Haris Chandra Singh District Foret office, Parbat District Forest officer

85 Khagenda Raj Baral District Foret office, Kaski Assist. Forest officer

86 Uddhaw Bahadur Ghimire District Soil Conservation Office Kaski District Soil Conservation Officer

87 Puspa Raj District Soil Conservation Office Parbat District Soil Conservation Officer

88 Kamal Prasad Gautam District Soil Conservation Office Syangja District Soil Conservation Officer


54

SN Name Organization Designation

89 Dr. Ridish Pokharel Institute of Forestry, Pokhara Professor

90 Dr. Krishna Raj Tiwari Institute of Forestry, Pokhara Associate Professor

91 Rajan Subedi Institute of Forestry, Pokhara Asst. Lecturar

92 Bishnu Devkota Institute of Forestry, Pokhara Asst. Lecturar

93 Dil Bhattrai Machapuchre Development Organization Chairperson

94 Gopal Gurung Machapuchre Development Organization

95 Bimal Kunwar Machapuchre Development Organization

55


Annex 8: Wardwise Major Ecosystems (Area in ha)

Wards Agriculture Forest Sandbars/Riverbed

Water body Total

1 56.98 89.63 0.33 146.94

2 37.78 48.22 86.00

3 102.14 420.07 0.95 0.32 523.49

4 44.80 62.57 107.38

5 104.52 122.16 17.29 0.71 244.67

6 54.15 119.72 2.53 176.40

7 42.74 356.64 0.18 399.56

8 27.29 77.94 0.92 106.15

9 102.09 609.50 2.10 713.69

Total 572.49 1906.45 23.96 1.36 2504.26


56

Annex 9: IVI of Canopy Layer Species

Species IVI

Rakchan 106.92

Schima wallichii 69.63

Castanopsis indica 28.42

Mauwa 19.74

Angeri 11.18

Mallato 10.79

Paate 7.22

Utis 7.03

Gurans 5.40

Dabdabe 5.00

Kafal 4.98

Phalat 3.11

Tiju 2.90

Sal 2.62

Siris 2.11

Raatpaate 1.95

Baakle 1.51

Kaulo 1.14

Baanjh 0.96

Jamun 0.82

Symplocus 0.82

Tooni 0.72

Damaura 0.70

Species IVI

Dudhilo 0.69

Mallo 0.61

Lapsi 0.41

Musure katus 0.37

Tilko 0.33

Dhupi 0.32

Paiyu 0.32

Bilauni 0.32

Darekanda 0.31

Tejpat 0.31

Bhakimlo 0.31

Akhitare 0.00

Amala 0.00

Bedulo 0.00

Ghudakhari 0.00

Kalikatha 0.00

Khirro 0.00

Kyamun 0.00

Lek chaanp 0.00

Pakhuri 0.00

Rudilo 0.00

Tanki 0.00

TiteKatha 0.00

57


Annex 10: Vegetation Type by Ward

Ward

Vegetation type (ha)

TotalChilaune- KatusForest

Pahadi SalForest

RakchanForest

UtisForest

1 64.95 24.68 89.63

2 5.34 42.88 48.22

3 404.59 15.48 420.07

4 62.57 62.57

5 92.66 29.50 122.16

6 115.05 4.66 119.72

7 167.09 189.55 356.64

8 60.08 17.86 77.94

9 102.72 506.78 609.50

Total 1075.07 29.50 734.32 67.56 1906.45


58

Annex 11: Seedling and Sapling Density by Vegetation Type

Species

Density of Seedlings and Saplings (#/ha)

Chilaune-Katus Forest Hill Sal Forest Rakchan Forest Utis Forest

Seedling Sapling Seedling Sapling Seedling Sapling Seedling Sapling

Akhitare 31 25

Amala 13

Angeri 125 200 83 111 400

Baakle 594 338

Baanjh

Bedulo 63

Bhakimlo

Bilauni 875 313 1750 522

Castanopsis indica 3031 538 4000 2000 83 800

Dabdabe 417 478

Damaura 13

Darekanda

Dhupi

Dudhilo 63 56 800

Ghudakhari 11

Gurans 469 13 83 33

Jamun 250 13

Kafal 31 113 28

Kalikatha 1028 222

Kaulo 125 167

Khirro 31

Kyamun 13

Lapsi

Lek chaanp 11

Mallato 94 50 11

Mallo 150 22 400

Mauwa 219 150 400

Musure katus 188 25

Paate 219 388 417 222 3000 4400

Paiyu 31 13

Pakhuri 94

Phalat 83

Raatpaate

Rakchan 94 250 1167 1011 1200

Rudilo 13

59


Sal 35000 1200

Schima wallichii 688 500 22 800

Siris

Symplocus 28

Tanki 25

Tejpat 219 63

Tiju 4219 300 1000

Tilko

TiteKatha 22

Tooni

Utis

Total 11750 3513 40000 3600 5389 2700 3000 8800

Species





60

Annex 12: Species Wise Density of Poles and Trees

Species




Akhitare

Amala

Angeri 16 1 8 3

Baakle 6

Baanjh 1

Bedulo

Bhakimlo 1

Bilauni 1

Castanopsis indica 97 11 33 1

Dabdabe 4 19

Damaura 2

Darekanda 1

Dhupi 1

Dudhilo 2 1

Ghudakhari

Gurans 16 6 1

Jamun 3

Kafal 10 1 133 1

Kalikatha

Kaulo 8

Khirro

Kyamun

Lapsi 1

Lek chaanp

Mallato 18 6 1

Mallo 1 1

Mauwa 22 10 2

Musure katus 1

Paate 13 23 33

Paiyu 1

Pakhuri

Phalat 2

Raatpaate 1 1 2

Rakchan 31 1 265 48 33

61


Rudilo

Sal 433 20

Schima wallichii 149 35 100 40 10 1 233 20

Siris 3 1

Symplocus 5

Tanki

Tejpat 1

Tiju 6 1

Tilko 1

TiteKatha

Tooni 3

Utis 8 1 133 100

Total 426 68 700 60 345 56 433 120

Species





62

Annex 13: Species Wise Growing Stock of Poles and Trees

Species




Akhitare

Amala

Angeri 1.00 0.20 1.01 1.82

Baakle 0.57

Baanjh 0.38

Bedulo

Bhakimlo 0.02

Bilauni 0.06

Castanopsis indica 9.85 7.53 13.34 0.37

Dabdabe 0.14 1.64

Damaura 0.42

Darekanda 0.05

Dhupi 0.04

Dudhilo 0.09 0.01

Ghudakhari

Gurans 1.21 0.54 0.11

Jamun 0.53

Kafal 0.74 0.35 13.08 0.09

Kalikatha

Kaulo 1.29

Khirro

Kyamun

Lapsi 0.25

Lek chaanp

Mallato 2.75 4.14 0.04

Mallo 0.03 0.02

Mauwa 3.60 12.06 1.51

Musure katus 0.24

Paate 0.99 1.91 0.57

Paiyu 0.10

Pakhuri

Phalat 1.85

Raatpaate 0.15 0.71 0.12

Rakchan 2.40 0.23 43.73 35.06 2.65

Rudilo

Sal 52.70 21.50

63


Species




Schima wallichii 25.28 30.74 17.57 31.73 1.36 1.57 22.79

Siris 1.05 0.60

Symplocus 0.30

Tanki

Tejpat 0.04

Tiju 0.62 1.01

Tilko 0.07

TiteKatha

Tooni 0.20

Utis 3.78 1.69 29.40 68.27

Total 57.37 59.64 96.69 53.24 51.35 41.93 55.40 97.36


64

Annex 14: Cultivation Type by Ward

WardCultivation type (Area in ha)

Level TerraceCultivation

Sloping TerraceCultivation

River TerraceCultivation

Flood PlainCultivation Total

1 7.83 49.14 56.98

2 2.74 35.04 37.78

3 12.78 87.32 2.04 102.14

4 8.16 36.65 44.80

5 0.86 78.26 18.79 6.61 104.52

6 22.72 30.40 1.02 54.15

7 3.87 38.87 42.74

8 8.54 18.75 27.29

9 27.53 74.56 102.09

Total 95.04 448.99 21.86 6.61 572.49

65


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icot

10D

abda

beD

abda

beLa

nnea

's n

ame

-Wod

ier w

ood

Gar

uga

pinn

ata

Rox

b.B

urse

race

aeD

icot

11D

amau

raA

rtem

isia

abs

inth

um L

.C

ompo

sita

eD

icot

12D

arek

anda

Dha

re K

anda

Xyl

osm

a co

ntro

vers

um C

los.

