Advances in Environmental Biology, 10(9) September 2016, Pages: 20-29

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Advances in Environmental Biology

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Bioecology of Culicidae (Diptera ; Nematocera) of Taksebt dam of Tizi-Ouzou (Algeria)

1Lounaci Z., 2Doumandji S., 2Doumandji- Mitiche B., 1Taguemout M.

1Department of Agronomy, University of Mouloud Mammeri, PB15000 Tizi Ouzou, Algeria. 2Department of Agricultural and Forest Zoology, Upper Agronomical National School, El Harrach., Algeria. Avenue Hassan Badi،El Harrach, Algeria.

Address For Correspondence: LOUNACI_Zohra, Department of Agronomy, University of Mouloud Mammeri,Tizi Ouzou, Algeria. Phone : +213 774015595 ; E-mail : lounaci_zohra@yahoo.fr, Postal : Street Segna, 16112, Reghaia, Bt 8- Aprt. 23, Algiers, Algeria.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Received 12 July 2016; Accepted 18 September 2016; Available online 22 September 2016

ABSTRACT Background: The Culicidae’s bioecological study is performed from April to August 2014 at Taksebt dam (Tizi-Ouzou). Whose it is

considered as a protected area of national importance. It is gathering in fact favourable conditions in settlement and multiplication of

terrestrial and aquatic insects and to maintaining wild mammals. As result to this remarkable diversity. Its biological functions confer on this potential wetland a capacity to be produced and nourish living matter and to become a tank of the biodiversity. Three natural sites

have been selected as stations and are the study object of their mosquitoes larvae population (upstream, near the dam’s dike and downstream

of the dam Taksebt). Capture of Culicidae larvae is made by use of a stringer net. Objective: It is underlined that not much works have been conducted on richness of Diptera Culicidae among Entomofauna settling humid ecosystems such as the dam Taksebt of Tizi Ouzou

in Algeria. So, the choice of the present work is made in view of Culicidae species importance within present arthropod fauna at level of

Taksebt dam. Their identification and study of their bio ecology are essential, to guide and to refine preventive fight method such as surveillance of larval habitats of pathogenic vectors agent’s species. Results: Eight species belonging to two sub-families are identified;

it is about Anopheles labranchiae, Culex hortensis, Culex impudicus, Culex theileri, Culex perexiguus, Culiseta longiareolata, Aedes

caspius and Aedes vexans. This study allows us to specify the distinctive morphological characters of species harvested at the larval stage. In terms of number by species and by station, it should be noted that Culex hortensis is strongly present in upstream, and in downstream

of the dam with respectively 419 individuals (65, 88%) and 356 individuals (97, 2%). These two environments represent breeding sites the

most favourable to larvae. By contrast, in the centre of the dam, Culex impudicus is the first place with a number of 39 individuals (65%). The populations dynamics of Culex hortensis revealed that species is developing in summer and seems to follow a classic thermophilic

trend. Conclusion: Based upon behavior and ecology of the identified mosquito species, studied various sites of the Taksebt Dam of Tizi

Ouzou seem to provide a suitable environment and breeding sites for the proliferation of the species of Culicidae in particular Anopheles labranchiae potential vectors of arbovirus and those being a problem of real nuisance for the close inhabitants.

KEYWORDS: Bioecology, Culicidae, Taksebt dam; population’s dynamics.

INTRODUCTION

In Algeria, Culicidae constitute the biting insects the most harmful to populations, some species may transmit

infectious diseases (malaria particularly).Regular anti-mosquito campaigns are being conducted against these

insects to reduce their nuisance at level of urban and rural centres. Efficiency of such struggle whether chemical

or biological, is dependent of ecology knowledge of these insects. It is a fact that undeniable success are obtained

against numerous outbreaks of malaria. However, it should be emphasised that malaria has not vanished from

Mediterranean Africa, which remains at hypo-endemic status and may reoccur at any time under its epidemic

form under influence of climatic circumstances favouring anopheline development [46, 25, 23]. Furthermore, it

would be appropriate to monitor not only the possible arrival of new vectors as Aedes albopictus which has been

recently established in Europe and in the major countries of Mediterranean Basin [31, 1, 43, 65, 49, 67]including

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Algeria in North-Africa [37]. It should also be pointed out the introduction of new pathogenic agents such as West

Nile virus, which is regularly circulating on the Mediterranean littoral which one of vectors is Culex pipiens [22,

56, 5, 19]. Europe is also at risk of introduction of mosquito-borne equine alphavirus from Americas [16]. and

