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BIOENERGETIC
• ENERGY IS DEFINED AS THE CAPACITY TO DO WORK
• DIFFERENT KINDS OR STATES OF ENERGY : POTENSIAL, KINETIC, THERMAL, ELECTRICAL AND RADIANT ENERGY
• DIFFERENT KINDS OF WORK: MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL AND OSMOTIC WORK.
BIOENERGETICS IS THE TERM TO DESIGNATE THE STUDY OF ENERGY TRANSFORMATIONS IN LIVING ORGANISMS.
sun
PhotoSyntheticcells
Heterotrophyc cells
Chemical energy
WorkDone In theEnvir.
entrophy
Radiant energy
respiration
FuelMol AndO2
ATP
Biosynthesis
Mechanical work
TRANSPORT WORK
ADP + PiCO2
H2O
THE SYSTEM FREE ENERGY
ALWAYS DECREASESENTROPY MAY INCREASE,
STAY CONSTANT OR DECREASE
THE SURROUNDINGSENTROPY MAY INCREASE,STAY CONSTANT OR DECREASE
HEAT MAY PASS BETWEEN THE SYSTEM AND THE SURROUNDINGS
ENTROPY : DISORDER/ RANDOMNESS (S)FREE ENERGY (G). G IS THE CHANGES IN FREE ENERGY OF THE SYSTEM ALONE E IS THE CHANGE IN TOTAL ENERGY OF THE SYSTEM G = E –T S
G NEGATIVE = EXERGONIC/ SPONTANT
G POSITIVE = ENDERGONIC
H = ENTHALPY HEAT CONTENT
FREEENERGY
C
A
D
B
HEAT
A+C B+D
• THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS : ENERGY CAN BE NEITHER CREATED NOR DESTROYED THE TOTAL ENERGY OF THE UNIVERSE IS CONSTANT
• THE SECOND LAW :
THE ENTROPY OF THE UNIVERSE ALWAYS INCREASES
Adenosine 5' triphosphate
Phosphoric Acid Anhydride Linkages
Adenosine 5' diphosphate
Hidrolysis ATP
Pyrophosphate
Adenosine 5' monophosphate
Phosphoenol pyruvate
Hydrolysis phosphoenol pyruvate
Creatine phosphate
Acetyl phosphate
COMPOUNDS G
Kcal/mole
Direction of phosphate group transfer
PEP -14.8
1,3-DIPHOSPHO
GLYCERATE
-11.8
PHOSPHO
CREATINE
-10.3
ACETYL PHOSPHATE
-10.1
ATP -7.3G-1-P -5.0
F-6-P -3.8
G-6-P -3.3
3-PHOSPHO
GLYCERATE
-2.4
GLYCEROL-3-P -2.2
ATP-ADP : DONOR AND ACCEPTOR PHOSPHATE INTERMEDIATE
PHOSPHORYLATED COMPOUNDS IN THE CELL
• HIGH ENERGY PHOSPHATE AND LOW ENERGY PHOSPHATE
• THERE IS NO SUCH SHARP DIVISION
• ATP- ADP SYSTEMACT AS AN INTERMEDIATE LINKING SYSTEM BETWEEN PHOSPHATE COMPOUNDS HAVING A HIGH PHOSPHATE GROUP TRANSFER POTENTIAL AND A LOW ONE.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 5 10 15
DE
LT
A G
(K
CA
L)
PEP1,3-DPGPCACPATPG-1-PF-6-PG-6-P3-PGGLY-3-P
• X-P + ADP X + ATP
• ATP + Y ADP + Y-P
• X-P DENOTES A HIGH ENERGY PHOSPHATE DONOR MOLECULE
• Y IS A PHOSPHATE ACCEPTOR
• ATP IS THE COMMON INTERMEDIATE
3',5'-cyclic Adenosine monophosphate