Flac

cour

tiace

aeD

icot

13D

hupi

Jhul

e S

alla

Wes

t Him

alay

an s

purc

eP

icea

sm

ithia

na (W

all.)

Boi

ssP

inac

eae

Gym

nosp

erm

14D

udhi

loD

udhi

loFi

cus

nerii

folia

Sm

.M

orac

eae

Dic

ot

15G

huda

khar

iG

hoda

khar

iV

ibur

num

eru

besc

ens

Wal

l. E

x D

C.

Sam

buca

ceae

Dic

ot

16G

uran

sG

uran

sR

hodo

dend

ron,

Ros

e tre

e, R

osy

bay

Rho

dode

ndro

n an

thop

ogon

D.D

onE

ricac

eae

Dic

ot

17Ja

mun

Jam

unB

lack

plu

m, I

ndia

n bl

ack

berry

Syz

ygiu

m c

umin

i (L.

) Ske

els

Myr

tace

aeD

icot

18K

afal

Kha

phal

Box

myr

tle, B

ay-b

erry

Myr

ica

escu

lent

aM

yric

acea

eD

icot

19K

alik

atha

Kal

i kat

hM

yrsi

ne s

emis

erra

ta W

all.

Myr

sina

ceae

Dic

ot

20K

atus

Dha

le/D

haln

e K

atus

Nep

al o

r Ind

ian

Che

stnu

tC

asta

nops

is in

dica

(Rox

b.) M

iq.

Faga

ceae

Dic

ot

21K

aulo

Kau

loP

erse

a od

orat

issi

ma

(Nee

s) K

oste

rm.

Laur

acea

eD

icot

22K

hirro

Khi

rroTa

llow

tree

Sap

ium

insi

gne

(Roy

le) B

enth

.ex

Hoo

k.f.

Eup

horb

iace

aeD

icot

23K

yam

unK

yam

una

Cle

isto

caly

x op

ercu

lata

(Rox

b.) M

err.

& P

erry

Myr

tace

aeD

icot

24La

psi

Laps

iN

epal

ese

hog

plum

Cho

eros

pond

ias

axill

aris

(R

oxb.

) B.L

. Bru

tt.&

A.W

. Hill.

Ana

card

icea

eD

icot

Ann

ex 1

5: T

ree

Spec

ies

Foun

d in

For

est E

cosy

stem

of B

hada

ure

Tam

agi V

DC


66

S.N

o.N

epal

i Nam

eVe

rnac

ular

Nam

eEn

glis

h N

ame

Latin

Nam

eFa

mily

Taxo

nom

y

1A

khit

Akh

tM

liD

it

25Le

k ch

aanp

Cha

mp

Mag

nolia

cam

pbel

li H

ook.

f. &

Tho

ms.

Mag

nolia

ceae

Dic

ot

26M

alla

toM

aled

oM

acar

anga

indi

ca W

ight

Eup

horb

iace

aeD

icot

27M

allo

Mal

loV

ibur

num

mul

laha

Buc

h.-H

am.e

x D

.Don

.S

ambu

cace

aeD

icot

28M

auw

aM

auva

Eng

elha

rdia

spi

cata

Lsc

h. e

x B

l.Ju

glan

dace

aeD

icot

29M

usur

e ka

tus

Mus

ure

katu

sC

asto

nops

is tr

ibul

oide

s (S

m.)

A.D

C.

Faga

ceae

Dic

ot

30P

aate

Pat

e/Jh

yann

o/P

ate

jhya

nno/

Pat

heE

urya

acu

min

ata

DC

.Th

eace

aeD

icot

31P

aiyu

Pai

yuB

etul

a al

noid

es B

uch.

-Ham

.ex

D.D

onB

etul

acea

eD

icot

32P

akhu

riP

akhu

riFi

cus

glab

errim

a B

lum

eM

orac

eae

Dic

ot

33P

hala

tP

hala

tQ

uerc

us li

neat

a B

lum

eFa

gace

aeD

icot

34R

aatp

aate

Rat

mat

iLi

tsea

mon

ocep

hala

(R

oxb.

) Per

s.La

urac

eae

Dic

ot

35R

akch

anD

aphn

iphy

llum

him

alen

se (

Ben

th.)

Mue

ll.-A

rg.

Dap

hnip

hylla

ceae

Dic

ot

36R

udilo

Rud

iloC

oral

jasm

ine/

Nig

ht ja

smin

eN

ycta

nthe

s ar

bor-t

ristis

Ole

acea

eD

icot

37S

alS

al tr

eeS

hore

a ro

bust

a G

aertn

.D

ipte

roca

rpac

eae

Dic

ot

38S

iris

Pah

ade

Siri

sA

lbiz

ia ju

libris

sin

Dur

azz.

Legu

min

osae

Dic

ot

39S

ympl

ocos

ram

osis

sim

a W

all e

x. G

. Don

Sym

ploc

acea

eD

icot

40Ta

nki

Tank

iP

ink

bauh

inia

Bau

hini

a pu

rpur

ea L

.Le

gum

inos

aeD

icot

41Ta

rico

Tarik

aS

crew

pin

eP

anda

nus

odor

atis

sim

a R

oxb.

Pan

dana

ceae

Mon

ocot

42Te

jpat

Tejp

atC

inna

mom

um le

af/ I

ndia

n ca

ssia

Cin

nam

omum

tam

ala

(Buc

h.-H

am) N

ess

& E

berm

.La

urac

eae

Dic

ot

43Ti

juTe

juP

icra

sma

java

nica

Bl.

Sim

arub

acea

eD

icot

44Ti

lko

Tiku

lM

itrag

yna

parv

ifolia

(R

oxb.

) Kor

th.

Rub

iace

aeD

icot

45Ti

teka

tha

Tite

cha

pM

iche

lia c

athc

artii

Hoo

k.f.

& T

.M

agno

liace

aeD

icot

46To

oni

Tuna

/Tun

iM

oulm

ain

ceda

r/ C

edre

la tr

eeTo

ona

cilia

ta M

. Roe

m.

Mel

iace

aeD

icot

47U

tisU

tisA

lder

Aln

us n

epal

ensi

s D

.Don

Bet

ulac

eae

Dic

ot

67


Ann

ex 1

6: N

on-tr

ee S

peci

es F

ound

in F

ores

t Eco

syst

em o

f Bha

daur

e Ta

mag

i VD

C

S.N

o.N

epal

i Nam

eVe

rnac

ular

Nam

eEn

glis

h N

ame

Latin

Nam

eLi

fe fo

rmFa

mily

Taxo

nom

y

1A

lloA

llo s

isnu

Him

alay

an n

ettle

Gira

rdin

ia d

iver

sifo

lia (L

ink)

Frii

sH

erb

Urti

cace

aeD

icot

2A

nger

i/chu

lesi

Ang

eri/c

hule

siIn

dian

rhod

oden

dron

Mel

asto

ma

mel

abat

hric

um L

Shr

ubM

elas

tom

acea

eD

icot

3A

nkhe

jhar

Ank

he jh

arH

orse

tail

Equ

iset

um d

iffus

um D

.Don

Fern

Equ

iset

acea

eP

terid

ophy

te

4B

ajra

dant

iP

oten

tilla

fulg

ens

Her

bR

osac

eae

Dic

ot

5B

akal

pate

Vib

urnu

m c

ontin

ifoliu

m D

. Don

Shr

ubS

ambu

cace

aeD

icot

6B

akhr

e gh

aans

Bak

hre

ghan

sP

ink

bauh

inia

Des

mod

ium

mul

tiflo

rum

DC

.S

hrub

Legu

min

osae

Dic

ot

7B

anko

Ban

koA

risae

ma

tortu

osum

(Wal

l.) S

chot

tH

erb

Ara

ceae

Mon

ocot

8B

anm

ara

Ban

mar

aE

upat

oriu

m a

deno

phor

umH

erb

Ast

erac

eae

Dic

ot

9B

anso

Ban

si b

ans

Feat

hery

bam

boo

Bam

busa

vul

gare

Sch

rad.