Arboviruses particularly dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses. transmitted by the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes

aegypti [32, 2]. This rapid global spread was favored by international trade, especially of used tyres, and by its

physio-local and ecological plasticity, which allow the species to thrive in a wide range of climates and habitats

[67]. Other mosquitoes pathogenic agent’s vectors are a real scourge by their painful and annoying bites constitute

in fact a nuisance problem [10, 33]. It is within this context that initiation of mosquito’s study in the region is a

necessary prerequisite towards a more general study. In Algeria, ecological studies on Culididae remain

fragmentary [34, 33, 11]because it concerns above all systematic and morphometrics [6, 8, 14, 13, 44, 9, 35, 57,

59], biology and chemical struggle [51, 52, 7, 6, 15] with this in mind that involves our study on Culicidae of

Taksebt’s dam which constitutes an ecosystem whose objective is :

- to take an inventory of Culicidae species present in this humid area ;and determine biodiversity

- to study seasonal dynamics of preimaginal population (larvae and nymphs) of the main Culex hortensis.s’

species.

This bioecological study constitutes an essential contribution to all reasoned action in species preservation,

environments and preventing against Culicidae nuisance and vector-borne diseases.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Study sites:

The present study took place in 2014 in Taksebt’s dam (36° 24’ 15”N; 4° 45’ 46”E). The dam is located on

Oued Aissi of approx. 10 km south-east of Tizi-Ouzou town (Fig 1). The whole site presents a capacity of 175

millions of m3 that is spreading on a surface of 550 hectares. It is fed by rain water and the melting snowpack of

Djurdjura. Oued Assi comes down from Djurdjura Massif, generally towards North-South direction until its

confluence into Oued Sebaou. This last one in turn flows into the Mediterranean. This region belongs to sub-

humid bioclimatic stage with temperate winter according to data of 1998 to 2013. The annual rainfall is of 808

mm. They are generally spreading from October to April with peaks in December, January and February.

Fig. 1: Taksebt’s dam of Tizi-Ouzou,A: [42], B, C: Google Earth, 2014

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Culicidae fauna monitoring was performed with help of 15 serial samplings made at intervals of 8 days on

duration of 4 months (May to August 2014). Three epigeous sites (in the open air) are retained as stations and are

subject of study of their mosquitoes larvae populations ; their choice is supported on representativeness of

Culicidae larvae in a productive sites batch, accessibility, sustainability and no treatment by chemical product.

(Fig. 1 and 2):

Station I:

is located on the upstream side of the dike (36°40'12.39"N ; 4° 6'51.44"E) at about 800 m to South of the

dike where small ponds are formed due to the water level decrease of the dam. This site is surrounded by trees

layer composed essentially of Populus nigra, populous alba and Nerium oleander (Fig.2a).

Station II:

is located near the dam’s dike36°40'31.24"N;4° 6'57.93"E). Three vegetative strata: herbaceous, shrubby and

tree are present (Fig. 2b).

Station III:

is located on the downstream of Taksebt’s dam (36°40'50.34"N, 4° 7'0.67"E). It is constituted of waters

coming from dam’s overflow that form small ponds. This station is rich in dense vegetation composed of

Asphodelus microcarpus, of Juncus acutus and of Typha angustifolia (Fig. 2c).

Fig. 2: Station of Taksebt’s dam. a: Upstream of the dam, b:near the dam’s dike, c: downstream of the dam

(Lounaci, 2014).

Sampling technique of Culicidae populations:

Sampling of preimaginal stages (larval) have been made according to the technique of dipping (dipper blow)

[54, 62, 48, 21]. The dipper of known capacity (c=1l) is put into water, then moved with care avoiding to make

turmoil. Ten blows of dipper are therefore made in different spots of the site with a space of 1 m. In laboratory;

larvae are selected by species, by stages and counted. For determination of those ones, we consulted works of

[53, 57, 58]. This one-time study has also been facilitated by use of identification software of Culicidae of

Mediterranean Africa performed by [18].

Ecological index:

Results obtained on bioecology of Culicidae in Taksebt’s dam are treated by ecological index. The specific

richness in species (S) the relative abundance expressed in percentage ((pi = ni x 100/ N is the ratio of individuals

number of Culicidae species ni to total number of individuals of all species inventoried N is frequency of

occurrence (constancy) of species in each of the study stations. Constancy (C) is calculated with index C = P x

100 / N, where P is the number collected containing species studied and N is the total number of collections made

[27, 50]. In each site studied, diversity index of Shannon-Weaver (H’) is the fairness (F) are calculated. The first,

H’=− ∑ 𝒑𝒊𝐋𝐨𝐠𝟐𝒑𝒊𝒊=𝑺𝒊=𝑰 where pi = ni /N is the relative frequency of individuals category according to i. is used to

measure and evaluate diversity of mosquito species for each of the three study stations. Equitability (E) = H’/

H’max (where H’max =log2S) was calculated to measure the distribution of individuals within species irrespective

of species richness. It varies from 0, if only one species dominates, to 1, if all species show similar abundance

[60].

