Bioenergy and Food Security Projects
The role of water in bioenergy and food security:
the analysis for Peru and Tanzaniathe analysis for Peru and Tanzania
GBEP Study Tour for Capacity Building and Training, November 15th, 2012
Elizabeth Beall
Outline
• Bioenergy and Food Security Approach of FAO
• Water resources in bioenergy development
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• SEI’s WEAP System
• Application in Peru
• Application in Tanzania
The BEFS Approach
Assessment of BioenergyPotential
Risk Prevention Building
National
Level
(Policy)
Sustainable Bioenergy
Development
Risk Prevention and
Management
Monitoring Evaluation and
Response
Capacity Building : Policy and Technical
Building Institutional
Dialogue
Project
Level
(Investment)
The BEFS Approach and Water
• Areas of Analysis
– Agricultural Outlook
– Natural Resources
(land, water, etc.)
What are the
potential water
implications of – Techno-economic
– Socioeconomic
– GHG emissions
implications of
bioenergy
development on
food security?
Landscape of Water Supply and Demand
Trade-Offs
-Water quantity
-Water quality
-Seasonality of flow
Water for agricultureWater for industry and energy
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-Seasonality of flow
-Climate variability
-Regulations and
policy
Water for nature
Water for households
Water for recreation
SEI’s Water Evaluation and Planning System(WEAP)
• Free software
(http://www.weap21.org/index.asp?NewLang=EN)
• Integrates watershed hydrologic processes with water
resource management
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• Applicable to municipal or agricultural systems, single sub-
basins or complex river systems
• Simulates scenarios based on the effect of changes in
current demand and supply of water resources
• Can be used to examine the implications of, and for
bioenergy development
SEI’s Water Evaluation and Planning System
(WEAP)
Supply Data Required
Watershed attributes
Demand Data Required
Population-growth rate
Supply Demand
Based on a holistic approach of integrated water resource management
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Time series data of riverflows
Groundwater
River network (connectivity)
Climate
-precipitation-temperature-windspeed-relative humidity
-growth rate
-districts
-rural vs. urban
Livestock
Agricultural
Industrial
Ecological Flows
WEAP application in Chira/Piura Watershed,
Peru
Poechos Reservoir
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Valle Chira
Poechos Reservoir
Context of bioenergy development on water
resources in Chira/Piura Peru
• Government concessions for ~24,000 hectares for irrigated sugarcane for ethanol in the Chira/Piura basin
• Context:
• Semi-arid coastal region
• Growing population
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• Growing population
• 90% of water demand is for agriculture
• Rice production (50% of total production) with flood irrigation for local consumption
• Sugarcane only 3% of total production
• Poechos Reservoir – 50% decline since late 1970s
The question : is there sufficient water to meet all user needs?
WEAP Application in Peru
• Comparison of three scenarios with reference
(BAU) scenario from 2010 through 2030:
– Sugarcane for ethanol
– Sorghum for ethanol, as an alternative to sugarcane
since it has lower water requirements
– A combination of sugarcane and food crop expansion
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– A combination of sugarcane and food crop expansion
Key Assumptions:
• Further reduction of Poechos Resevroir based on past
trends
• Population growth at 1.7% per year
WEAP Application in Chira/Piura, Peru
• Key Findings:
– Water resources can support expansion of 10,000
hectares of sugarcane (50% of the concessions
planned) w/o affecting other users
– Rice yields could be doubled with increased irrigation
efficiency, freeing up water resources for other users
(bioenergy)
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• Key Recommendations:
– Implement measures to control erosion from deforestation
to reduce sediment effect on reservoir storage capacity
– Reduce or eliminate flood irrigation practices and line
canals to bring irrigation efficiency from 35% to above
60%
– Explore crops for bioenergy that have lower water
requirements (sorghum vs. sugarcane)
Implications of Bioenergy Development in
the Wami Basin, Tanzania
Dodoma
Zanzibar
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Morogoro
Context of bioenergy development in the
Wami Basin, Tanzania• Tanzania plans to expand irrigation from the current 290,000
hectares to 1 million hectares
– Wami Basin is identified for irrigation expansion
• Population and farm expansion is increasing at a rate of 2.6% per year
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• Current agricultural production in the basin includes primarily livestock, sugarcane, rice, and vegetables
• Land concessions for bioenergy have also been approved in the Basin (~35,000 hectares)
• Wami Basin includes biological diversity hotspot Eastern Arc Mountains and Coastal Forests
The question : is there sufficient water to meet all user needs?
WEAP application in Wami Basin, Tanzania
• Comparison of two scenarios with reference
scenario from 2012 through 2030:
– Sugarcane and sorghum for ethanol and population
growth
– Sugarcane and sorghum for ethanol, population
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– Sugarcane and sorghum for ethanol, population
growth, and food crop expansion
• Key Assumptions:
– Water allocations in WEAP were 1) Environmental flows; 2) Urban; 3) Rural; 4) Livestock; 5) Agriculture; 6) Industrial (Ministry of Water)
WEAP application in Wami Basin, Tanzania
• Key Findings:
– There will be unmet demand in all sectors unless
integrated water resource management measures are
implemented
• Even under the reference scenario, average coverage is only 37% and for agriculture must be over 75% and for
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only 37% and for agriculture must be over 75% and for households over 90%
• Key Recommendations:
– Involve Ministry of Water in bioenergy policymaking
– Systemize water, climate, and soil data collection
– Implement rainwater harvesting for households and
small-scale agriculture
Lessons Learned
• WEAP can be a useful tool for policymakers assessing
the potential impact of bioenergy development on other
users (food security) at the watershed level
– Illustrates trade-offs to inform planning and development
• Integrated water resource management needs to be a key
consideration in land concessions, as shown in both
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consideration in land concessions, as shown in both
bioenergy case studies
• WEAP requires data not always easily (centrally) attainable
or uniform for consistent results and analysis
• Technical capacity required to interpret results
– Conducted a South-South cooperation between the
experts in Peru to assist the consultants in Tanzania
Other FAO Tools for Water Management for
Bioenergy Production
• Aquastat, global information system on water and
agriculture http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/main/index.stm
• Aquacrop http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquacrop.html
• CropWat, http://www.fao.org/nr/water/infores_databases_cropwat.html
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• CropWat, http://www.fao.org/nr/water/infores_databases_cropwat.html
– simulating yield response to water management
strategies
• Water Scarcity as an element of food security in the
BEFSCI Operator Level Tool, http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/solaw/images_maps/map_5.pdf
Local consultants:
Peru: Cayo L. Ramos Taipe
Tanzania: Deogratias M.M. Mulungu
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http://www.fao.org/bioenergy/foodsecurity/befs
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E-mail: [email protected]
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