Her

bG

ram

inea

eM

onoc

ot

10B

anta

rul

Ban

taru

lA

ir po

tato

/ Pot

ato

yam

Dio

scor

ea b

ulbi

fera

L.

Her

bD

iosc

orea

ceae

Mon

ocot

11B

asul

eB

asul

iD

ichr

oa fe

brifu

ga L

our.

Shr

ubH

ydra

ngea

ceae

Dic

ot

12B

atul

pate

Bat

ule

pate

/ Gud

urga

nuFa

lse

pare

iraC

issa

mpe

los

pare

ira L

.H

erb

Men

ispe

rmac

eae

Dic

ot

13B

husu

neB

husu

reLe

ucos

cept

rum

can

um S

mS

hrub

Labi

atae

Dic

ot

14B

ish

Aco

nite

Aco

nitu

m fe

rox

Wal

l. ex

Ser

inge

Her

bR

anun

cula

ceae

Dic

ot

15C

harin

agre

Cha

ri na

ngre

laha

raC

ats

claw

Mac

fady

ena

ungu

is-c

ati

(L.)

A. H

. Gen

tryH

erb

Big

noni

acea

eD

icot

16C

hhat

reC

hhat

re u

nyu/

Ruk

h un

yuTr

ee fe

rnC

yath

ea s

pinu

losa

Wal

l. ex

Hoo

k.Fe

rnP

lagi

ogyr

iace

aeP

terid

ophy

te

17C

hira

itoC

hira

itoS

werti

a ch

irayi

ta (R

oxb.

ex

Flem

ing)

Kar

sten

Her

bG

entia

nace

aeD

icot

18C

hittr

e ba

nso

Chi

ttre

bans

oD

igita

ria c

iliar

is (R

etz.

) Koe

ler

Her

bG

ram

inea

eM

onoc

ot

19C

hutro

Chu

troB

arbe

rry/ N

epal

bar

berry

Ber

beris

aris

tata

DC

.S

hrub

Ber

berid

acea

eD

icot

20 J

unge

laha

raC

lem

atis

sp.

Clim

ber

Ran

uncu

lace

aeD

icot

21C

roto

neas

ter s

p.S

hrub

Ros

acea

eD

icot

22 H

aled

oC

urcu

ma

sp.

Her

bZi

ngib

erac

eae

Mon

ocot

23D

amar

uD

amar

uD

ogw

ood

Mac

lura

coc

hinc

hine

nsis

(Lo

ur.)

Cor

ner

Shr

ubM

orac

eae

Dic

ot

24D

hate

loP

rinse

pia

utili

s R

oyle

Shr

ubR

osac

eae

Dic

ot

25D

hobi

niD

hobi

niM

ussa

enda

sp.

Her

bR

ubia

ceae

Dic

ot


68

S.N

o.

Nep

ali N

ame

Ver

nac

ula

r N

ame

En

glis

h N

ame

Lat

in N

ame

Life

fo

rmF

amily

Taxo

no

my

26D

ubiy

aG

aaiti

haar

eIn

ula

capp

a (B

uch.

-Ham

. ex

D. D

on)

DC

.H

erb

Ast

erac

eae

Dic

ot

27E

kleb

irE

kleb

irLo

belia

Lobe

lia p

yram

idal

is W

all.

Her

bLo

belia

ceae

Dic

ot

28G

ahat

eG

ahat

e jh

arC

alop

eC

alop

ogon

ium

muc

unoi

des

Des

v.H

erb

Legu

min

osae

Dic

ot

29G

andh

eG

andh

eG

oat w

eed

Age

ratu

m c

onyz

oide

s L.

Her

bA

ster

acea

eD

icot

30G

entia

na s

p.H

erb

Gen

tiana

ceae

Dic

ot

31G

hatte

phu

lG

hatte

phu

lP

ansy

Vio

la s

p.H

erb

Vio

lace

aeD

icot

32G

hodt

apre

Gho

dtap

reW

ater

pen

nyw

ort

Cen

tella

asi

atic

a (L

.) U

rban

.H

erb

Um

belli

fera

eD

icot

33G

horik

ath

Ran

dia

tetra

sper

ma

(Rox

b.)

Ben

th. &

Hoo

k.S

hrub

Rub

iace

aeD

icot

34G

itho

Tin

ospo

ra s

inen

sis

(Lou

r.) M

err.

Clim

ber

Men

ispe

rmac

eae

Dic

ot

35G

olka

kri

Gol

kan

kri

Ivy

gour

d/ K

avai

frui

tC

occi

nia

gran

dis

(L.)

Vio

gt.

Her

bC

ucur

bita

ceae

Dic

ot

36H

ade

Pile

a sp

.S

hrub

Urti

cace

aeD

icot

37H

ade

unyu

Had

e un

yuF

ern

Dic

rano

pter

is li

near

is (B

urm

.) U

nder

w.

Fer

nG

ieic

heni

acea

eP

terid

ophy

te

38In

ula

capp

a (B

uch.

-Ham

. ex

D. D

on)

DC

.S

hrub

Ast

erac

eae

Dic

ot

39Jh

ilke

sotta

rF

ern

Fer

nP

terid

ophy

te

40Jh

ulo

Jhul

oA

naph

alis

mar

garit

acea

Her

bA

ster

acea

eD

icot

41Jh

yau

1Li

chen

Lich

en

42Jh

yau

2Li

chen

Lich

en

43K

alo

ange

riR

ato

chul

si/T

hulo

chu

lsi

Osb

ecki

a ne

pale

nsis

Buc

h.H

am. E

x D

.Don

Her

bM

elas

tom

acea

eD

icot

44K

amar

uD

ryna

ria m

ollis

Fer

nP

olyp

odia

ceae

Pte

ridop

hyte

45K

amle

Kam

leA

rtilla

ry p

lant

Pile

a sy

mm

eria

Wed

d.H

erb

Urti

cace

aeD

icot

46K

anch

erno

Lept

aden

ia r

etic

ulat

a (R

etz.

) W

ight

& A

rn.

Her

bA

scle

piad

acea

eD

icot

47K

anta

kari

Indi

an s

alm

onS

olan

um s

urat

tens

e B

urm

.f.H

erb

Sol

anac

eae

Dic

ot

48K

athe

chy

au 1

Fun

gus

Fun

gus

49K

athe

chy

au 2

Fun

gus

Fun

gus

50K

athe

chy

au 3

Fun

gus

Fun

gus

51K

athe

chy

au 4

Fun

gus

Fun

gus

52K

athe

chy

au 5

Fun

gus

Fun

gus

69


S.N

o.

Nep

ali N

ame

Ver

nac

ula

r N

ame

En

glis

h N

ame

Lat

in N

ame

Life

fo

rmF

amily

Taxo

no

my

53K

attra

kan

daC

limbe

rV

itace

aeD

icot

54K

eri

Ligu

stru

m in

dicu

m (

Lour

.) M

err.

Shr

ubO

leac

eae

Dic

ot

55K

hari

bans

oA

rund

ina

sp.

Her

bG

ram

inea

eM

onoc

ot

56K

ibbu

Kib

buS

trobi

lant

hus

sp.

Shr

ubA

cant

hace

aeD

icot

57K

ukur

dain

oK

ukur

dai

noS

mila

x ov

alifo

lia R

oxb.

ex

D. D

onC

limbe

rLi

liace

aeM

onoc

ot

58K

urilo

Wild

asp

arag

usA

spar

agus

rac

emos

us W

illd.

Her

bLi

liace

aeM

onoc

ot

59K

uro

kuro

gha

nsLo

ve th

orn

Chr

ysop

ogon

aci

cula

tus

(Ret

z.)

Trin

.H

erb

Gra

min

eae

Mon

ocot

60Le

ucas

lana

ta B

enth

.H

erb

Labi

atae

Dic

ot

61Li

ngul

aria

fisc

heri

Her

bA

ster

acea

eD

icot

62Li

soLi

soH

elix

anth

era

para

sitic

a Lo

ur.

Shr

ubLo

rant

hace

aeD

icot

63Lo

kta

Nep

ali p

aper

pla

ntD

aphn

e pa

pyra

cea

Wal

l. E

x S

teud

.S

hrub

Thym

elia

ceae

Dic

ot

64Lu

te jh

arLu

te jh

arG

aliu

m h

irtifl

orum

Req

. ex

DC

.H

erb

Rub

iace

aeD

icot

65M

ajith

oM

ajith

oR

ubia

man

jith

Rox

b. e

x F

lem

ing

Her

bR

ubia

ceae

Dic

ot

66M

alva

sp.