Results:

In total 1062 larvae of Cuticidae are inventoried on 2014 in Taksebt’s dam (tab 1). Morphological

identifications show presence of 8 species belonging to two sub-families: Anophelinae and Culicinae. Among

captured species in all stations, Culex hortensis (72, 98%) and Culiseta longiareolata (19, 68 %) are the most

abundant

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Table 1: relative abundance, RA%; frequency occurrence (constancy), Co; of Culicidae larvae per sampling station in 2014in Taksebt’s dam

Station I : Upstream of the dam Station II : near the dam’s dike Station III : downstream of the dam -

Species Ni A.R.%

F.O.% Co

Ni A.R.%

F.O.%

Co

Ni

A.R.%

F.O.% Co

Anopheles labranchiae

_ _ _ _ 8 13,33 6,66 At _ _ _ _

Aedes caspius _ _ _ _ 7 11,66 13,33 At _ _ _ _

Aedes vexans _ _ _ _ 1 1,67 6,66 At _ _ _ _

Culex hortensis 419 65,88 93,33 O _ _ _ _ 356 97,2 86,66 O

Culex perexiguus 0 0 0 _ 4 6,67 6,66 At 0 0 0 _

Culex theileri 5 0,79 6,66 At 1 1,67 6,66 At 0 0 0 _

Culex impudicus 6 0,94 13,33 At 39 65 26,66 Ac 7 1,9 20 At

Culiseta

longiareolata

206 32,39 20 At _ _ _ _ 3 0.9 13,33 At

Totals 636 100 _ _ 60 100 _

_ 366 100 _ _

(A); Accidental; (Ac) : Accessory ; ( (O) : Omnipresent.

On upstreamof the dam, 636 Culicidae individuals spread between 4 species are captured (Table1). Culex

hortensis, species batracophile is strongly dominant (65.88%) (fig. 3). In this environment, this species is

omnipresent. Culiseta longiareolata, ornithophilous species comes in second rank with a rate of 32.39%.

Fig. 3: Relative abundance of Culicidae species inventoried upstreamof the Taksebt’s dam.

Near the dike, 60 individuals spread between six species are inventoried (Table 1). Culex impudicus

predominates with a percentage of 65 % (Fig.4), followed by Anopheles labranchiae (13.33%) and Aedes caspius

(11.66%). The occurrence frequency of Culex impudicus is of 26.66%, and this makes it as accessory specie class,

and between 6.66% and 13.33% for other species which are accidental.

Culex hortensis

65,88%

Culiseta

longiareolata

32,39%

Culex impudicus

0,94%Culex theileri

0,79%

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Fig. 4: Relative abundance (R.A. %) of Culicidae species inventoried near the dike of Taksebt’s dam.

Downstreamof the dam 366 individuals belonging to three species are inventoried (Table 1).Culex hortensis

(97.2%) remains the dominant species ;(Fig 5). This last one, qualified as a constant, presents an occurrence

frequency of 86.66%. Culex impudicus (F.O=20%) and Culiseta longiareolata (F.O=13.33%) are accidental.

Fig. 5: Relative abundance (R.A.%) of Culicidae speciesinventoriedupstream of the Taksebt’s dam.

The taxonomic diversity differs according to stations (table 2). The specific richness and diversity index of

Shannon-Weaver are higher in the stations I and II corresponding to the proximity of the dike and upstream of

Taksebt’s dam with S = 6, H’= 1.61 bits and S = 4, H’= 1.04 bits respectively. In fact faireness is higher in both

stations expressing a trend towards balance between present species number (Table 1).

Table 2: Specific richness, S : and diversity index (Shannon–Wiener diversity, H’; Equitability ,E) of Culicidae’s larvae per station in 2014

in Taksebt’s dam.