Her

bM

alva

ceae

Dic

ot

67M

oney

pla

ntE

pipr

emnu

m s

p.C

limbe

rA

race

aeM

onoc

ot

68M

othe

jhar

Mot

he jh

arC

yper

us c

ompr

essu

s L.

Her

bC

yper

acea

eM

onoc

ot

69N

agar

mot

heN

agar

mot

heC

yper

us r

otun

dus

L.H

erb

Cyp

erac

eae

Mon

ocot

70N

agbe

li 1

Lyco

podi

um/ C

lub

mos

sLy

copo

dium

ph

legm

aria

Fer

nLy

copo

diac

eae

Pte

ridop

hyte

71N

agbe

li 2

Lyco

podi

um ja

poni

cum

Fer

nLy

copo

diac

eae

Pte

ridop

hyte

72N

ash

jhar

Hem

iphr

agm

a he

tero

phyl

lum

Wal

l.H

erb

Scr

ophu

laria

ceae

Dic

ot

73N

igal

oN

igal

oD

repa

nost

achy

um in

term

ediu

m (M

unro

) K

eng.

f.H

erb

Gra

min

eae

Mon

ocot

74 C

hari

Am

ilo In

dian

Sor

rel

Oxa

lis s

p.H

erb

Oxa

lidac

eae

Dic

ot

75P

aite

Phy

llant

hus

parv

iflor

aS

hrub

Eup

horb

iace

aeD

icot

76P

ani a

mal

aP

ani a

mal

aS

wor

d fe

rnN

ephr

olep

is c

ordi

folia

(L.

) P

resl

.F

ern

Dav

allia

ceae

Pte

ridop

hyte

77P

ater

o/P

atar

eH

erb

78P

hulte

soP

hulte

soB

uddl

eja

asia

tica

Lour

.S

hrub

Loga

niac

eaD

icot

79P

hurk

eH

imal

ayan

Bam

boo

Dre

pano

stac

hyum

falc

atum

(Nee

s) K

eng

f.S

hrub

Gra

min

eae

Mon

ocot


70

S.N

o.

Nep

ali N

ame

Ver

nac

ula

r N

ame

En

glis

h N

ame

Lat

in N

ame

Life

fo

rmF

amily

Taxo

no

my

80P

husr

e ka

nda

Her

b

81P

ipal

pate

Ivy

Clim

ber

Hed

era

nepa

lens

is K

.Koc

hC

limbe

rA

ralia

ceae

Dic

ot

82 S

ukul

Jha

rP

olyg

onum

sp.

Her

bP

olyg

onac

eae

Dic

ot

83P

yaul

iR

einw

ardt

ia in

dica

Dum

ort.

Her

bLi

nace

aeD

icot

84 D

hurs

ulo

Cur

rant

Rib

es s

p.S

hrub

Gro

ssul

aria

ceae

Dic

ot

85 A

inse

lu G

olde

n ev

ergr

een

rasp

berr

yR

ubus

elli

ptic

us S

m.

Shr

ubR

osac

eae

Dic

ot

86S

ani p

hal

Clim

ber

Dic

ot

87S

ano

sila

amE

lsho

ltzia

fruc

ticos

aS

hrub

Labi

atae

Dic

ot

88S

iruIm

pera

ta c

ylin

dric

a (L

.) B

eauv

ois

Her

bG

ram

inea

eM

onoc

ot

89S

isno

Urti

ca d

ioic

a L.

Her

bU

rtica

ceae

Dic

ot

90S

unga

va 1

Bul

boph

yllu

m c

arey

anum

Orc

hid

Orc

hida

ceae

Mon

ocot

91S

unga

va 1

0D

endr

obiu

m e

riflo

rum

Orc

hid

Orc

hida

ceae

Mon

ocot

92S

unga

va 1

1D

endr

obiu

m h

eter

ocar

pum

Orc

hid

Orc

hida

ceae

Mon

ocot

93S

unga

va 1

2E

ria a

perti

folia

Orc

hid

Orc

hida

ceae

Mon

ocot

94S

unga

va 1

3E

ria b

ipun

cata

Orc

hid

Orc

hida

ceae

Mon

ocot

95S

unga

va 1

4E

ria s

pica

taO

rchi

dO

rchi

dace

aeM

onoc

ot

96S

unga

va 1

5G

astro

chilu

s bi

gibb

usO

rchi

dO

rchi

dace

aeM

onoc

ot

97S

unga

va 1

6G

oody

era

repe

nsO

rchi

dO

rchi

dace

aeM

onoc

ot

98S

unga

va 1

7Li

paris

ner

vosa

Orc

hid

Orc

hida

ceae

Mon

ocot

99S

unga

va 1

8M

alax

is a

cum

inat

aO

rchi

dO

rchi

dace

aeM

onoc

ot

100

Sun

gava

19

Mal

axis

latif

olia

Orc

hid

Orc

hida

ceae

Mon

ocot

101

Sun

gava

2B

ulbo

phyl

lum

stri

atum

Orc

hid

Orc

hida

ceae

Mon

ocot

102

Sun

gava

20

Mal

axis

pur

pure

aO

rchi

dO

rchi

dace

aeM

onoc

ot

103

Sun

gava

21

Obe

roni

a fa

lcat

aO

rchi

dO

rchi

dace

aeM

onoc

ot

104

Sun

gava

22

Oto

chilu

s al

bus

Orc

hid

Orc

hida

ceae

Mon

ocot

105

Sun

gava

23

Oto

chilu

s la

ncila

bius

Orc

hid

Orc

hida

ceae

Mon

ocot

106

Sun

gava

24

Pho

lidot

a ar

ticul

ata

Orc

hid

Orc

hida

ceae

Mon

ocot

71


S.N

o.

Nep

ali N

ame

Ver

nac

ula

r N

ame

En

glis

h N

ame

Lat

in N

ame

Life

fo

rmF

amily

Taxo

no

my

106

Sun

gava

24

Pho

lidot

a ar

ticul

ata

Orc

hid

Orc

hida

ceae

Mon

ocot

107

Sun

gava

25

Pho

lidot

a pa

llida

Orc

hid

Orc

hida

ceae

Mon

ocot

108

Sun

gava

26

Rhy

ncho

styl

is r

etus

aO

rchi

dO

rchi

dace

aeM

onoc

ot

109

Sun

gava

27

Spi

rant

hes

spira

lisO

rchi

dO

rchi

dace

aeM

onoc

ot

110

Sun

gava

28

Sun

ipia

bic

olor

Orc

hid

Orc

hida

ceae

Mon

ocot

111

Sun

gava

29

Per

isty

lus

affin

isO

rchi

dO

rchi

dace

aeM

onoc

ot

112

Sun

gava

3C

oelo

gyne

cris

tata

Orc

hid

Orc

hida

ceae

Mon

ocot

113

Sun

gava

4C

oelo

gyne

fusc

esce

nsO

rchi

dO

rchi

dace

aeM

onoc

ot

114

Sun

gava

5C

oelo

gyne

niti

daO

rchi

dO

rchi

dace

aeM

onoc

ot

115

Sun

gava

6C

oelo

gyne

pro

lifer

aO

rchi

dO

rchi

dace

aeM

onoc

ot

116

Sun

gava

7C

ymbi

dium

ele

gans

Orc

hid

Orc

hida

ceae

Mon

ocot

117

Sun

gava

8C

ymbi

dium

ery

thra

eum

Orc

hid

Orc

hida

ceae

Mon

ocot

118

Sun

gava

9C

ymbi

dium

irid

ioid

esO

rchi

dO

rchi

dace

aeM

onoc

ot

119

Sun

gave

30

But

terfl

y or

chid

Eul

ophi

a sp

ecta

bilis

Orc

hid

Orc

hida

ceae

Mon

ocot

120

Teet

e la

hara

Clim

ber

121

Teet

epat

iTe

etep

ati

Indi

an w

orm

Arte

mis

ia in

dica

Will

d.S

hrub

Ast

erac

eae

Dic

ot

122

The

ropo

gon

sp.

Her

bC

yper

acea

eM

onoc

ot

123

Thot

neS

otan

eV

eget

able

sm

art w

eed

Aco

nogo

num

mol

le (

D. D

on)

Har

aH

erb

Pol

ygon

acea

eD

icot

124

Thul

o pa

ate

1P

ate

Eur

ya a

cum

inat

a D

C.

Shr

ubTh

eace

aeD

icot

125

Thul

o pa

ate

2D

esm

odiu

m s

p.S

hrub

Legu

min

osae

Dic

ot

126

Thul

o pa

iteO

xyst

elm

a es

cule

ntum

(L. f

.) S

m.

Shr

ubA

scle

piad

acea

eD

icot

127

Tite

Tite

Swe

rtia

nerv

osa

(G.D

on)

C.B

. Cla

rke

Her

bG

entia

nace

aeD

icot

128

Ulte

kand

aU

lteka

nda

Cae

salp

inia

dec

apet

ala

(Rot

h) A

lsto

nS

hrub

Legu

min

osae

Dic

ot

129

Uny

u 1

Fer

nA

spid

ium

sp.

Fer

nD

ryop

terid

acea

eP

terid

ophy

te

130

Uny

u 2

Dic

rano

pter

is li

near

isF

ern

Gle

iche

niac

eae

Pte

ridop

hyte

131

Uny

u 3

Asp

leni

um d

alho

usia

eF

ern

Asp

leni

acea

eP

terid

ophy

te


72

An

nex

17:

Flo

ra f

ou

nd

in a

gri

cult

ure

eco

syst

em o

f B

had

aure

Tam

agi V

DC

S.N

o.

Nep

ali N

ame

En

glis

h N

ame

Lat

in N

ame

Life

fo

rmF

amily

Cro

p t

ype

1A

alu

Pot

ato

Sol

anum

tube

rosu

m L

.H

erb

Sol

anac

eae

Veg

etab

le

2A

duw

aG

inge

rZ

ingi

bero

ffici

nale

Roc

.H

erb

Zing

iber

acea

eS

pice

s

3A

kaba

rekh

orsa

niC

hilly

Cap

sicu

m a

nnum

L.

Her

bS

olan

acea

eS

pice

s

4A

lain

chi

Car

dam

omA

mom

umar

omat

icum

Rox

b.he

rbZi

ngib

erac

eae

Spi

ces

5A

mba

Gua

vaP

sidi

umgu

ajav

a L.

Tree

Myr

tace

aeF

ruit

6A

nkhi

timur

Pep

per

Zan

thox

ylum

pipe

ritum

Tree

Spi

ces

7B

akul

laF

aba

bean

s/ B

road

bea

ns/H

orse

bea

nV

icia

faba

L.

Her

bLe

gum

inos

aeLe

gum

e

8B

an d

hani

yaW

ild c

oria

nder

Ery

rigiu

m F

oetid

umH

erb

Api

acea

eS

pice

s

9B

anda

Cab

bage

Bra

ssic

a ol

erac

ea L

. var

. cap

itata

L.H

erb

Bra

ssic

acea

eV

eget

able

10B

aram

asep

hool

Pap

er fl

ower

Bau

gain

ville

agla

bra

Shr

ubN

ycta

gena

ceae

Flo

wer

11B

esar

Turm

eric

Cur

cum

a lo

nga

Her

bZi

ngib

erac

eae

Spi

ces

12B

hant

aB

rinja

lS

olan

umm

elon

gena

L.

Her

bS

olan

acea

eV

eget

able

13B

huik

atah

arP

inea

pple

Ana

nasc

omos

us

(L.

) M

err.

Her

bB

rom

elia

ceae

Fru

it

14C

ham

sur

Gar

den

cres

sLe

pidi

umsa

tivum

L.

Her

bB

rass

icac

eae

Spi

ces

15C

hiya

Tea

Cam

ellia

si

nens

is (

L.)

Kun

tze

Shr

ubTh

eace

aeB

ever

age

16C

offe

eC

offe

eC

offe

aara

bica

L.

Shr

ubR

ubia

ceae

Bev

erag

e

17D

hani

yaC

oria

nder

Cor

iand

rum

sativ

um L

.H

erb

Api

acea

eS

pice

s

18G

ajar

Car

rot

Dau

casc

arot

a L.

var

. sat

iva

DC

.H

erb

Api

acea

eV

eget

able

19G

olbh

eda

Tom

ato

Lyco

pers

icum

escu

lent

um M

ill.

Her

bS

olan

acea

eV

eget

able

20G

roun

d ap

ple

Gro

und

appl

eS

mal

lant

hus

sp.

Her

bA

ster

acea

eF

ruit

21G

uyel

iO

leas

ter

Ela

eagn

usin

fund

ibul

aris

Mom

iyam

aTr

eeE

laea

gnac

eae

Flo

wer

22Is

kus

Cha

yote

/ Chr

isto

phin

eS

echi

umed

ule

(Jac

q.)

Sw

.H

erb

Cuc

urbi

tace

aeV

eget

able

73


S.N

o.

Nep

ali N

ame

En

glis

h N

ame

Lat

in N

ame

Life

fo

rmF

amily

Cro

p t

ype

23Ja

pani

halu

wab

edP

ersi

mm

onD

iosp

yros

sp.

Her

bE

bena

ceae

Fru

it

24Ju

war

edha

anR

ice

Ory

za s

ativ

aH

erb

Gra

min

eae

Cer

eal

25K

agat

iLi

me

Citr

us a

uran

tifol

ia (

Chr

ist.)

Sw

ingl

eTr

eeR

utac

eae

Fru

it

26K

alki

phoo

lB

ottle

bru

shC

allis

tem

on c

itrin

us (

Cur

tis)

Ske

els

Tree

Myr

tace

aeF

low

er

27K

auli

Cau

liflo

wer

Bra

ssic

a ol

erac

ea L

. var

. bot

rytis

L.

Her

bB

rass

ica

cea

eV

eget

abl

e

28K

era

Ban

ana

Mus

a pa

radi

siae

a L.

Her

bM

usac

eae

Fru

it

29K

erau

Pea

Pis

umsa

tivum

L.

Her

bLe

gum

inos

aeLe

gum

e

30K

hors

ani

Chi

llyC

apsi

cum

ann

uum

L.

Her

bS

olan

ace

aeS

pice

s

31K

hors

anip

hool

Blo

od fl

ow

erA

scle

pias

cura

ssav

ica

L.H

erb

Asc

lepi

ada

ceae

Flo

wer

32K

odo

Fin

ger

Mill

et/ B

ird'

s fo

ot m

ille

tE

leus

inec

orac

ana

(L.)

Gae

rth.

Her

bG

ram

inea

eC

erea

l

33K

urilo

Wild

asp

arag

usA

spar

agus

rac

emos

us W

illd.

Shr

ubLi

liace

aeV

eget

abl

e

34L

alup

ate

Poi

nset

tiaE

upho

rbia

pul

cher

rima

Wild

. Ex

Kle

tzsc

hS

hrub

Eup

horb

iace

aeF

low

er

35L

asun

Gar

licA

llium

sat

ivum

L.

Her

bA

mar

yllid

acea

eS

pice

s

36M

agan

pure

dhaa

nP

addy

pla

nt/ R

ice

Ory

za s

ativ

a L.

Her

bG

ram

inea

eC

erea

l

37M

anak

ama

nam

akai

Mai

zeZ

ea m

ays

L.H

erb

Gra

min

eae

Cer

eal

38M

ewa

Pap

aya

Car

ica

papa

ya L

.H

erb

Car

icac

eae

Fru

it

39M

ula

Rad

ish

Rap

hanu

ssat

ivus

L.

Her

bB

rass

ica

cea

eV

eget

abl

e

40N

iloga

ndhe

Gan

dhe

Age

ratu

m h

oust

onia

num

Mill

.H

erb

Ast

erac

eae

Wee

d

41P

inda

luC

oloc

asi

aC

oloc

asia

antiq

uoru

mH

erb

Ara

ceae

Tube

r

42P

yaaj

Oni

onA

llium

cep

a L.

Her

bA

mar

yllid

acea

eS

pice

s

43R

aayo

Bro

ad L

eaf M

usta

rdB

rass

ica

junc

ea (

L.)

Cze

m.