Stations

Parameters

Upstream of the dam near the dam’s dike downstream of the dam

S 4 6 3

H’ (bits) 1,04 1,61 0,20

H’ max ( bits) 2 2,58 1,58

E. 0,52 0,62 0,13

Fig. 6 presents seasonal dynamics of Cx. hortensis upstream of Taksebt’s dam on period from May to August

2014. The choice of this species is justified by its dominance in our study region with a population of 775

individuals, being 72, 97% of the total number. The monitoring of the seasonal dynamics of Cx. hortensis shows

in the beginning of May, population is composed of larvae L1, L2 and L3. Presence of young larvae testifies that

an outbreak occurred and coincided with the first temperatures rise. Then a progressive population increase is

remarked, so no individual of Cx. hortensis is captured at the end of the study period.

Culex

impudicus

65%

Anopheles

labranchiae

13,33%

Aedes caspius

11,66%

Culex perexiguus

6,67%

Aedes vexans

1,67%Culex theileri

1,67%

Culex hortensis

97,2%

Culex impudicus

1,9%Culiseta longiareolata

0,9%

Station III

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Fig. 6: Development cycle of Culex hortensis upstream of Taksebt’s dam.

Discussion:

8 species of Culicidae, among 48 listed in Algeria [17] have been harvested during our prospecting in North

Algeria region. This richness resides in biotopes diversity offered to the development of Culicidae. In Taksebt’s

dam of Tizi-Ouzou, it is the Gender of Culex which respectively constitutes 87% of the harvesting.

From the 3 study’s stations, it is the station II located near the dike of Taksebt’s dam which welcomes the

highest number of species of Culicidae with relative abundance equal to 75% against 50% and 37% for upstream

and downstream of the dam. Needless to say that dam is richer in different sites with dense and diversified vegetal

cover composed essentially of Typha angustifolia and Olea europaea.

In Taksebt’s dam of Tizi-Ouzou, Cx. hortensis (65, 88%) presents the bulk of catches. Females of Cx.

hortensis, feed particularly on amphibians and reptiles [68]. This species has never been involved in pathogenic

transmission for human [56]. Larvae of this species may occupy natural sites such as ponds or marshes and so

artificial environment such as throughs and irrigation basins [66, 16]. By using the same sampling technique, [40,

12] have identified in swamp of Reghaia 7 species of Culicidae, these are: An. Labranchiae, Cx. pipiens, Cx.

mimeticus, Cx. perexiguus, Cx. impudicus, Cs. longiareolata and Uranotaenia unguiculata. [39] noted that Cx.

pipiens, (58,48 %) and Cs. longiareolata, (39,5 %) are the most abundant in this environment. These two species

occupy as well natural environment than artificial and they are frequently associated to human activities. [17]

have classified these two species among ones with larger distribution at level of Mediterranean Africa. [3] report

that artificial larval habitats can be colonized by a great diversity of species and high abundance as well, and

human artifacts left by the public area collecting water may favor increased mosquito populations. In the North-

East of Algeria, 13 mosquito species have been inventoried by [14] in region of Collo. These authors report that

maximal frequency of Cx. pipiens in humidand sub-humid stages with mild winter and totals more than 50% of

Culicidae fauna captured. [44] have inventoried over period of ten months, 12 species of Culicidae in region of

Mila. In this locality belonging to semi-arid bioclimatic stages, Cx. pipiens (61, 14 %) and Cs. longiareolata (15,

06%) are the most abundant. By contrast, in the same bioclimatic stage of Constantine region, only six species of

Culcidae are identified on a period of two years [10]. This author underlines dominance of Cx. pipiens in different

urban environments (R.A = 99%) peri urban (R.A = 98%. In the North-West of Algeria (Tlemcen), [33] noted on

the same sampling period, presence of 20 Culicidae species belonging to two sub-families: Anophelinae and

Culicinae in different natural and artificial sites. Cx. pipiens (22, 26 %) take the first rank of captures. In

Highlands (Tebessa) of arid bioclimatic stage, works of [13] allowed identifying 9 species of Culicidae belonging

to sub-family of Culicinae whose species quoted above constitute the essential of harvest with 62, 01% and 32,

57 % respectively. Few larvae specimens of An. labranchiae are captured only in the center of Taksebt’s dam

(13%). Recent data show population expansion of this potential vector of Plasmodium falciparum (Haemosporida

: Plasmodiidae) in Maghreb particularly in Morocco [45, 46, 20, 36, 25, 23, 24].These authors demonstrate its

adaptation in artificial sites (rice-farming) and occupy as well oueds and swampy areas. In this study, the seasonal

dynamics of Cx. hortensis follows a classic thermophilic trend, larvae of first stages I1 and I2 of Cx. hortensis

have been found from the first sampling made on 5 May 2014, and we noted absence of nymphs. What is all goes

to say, it is about larvae of a new generation. The outbreaks are multiplying in this site, to record a peak on 7 th