Her

bB

rass

ica

cea

eV

eget

abl

e

44R

amto

riya

Okr

a/L

ady'

s fin

ger

Abe

lmos

chus

escu

lent

us (L

.) M

oenc

h.H

erb

Mal

vace

aeV

eget

abl

e

45R

atom

akai

Red

Ma

ize

Zea

may

s L.

Her

bG

ram

inea

eC

erea

l

46S

akha

rkha

nda

Sw

eet p

otat

oIp

omoe

a ba

tata

s (L

.) La

mH

erb

Con

volv

ulac

eae

Tube

r


74

S.N

o.

Nep

ali N

ame

En

glis

h N

ame

Lat

in N

ame

Life

fo

rmF

amily

Cro

p t

ype

47S

ayap

atrip

hool

Mar

igol

dTa

getu

sere

cta

L.H

erb

Ast

erac

eae

Flo

wer

48S

etom

akai

Whi

te m

aize

Zea

may

s L.

Her

bG

ram

inea

eC

erea

l

49B

huia

inse

luS

traw

berr

yF

raga

nanu

bico

la L

indl

. Ex

Laca

itaH

erb

Ros

acea

eF

ruit

50S

ugan

dhaw

alIn

dian

val

eria

nV

aler

iana

jata

man

sii J

ones

Her

bV

aler

iana

ceae

Flo

wer

51S

unta

laO

rang

eC

itrus

aur

antiu

m L

.Tr

eeR

utac

eae

Fru

it

52Ta

rul

Yam

Dio

scor

easa

gitta

ta R

oyle

Her

bD

iosc

orea

ceae

Tube

r

53To

riM

usta

rdB

rass

ica

rapa

L.

Her

bB

rass

icac

eae

Oil

54Ty

amat

arTr

ee to

mat

oC

ypho

man

drab

etac

ea (C

av.)

Sen

dtS

hrub

Sol

anac

eae

Veg

etab

le

55U

khu

Sug

arca

neS

acch

arum

offic

inar

um L

.H

erb

Gra

min

eae

Cas

h cr

op

56U

wa/

Kar

ooB

arle

yH

orde

umvu

lgar

e L.

Her

bG

ram

inea

eC

erea

l

75


An

nex

18:

Flo

ra F

ou

nd

in W

etla

nd

Eco

syst

em o

f B

had

aure

Tam

agi V

DC

S.N

o.

Nep

ali N

ame

Ver

nac

ula

r N

ame

En

glis

h N

ame

Lat

in N

ame

Life

fo

rmF

amily

Taxo

no

my

1Ja

lkum

bhi

Kum

bhik

aW

ater

lettu

ceP

istia

stra

tiote

s L.

Her

bA

race

aeM

onoc

ot

2Le

u 1

Alg

aeS

piro

gyra

sp.

Her

bZy

gnem

atac

eae

Gre

en a

lgae

3Le

u 2

Hor

nwor

tC

erat

ophy

llum

sp.

Her

bC

erat

ophy

llace

aeM

onoc

ot


76

An

nex

19:

Wild

Fau

na

Fo

un

d in

Bh

adau

re T

amag

i VD

C

S.N

o.

Nep

ali N

ame

Ver

nac

ula

r N

ame

En

glis

h N

ame

Lat

in N

ame

Fam

ilyTa

xon

om

y

1B

aaj

Eur

asia

n S

parr

owha

wk

Acc

ipite

r ni

sus

Acc

ipitr

idae

Ave

s

2B

halu

Him

alay

an B

lack

Bea

rU

rsus

thib

etan

usU

rsid

aeM

amm

al

3B

hang

era

Hou

se S

parr

owP

asse

r do

mes

ticus

Pas

serid

aeA

ves

4C

hibe

Bla

ck D

rong

oD

icru

rus

mac

roce

rcus

Cor

vida

eA

ves

5C

hil

Eag

leS

piza

etus

nip

alen

sis

Acc

ipitr

idae

Ave

s

6C

hitu

wa

Com

mon

Leo

pard

Pan

ther

a pa

rdus

Fel

idae

Mam

mal

7D

huku

rS

potte

d D

ove

Stre

ptop

elia

chi

nens

isC

olum

bida

eA

ves

8G

iddh

aH

imal

ayan

Grif

fon

Gyp

s hi

mal

ayen

sis

Acc

ipitr

idae

Ave

s

9K

aag

Hou

se C

row

Cor

vus

sple

nden

sC

orvi

dae

Ave

s

10K

alij

Pue

raK

alij

Phe

asan

tLo

phur

a le

ucom

elan

osP

hasi

anid

aeA

ves

11K

oili

Eur

asia

n C

ucko

oC

ucul

us c

anor

usC

ucul

idae

Ave

s

12La

mpu

chhr

eYe

llow

-bill

ed B

lue

Mag

pie

Uro

ciss

a fla

viro

stris

Cor

vida

eA

ves

13M

usa

Hou

se R

atM

us m

uscu

lus

Mur

idae

Mam

mal

14R

ato

Ban

dar

Rhe

sus

Mon

key

Mac

aca

mul

atta

Cer

copi

thec

idae

Mam

mal

15R

atuw

aB

arki

ng D

eer

Mun

tiacu

s m

untja

kC

ervi

dae

Mam

mal

16R

oopi

Com

mon

Hoo

poe

Upu

pa e

pops

Upu

pida

eA

ves

17S

yal

Gol

den

Jack

alC

anis

aur

eus

Can

idae

Mam

mal

18Ti

ktik

eW

agta

ilM

otac

illa

sp.

Mot

acill

idae

Ave

s

19Ti

traB

lack

Fra

ncol

inF

ranc

olin

us fr

anco

linus

Pha

sian

idae

Ave

s

20U

lluS

potte

d O

wle

tA

then

e br

ama

Stri

gida

eA

ves

77


An

nex

20:

Do

mes

tica

ted

Fau

na

Fo

un

d in

Bh

adau

re T

amag

i VD

C

S.N

o.

Nep

ali N

ame

Ver

nac

ula

r N

ame

En

glis

h N

ame

Lat

in N

ame

Fam

ilyTa

xon

om

y

1B

akhr

aG

oat

Cap

ra s

p.B

ovid

aeM

amm

al

2B

hais

iB

uffa

loB

ubal

us s

p.B

ovid

aeM

amm

al

3B

iralo

Cat

Fel

is s

p.F

elid

aeM

amm

al

4B

roile

r ku

khur

aC

hick

enA

ves

5G

aiC

owB

os s

p.B

ovid

aeM

amm

al

6H

ans

Duc

kA

nas

sp.

Ana

tidae

Ave

s

7K

ukur

Dog

Can

is s

p.C

anid

aeM

amm

al

8Lo

cal k

ukhu

raC

hick

enG

allu

s ga

llus

Pha

sian

idae

Ave

s

9P

arew

aP

igeo

nC

olum

ba li

via

Col

umbi

dae

Ave

s


78

An

nex

21:

Wet

lan

d F

aun

a F

ou

nd

in B

had

aure

Tam

agi V

DC

S.N

o.

Nep

ali N

ame

Ver

nac

ula

r N

ame

En

glis

h N

ame

Lat

in N

ame

Fam

ilyTa

xon

om

y

1B

hyag

uta

Fro

gA

mph

ibia

n

2G

hang

ata

Cra

bIn

verte

brat

e

3M

achh

aF

ish

Fis

h

79


An

nex

22:

En

dem

ic S

pec

ies

Fo

un

d in

Bh

adau

re T

amag

i VD

C

S.N

o.

Nep

ali N

ame

Ver

nac

ula

r N

ame

En

glis

h N

ame

Lat

in N

ame

Eco

syst

emL

ife f

orm

Fam

ilyTa

xon

om

y

1B

anko

Ban

koA

risae

ma

tortu

osum

(Wal

l.) S

chot

tF

ores

tH

erb

Ara

ceae

Mon

ocot

2B

atul

pate

Bat

ule

pate

/ Gud

urga

nuF

alse

par

eira

Cis

sam

pelo

s pa

reira

L.

For

est

Her

bM

enis

perm

acea

eD

icot

3C

hutro

Chu

troB

arbe

rry/

Nep

al b

arbe

rry

Ber

beris

aris

tata

DC

.F

ores

tS

hrub

Ber

berid

acea

eD

icot

4D

udhi

loD

udhi

loF

icus

ner

iifol

ia S

m.

For

est/A

gric

ultu

reTr

eeM

orac

eae

Dic

ot

5K

urilo

Wild

asp

arag

usA

spar

agus

rac

emos

us W

illd.

For

est/A

gric

ultu

reH

erb

Lilia

ceae

Mon

ocot

6P

yaul

iR

einw

ardt

ia in

dica

Dum

ort.

For

est

Her

bLi

nace

aeD

icot


80

An

nex

23:

Pro

tect

ed S

pec

ies

Fo

un

d in

Bh

adau

re T

amag

i VD

C

S.N

o.

Nep

ali

Nam

eV

ern

acu

lar

Nam

eE

ng

lish

Nam

eL

atin

Nam

eE

cosy

stem

Life

form

Fam

ilyTa

xon

om

yC

on

serv

atio

nd

etai

ls

1C

hhat

reC

hhat

re u

nyu/

Ruk

h un

yuTr

ee fe

rnC

yath

ea s

pinu

losa

Wal

l. ex

Hoo

k.F

ores

t/Agr

icul

ture

Fer

nP

lagi

ogyr

iace

aeP

terid

ophy

teC

ITE

S A

ppen

dix

II

2S

alS

al tr

eeS

hore

a ro

bust

a G

aertn

.F

ores

tTr

eeD

ipte

roca

rpac

eae

Dic

otF

ores

t Act

199

3

81


An

nex

24:

NT

FP

Sp

ecie

s F

ou

nd

in B

had

aure

Tam

agi V

DC

S.N

o.

Nep

ali N

ame

Ver

nac

ula

r N

ame

En

glis

h N

ame

Lat

in N

ame

Eco

syst

emP

art(

s) u

sed

Pu

rpo

se(s

)

1A

lloA

llo s

isnu

Him

alay

an n

ettle

Gira

rdin

ia d

iver

sifo

lia (L

ink)

Frii

sF

ores

tS

tem

Fib

re/F

ood

2A

mal

aE

mbl

ic m

yrob

alan

Phy

llant

hus

embl

ica

L.F

ores

tF

ruit

Foo

d/M

edic

ine

3A

mba

Bel

auti

Gua

vaP

sidi

um g

uaja

va L

.A

gric

ultu

reF

ruit

Foo

d

4B

adah

arB

adah

arM

onke

y's

jack

Arto

carp

us la

kooc

haA

gric

ultu

reF

ruit/

Leaf

Foo

d/F

odde

r

5B

ajra

dant

iP

oten

tilla

fulg

ens

For

est

Ent

ire p

lant

Med

icin

e

6B

akhr

e gh

aans

Bak

hre

ghan

sP

ink

bauh

inia

Des

mod

ium

mul

tiflo

rum

DC

.F

ores

tLe

afF

odde

r

7B

anko

Ban

koA

risae

ma

tortu

osum

(W

all.)

Sch

ott

For

est

Tube

rF

ood

8B

anm

ara

Ban

mar

aE

upat

oriu

m a

deno

phor

umF

ores

tLe

afM

edic

ine

9B

anso

Ban

si b

ans

Fea

ther

y ba

mbo

oB

ambu

sa v

ulga

re S

chra

d.F

ores

tS

tem

Fire

woo

d/C

onst

ruct

ion

mat

eria

l

10B

anta

rul

Ban

taru

lA

ir po

tato

/ Pot

ato

yam

Dio

scor

ea b

ulbi

fera

L.

For

est

Tube

rF

ood

11B

arB

arB

anya

n Tr

eeF

icus

ben

ghal

ensi

s L

.A

gric

ultu

reE

ntire

pla

ntR

elig

ious

val

ue

12B

atul

pate

Bat

ule

pate

/G

udur

ganu

Fal

se p

arei

raC

issa

mpe

los

pare

ira L

.F

ores

tR

oot

Med

icin

e

13B

edul

oS

trebl

us a

sper

Lo

urF

ores

t/Agr

icul

ture

Leaf

Fod

der

14B

ish

Aco

nite

Aco

nitu

m fe

rox

Wal

l. ex

Ser

inge

For

est

Ent

ire p

lant

Poi

son

15C

alyc

arpa

Cal

ycar

pa s

pA

gric

ultu

reLe

afF

odde

r

16C

hhat

reC

hhat

re u

nyu/

Ruk

hun

yuTr

ee fe

rnC

yath

ea s

pinu

losa

Wal

l. ex

Hoo

k.F

ores

t/Agr

icul

ture

Tend

er p

art,

Inflo

resc

ence

/Ent

-ire

pla

nt

Foo

d/O

rnam

enta

l val

ue

17C

hira

itoC

hira

itoS

werti

a ch

irayi

ta (

Rox

b. e

x F

lem

ing)

Kar

sten

For

est

Ent

ire p

lant

Med

icin

e

18C

hittr

e ba

nso

Chi

ttre

bans

oD

igita

ria c

iliar

is (

Ret

z.)

Koe

ler

For

est

Abo

ve g

roun

dpa

rtsF

odde

r


82

S.N

o.

Nep

ali N

ame

Ver

nac

ula

r N

ame

En

glis

h N

ame

Lat

in N

ame

Eco

syst

emP

art(

s) u

sed

Pu

rpo

se(s

)

19C

hule

troC

hule

troB

rass

aiop

sis

hain

la (

Buc

h.-H

am. e

xD

. Don

) S

eem

.A

gric

ultu

reLe

afF

odde

r

20C

hutro

Chu

troB

arbe

rry/

Nep

alba

rber

ryB

erbe

ris a

rista

ta D

C.

For

est

Fru

it/E

ntire

pla

ntF

ood/

Med

icin

e

21C

lem

atis

sp.

For

est

Leaf

Med

icin

e

22C

roto

neas

ter

sp.

For

est

Leaf

Fod

der

23D

ubiy

aG

aaiti

haar

eIn

ula

capp

a (B

uch.

-Ham

. ex

D. D

on)

DC

.F

ores

tA

bove

gro

und

parts

Fod

der

24D

udhi

loD

udhi

loF

icus

ner

iifol

ia S

m.

For

est/A

gric

ultu

reLe

afF

odde

r

25E

kleb

irE

kleb

irLo

belia

Lobe

lia p

yram

idal

is W

all.

For

est/A

gric

ultu

reE

ntire

pla

ntM

edic

ine

26G

hodt

apre

Gho

dtap

reW

ater

pen

nyw

ort

Cen

tella

asi

atic

a (L

.) U

rban

.F

ores

tE

ntire

pla

ntM

edic

ine

27G

uran

sG

uran

sR

hodo

dend

ron,

Ros

e tre

e, R

osy

bay

Rho

dode

ndro

n an

thop

ogon

D.D

onF

ores

tF

low

erF

ood/

Med

icin

e

28G

uyel

iG

oili

Ole

aste

rE

laea

gnus

infu

ndib

ular

is M

omiy

ama

Agr

icul

ture

Leaf

Fod

der

29Ja

mun

Jam

unB

lack

plu

m, I

ndia

nbl

ack

berr

yS

yzyg

ium

cum

ini (

L.)

Ske

els

For

est

Fru

itF

ood

30Jh

ilke

sotta

rF

ern

For

est

Abo

ve g

roun

dpa

rtsF

orag

e

31Jh

ulo

Jhul

oA

naph

alis

mar

garit

acea

For

est

Ent

ire p

lant

Fire

cat

cher

32K

afal

Kha

phal

Box

myr

tle, B

ay-

berr

yM

yric

a es

cule

nta

For

est

Fru

itF

ood

33K

agat

iK

agat

iLi

me

Citr

us a

uran

tifol

ia (

Chr

ist.)

Sw

ingl

eA

gric

ultu

reF

ruit

Foo

d

34K

alki

pho

olK

alki

phu

lB

ottle

bru

shC

allis

tem

on c

itrin

us (

Cur

tis)

Ske

els

Agr

icul

ture

Flo

wer

Orn

amen

tal v

alue

35K

anch

erno

Lept

aden

ia r

etic

ulat

a (R

etz.

) W

ight

&A

rn.