July with a population of 89 individuals, which is coinciding with temperatures increases (Fig 3). All

environmental warming may influence the development cycle of numerous aquatic insects, notably Culicidae [38,

30, 55]. Then, population gradually decreases with individual’s dominance of larval development of the last stages

(L3, L4 and nymph),to record at last zero values of Cx. hortensis’s individuals in sampling of 16 and 24 August

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due to raising of temperature generating therefore, an intense water evaporation, and consequently a drop in water

level and to the drying of the sites. Temperature can favour preimaginal population development of Cx. hortensis

because in sites of Taksebt’s dam, the highest larvae populations are observed from May (Fig 3). ). [28, 64,] report

that temperature and food quantity intervene in regulation process of the larvae development speed of Ae caspius.

So the spring period is associated to a strong proliferation of preimaginal stages. Several studies demonstrate that

high temperatures seem to favour abundance of mosquito larvae and to reduce their development time, particularly

larvae of Culex species [29]. According to [11], larval development is faster when water temperature increases.

It determines Cx. pipiens larvae’s development speed acting principally on larval evolution duration and to a

lesser degree on nymphal evolution duration. [4] reports that larval development of Ae. aegypt is soaked not only

by low temperatures, but also by high temperatures. That is explaining shortage (decrease) of Cx. hortensis’s

larval number from end of July and also their absence in August. According to [38, 30, 26, 41], Any warming or

cooling of the environment can disturb development cycle of several aquatic insects notably in Culicidae.

Furthermore [63] underlines in addition of ecological factors influence on larval development, there are pregnant

females’ attractiveness according to a site that may explain presence of larval stages. According to [62]

oviposition is determined by the site’s structure which can be easy access for females.

Conclusion:

Bioecological study of Culicidae in Taksebt’s dam of Tizi-Ouzou is based on dipping technique use, during

a period of 4 months going from 5th May to 28 August 2014. Eight species, belonging to two sub-families are

identified. Those one of Anophelinae with a single species, in this case An. labranchiae; potential causal agent

of malaria and those one of Culicinae with seven species ; these are Cx. hortensis, Cx. impudicus, Cx. theileri,

Cx. perexiguus, Cs. longiareolata , Ae. vexans (virus vector of Tahyna), and at last Ae. caspius. Medical

entomologist and veterinarian think that these are the main vector of infectious diseases, quoting West Nil virus,

which is transmitted, to human by Ae. caspius. From the 3 study’s stations, it is the station II located near the dike

of Taksebt’s dam which welcomes the highest number of species of Culicidae. In terms of number by species and

by station, it should be noted that Cx. hortensis is strongly present in upstream, and in downstream of the dam.

One-time study carried out on population of Cx. hortensis is based on the monitoring of variation in time and

space of immature stages. So, larval number is relatively high in sites bordered by diversified vegetation.

Population explosion provoked by positive climate conditions in May and June allows to this species to settle

study sites. In summer period, from end of July, absence of larvae in the site would be due to a temporary nature

of these environments. In an additional study, other sampling techniques for mature stage capture are taken into

account. However, it is important to further studies on inventory, taxonomy and ecology of these organisms for

year-round in order to cover all seasons and being able to detect period of these mosquitoes’ intense proliferations.

Also it should be necessary to extend the study towards other regions, particularly on species with high

transmission risk or having origin of intense nuisance. That should allow us to put in place, permanently, the

appropriate means to fight and to control their populations. This issue is important because it concerns public

health. We need to bring attention on risk of vector agents’s arrival carrying exotic diseases from African Sahel

and this is due to the global warming. The whole information should obviously be reinforced by new studies on

the ground, with particularly a more detailed analysis about determinism of some processes; already would give

an image on spatio-temporal distribution of Culicidae species. This information is likely to be used in fighting

organisation against these vectors.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We heartily thank all the staff of Hydraulic Service Department of Wilaya Tizi-Ouzou for their collaboration

on the ground. The collection of Culicidae would not be possible without their assistance.

Contributions to knowledge Subject:

This study contributes to the knowledge of Culicidae fauna of the wetlands which present a context

particularly favorable to the developments of certain transmissible vectorial diseases. This study put the point on

the remarkable richness, abundance, the diversity and the monthly fluctuation of Culicidae in one of these zones

(Dam Taksebt Algeria) subjected to considerable ecological upheavals. This with a view to put at the disposal of

actors of fight against the diseases transmitted by the mosquitos adatabase reliable and brought up to date

necessary for planning, the follow-up and the evaluation of antivectorielle operations of fight.

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