For

est

Ent

ire p

lant

Med

icin

e

36K

anta

kari

Indi

an s

alm

onS

olan

um s

urat

tens

e B

urm

.f.F

ores

tF

ruit

Med

icin

e/Le

ech

repe

llent

37K

atus

Dha

le/D

haln

e K

atus

Nep

al o

r In

dian

Che

stnu

tC

asta

nops

is in

dica

(R

oxb.

) M

iq.

For

est

Fru

itF

ood

83


S.N

o.

Nep

ali N

ame

Ver

nac

ula

r N

ame

En

glis

h N

ame

Lat

in N

ame

Eco

syst

emP

art(

s) u

sed

Pu

rpo

se(s

)

38K

hany

uK

hany

uN

epal

fodd

er fi

gF

icus

sem

icor

data

Buc

h.-H

am e

xS

m.

Agr

icul

ture

Leaf

Fod

der

39K

hari

bans

oA

rund

ina

sp.

For

est

Abo

ve g

roun

dpa

rtsF

odde

r

40K

hirr

oK

hirr

oTa

llow

tree

Sap

ium

insi

gne

(Roy

le)

Ben

th.e

xH

ook.

f.F

ores

t/Agr

icul

ture

Leaf

/Tim

ber

Fod

der/H

andi

craf

t(Mad

al/T

heki

mak

ing)

41K

ukur

dain

oK

ukur

dai

noS

mila

x ov

alifo

lia R

oxb.

ex

D. D

onF

ores

tF

ruit/

Roo

tM

edic

ine

42K

urilo

Wild

asp

arag

usA

spar

agus

rac

emos

us

Will

d.F

ores

t/Agr

icul

ture

Roo

t/Ten

der

shoo

tM

edic

ine/

Foo

d

43K

uro

kuro

gha

nsLo

ve th

orn

Chr

ysop

ogon

aci

cula

tus

(Ret

z.)

Trin

.F

ores

tA

bove

gro

und

parts

Fod

der

44K

utm

ero

Kut

mer

oLi

tsea

mon

opet

ala

(Rox

b.)

Per

s.A

gric

ultu

reLe

afF

odde

r

45La

kuri

Laku

reA

shF

raxi

nus

florib

unda

Wal

l.A

gric

ultu

reLe

afF

odde

r

46La

psi

Laps

iN

epal

ese

hog

plum

Cho

eros

pond

ias

axill

aris

(Rox

b.)

B.L

. Bru

tt.&

A.W

. Hill

.F

ores

t/Agr

icul

ture

Fru

itF

ood

47Le

ucas

lana

ta B

enth

.F

ores

tA

bove

gro

und

parts

Med

icin

e

48Lo

kta

Nep

ali p

aper

pla

ntD

aphn

e pa

pyra

cea

Wal

l. E

x S

teud

.F

ores

tB

ark

Fib

re

49M

ajith

oM

ajith

oR

ubia

man

jith

Rox

b. e

x F

lem

ing

For

est

Abo

ve g

roun

dpa

rtsD

ye, M

edic

ine

50M

oney

pla

ntE

pipr

emnu

m s

p.F

ores

tE

ntire

pla

ntO

rnam

enta

l val

ue

51M

othe

jhar

Mot

he jh

arC

yper

us c

ompr

essu

s L

.F

ores

tTu

ber

Med

icin

e

52N

agar

mot

heN

agar

mot

heC

yper

us r

otun

dus

L.

For

est

Tube

rM

edic

ine

53N

agbe

li 1

Lyco

podi

um/ C

lub

mos

sLy

copo

dium

phl

egm

aria

For

est

Ent

ire p

lant

Med

icin

e

54N

agbe

li 2

Lyco

podi

um ja

poni

cum

For

est

Inflo

resc

ence

Med

icin

e

55N

igal

oN

igal

oD

repa

nost

achy

um in

term

ediu

m(M

unro

) K

eng.

f.F

ores

tS

tem

/Ten

der

shoo

tB

aske

t mak

ing/

Foo

d


84

S.N

o.

Nep

ali N

ame

Ver

nac

ula

r N

ame

En

glis

h N

ame

Lat

in N

ame

Eco

syst

emP

art(

s) u

sed

Pu

rpo

se(s

)

56N

imar

oN

ibha

roF

icus

rox

burg

hii

Wal

l. ex

Miq

.A

gric

ultu

reLe

afF

odde

r

57P

aite

Phy

llant

hus

parv

iflor

aF

ores

tLe

afF

odde

r

58P

aiyu

Pai

yuB

etul

a al

noid

es B

uch.

-Ham

.ex

D.D

onF

ores

t/Agr

icul

ture

Leaf

Fod

der

59P

akhu

riP

akhu

riF

icus

gla

berr

ima

Blu

me

For

est/A

gric

ultu

reLe

afF

odde

r

60P

ani a

mal

aP

ani a

mal

aS

wor

d fe

rnN

ephr

olep

is c

ordi

folia

(L.

) P

resl

.F

ores

tTu

ber

Foo

d

61P

hulte

soP

hulte

soB

uddl

eja

asia

tica

Lour

.F

ores

tLe

afF

odde

r

62P

ipal

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ntR

elig

ious

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63R

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m.

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For

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66S

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est

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For

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ire p

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est

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ire p

lant

Orn

amen

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For

est

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est

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enta

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ue

73S

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va 1

5G

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ntO

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l val

ue

74S

unga

va 1

6G

oody

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nsF

ores

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ue

75S

unga

va 1

7Li

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ner

vosa

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est

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ire p

lant

Orn

amen

tal v

alue

76S

unga

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8M

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cum

inat

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ores

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ntire

pla

ntO

rnam

enta

l val

ue

77S

unga

va 1

9M

alax

is la

tifol

iaF

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tE

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pla

ntO

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enta

l val

ue

85


S.N

o.

Nep

ali N

ame

Ver

nac

ula

r N

ame

En

glis

h N

ame

Lat

in N

ame

Eco

syst

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art(

s) u

sed

Pu

rpo

se(s

)

78S

unga

va 2

Bul

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yllu

m s

triat

umF

ores

tE

ntire

pla

ntO

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enta

l val

ue

79S

unga

va 2

0M

alax

is p

urpu

rea

For

est

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ire p

lant

Orn

amen

tal v

alue

80S

unga

va 2

1O

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nia

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ata

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est

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ire p

lant

Orn

amen

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81S

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toch

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l val

ue

82S

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tE

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enta

l val

ue

83S

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4P

holid

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artic

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l val

ue

84S

unga

va 2

5P

holid

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85S

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86S

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87S

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ire p

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ire p

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logy

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m L

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gric

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ruit

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d

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nki

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ink

bauh

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ea L

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ores

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ture

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Fod

der

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rico

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aS

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pin

eP

anda

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odor

atis

sim

a R

oxb.

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est

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e/Le

afF

ood/

Inse

ctic

ide

100

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an w

orm

Arte

mis

ia in

dica

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d.F

ores

tLe

afM

edic

ine


86

S.N

o.

Nep

ali N

ame

Ver

nac

ula

r N

ame

En

glis

h N

ame

Lat

in N

ame

Eco

syst

emP

art(

s) u

sed

Pu

rpo

se(s

)

101

Tejp

atTe

jpat

Cin

nam

omum

leaf

/In

dian

cas

sia

Cin

nam

omum

tam

ala

(Buc

h.-H

am)

Nes

s &

Ebe

rm.

For

est

Leaf

Con

dim

ent

102

Thul

o pa

ate

2D

esm

odiu

m s

p.F

ores

tLe

afF

odde

r

103

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o pa

iteO

xyst

elm

a es

cule

ntum

(L.

f.)

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.F

ores

tLe

afF

odde

r

104

Tite

Tite

Swe

rtia

nerv

osa

(G.D

on)

C.B

. Cla

rke

For

est/A

gric

ultu

reE

ntire

pla

ntM

edic

ine

105

Uny

u 1

Fer

nA

spid

ium

sp.

For

est

Tend

er p

art

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d

106

Utis

Utis

Ald

erA

lnus

nep

alen

sis

D.D

onF

ores

tB

ark

Tann

ing

87


Ward NumberGrassland patches

Number Area (ha)

1 2 0.74

2 0 0

3 4 2.46

4 0 0

5 0 0

6 1 1.12

7 9 4.82

8 3 2.80

9 4 3.29

Total 23 15.24

Annex 24: Grassland in Bhadaure Tamagi by ward


88

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