OUTLINE:

1. Introduction 2. Biomass Resources in Iran 3. Methodological Points 4. Results: Biomass Resources Potential 5. Developments in Iran 6. Policy Recomendations

1- Introduction

Biomass

Biomass is the most important renewable energy source in the world today 10.6% world total energy supply

- 80 % total renewable energy supply

Solid biomass has grown at 1.8% per year since 1990 Liquid biomass has grown at 84% annually

Solid biomass/ charcoal 77.4%

Liquid Biomass

0.7% Renewable Municipal

Solid Waste 1.20%

Gas from Biomass 0.50%

Wind; 0,2

Hydro; 16,4 Solar; 0,3

Geothermal; 3,2

Combustible renewable and waste;

79,9

Source: EIA

Introduction

Fossil Fuels Increase: 5 times more

Why to Promote Bioenergy in Iran???!!!!!

Introduction

Climate Diversity

6

Moderate temperature, high humidity and high amount of annual precipitation in north regions (the coastal plains of the Caspian Sea);

Low temperature and severe winters in west regions; High temperature, low precipitation in east and

central regions; High temperature, high humidity and very hot

summer in south regions (the coastal plains of the Persian Gulf and Oman sea)

Iran Landuse Pattern

Other 7%

Forests9%

Rangelands53%

Deserts20%

Woodlands1% Cultivation Lands

10%

9

Production

Decreasing consumption by 1% per year

Current situation to be continued

Mill

ion

Barr

els

Oil e

q

Domestic Energy Consumption = 44% of total Energy production

year

1994 2006 2002 2014 2010 1998 2030 2022 2018 2026

Production

Decreasing consumption by 1% per year

Current situation to be continued

Primary Energy Supply Share of Sources (%) (1967-2012)

0,00

20,00

40,00

60,00

80,00

100,00

120,00

Nuclear

Hydro

Solid Biomass andBiogasCoal

Natural Gas

Oil

Primary Energy Supply Sources % (1967-2012) Oil

0,00

5,00

10,00

15,00

20,00

25,00

30,00

35,00

40,00

Hydro

Solid Biomass andBiogas

Coal

Natural Gas

Electricity Generation Installed Capacity (MW) 2005-2012

Biogas

Solar

Wind0,0

20,0

40,0

60,0

80,0

100,0

120,0

20052006

20072008

20092010

20112012

Biogas

Solar

Wind

Biogas

Solar

0,0

1,0

2,0

3,0

4,0

5,0

6,0

7,0

20052006

20072008

20092010

20112012

Biogas

Solar

Electricity Generation Installed Capacity (MW) 2005-2012 - Biogas and Solar

Bioenergy Promotion

WHY? Realizing Potential Diversification of Energy Sources Environmental Benefits Economic Benefits Energy Security Benefits (DG)

Introduction:

2- Biomass Resources

3- Methodological Points

Five types of methods

Resource focussed approach (Basic and advanced) statistical methods (Basic and advanced) spatially explicit methods Cost-supply methods Demand driven approach Energy and economic modelling methods

Combined approach Integrated assessments

1- Theoretical 2- Technical 3-Economic 4- (Actual) Implementation 5- Environmentally sustainable potential

Types of biomass potentials

Other materialsForestry policies

Biodiversity policies

Energy policyClimate change policy

Energy

Food

Conversion process

Wood (materials)

Population

Economy

Water

Climate

Potential primary bioenergy

Potential secondary bioenergy

GPP / NPP

Soil type

Agricultural policies

Land (bioenergy production)

Yield(bioenergy production)

Land (food and

woodproduction)

Yield(food and

woodproduction)

Biodiversity

Biodiversitypolicies

GHG emissions and climate change

Other limitations; social criteria, environmental criteira, institutional barriers, etc.

Management

TECHNIAL POTENTIAL THEORETICAL POTENTIALECONOMIC POTENTIAL

IMPLEMENTATION POTENTIAL

Other materialsForestry policies

Biodiversity policies

Energy policyClimate change policy

Energy

Food

Conversion process

Wood (materials)

Population

Economy

Water

Climate

Potential primary bioenergy

Potential secondary bioenergy

GPP / NPP

Soil type

Agricultural policies

Land (bioenergy production)

Yield(bioenergy production)

Land (food and

woodproduction)

Yield(food and

woodproduction)

Biodiversity

Biodiversitypolicies

GHG emissions and climate change

Other limitations; social criteria, environmental criteira, institutional barriers, etc.

Management

TECHNIAL POTENTIAL THEORETICAL POTENTIALECONOMIC POTENTIAL

IMPLEMENTATION POTENTIAL

Relation between approach, methodology and type of biomass potentials

Type of biomass potential General approach General methodology Theoretical-

technical biomass potentials

Economic-implementation

biomass potentials Resource-focussed Statistical methods Yes No Resource-focussed Spatially explicit methods Yes No Resource-focussed Cost-supply methods Noa Yes Demand-driven Energy-economics and

energy-system model methods

No Yesb

Integrated assessment Integrated assessment model methods

Yesc Yesc

a Often demand-driven cost-supply analyses start with a statistical analysis or spatially explicit analysis of technical biomass energy potentials, although this is not the key focus of these studies. b Some demand-driven energy-economics and energy-system model analysis use the results of cost-supply analysis. c Integrated assessments typically focus on the economic and/or implementation potential, although IAMs are also used for the theoretical and/or technical biomass energy potential

Classification

Biomass cannot be regarded as a single product but consists of an almost countless group of products that can be classified according to: •Physical and chemical properties (moisture content, calorific value, etc.); •Type (energy crop, by-product/residue, waste product); •Sector of origin (agriculture, industry, waste processing sector); •Potential energy applications (electricity, heat, CHP or transport fuel); •Legal status (waste or product)

• Why? •Methods/data/decision making/technologies/…

Category Class Subclass/examples

1. Primary Agricultural Biomass (Post harvest/in farm)

Agriculture Residues Straw Silage

Horticulture Residues Garden thinning

Fruit waste

2. Secondary Agricultural Biomass (Processing Waste)

Solid

Rice husk and sugarcane Bagasse Sugar and Candy Industries’ waste Nuts Shell

Plant Oil industries’ waste and residues

Fruit and Vegetables Processing Industries’ waste and residues

Fodder and feed producing industries’ waste and residues

Other Industrial organic waste

Liquid

Alcohol and Nectar Production Wastewater

Slaughterhouse and Dairy Production Wastewater

Meat Processing Wastewater

Other Industrial Organic Wastewater

3. Primary Forestry Residues (Natural/Plantations)

Logging Residues Stump Residual Foliage Sawdust

Forest Fuel Wood Fuels Charcoal

4. Secondary Forest Biomass

Sawmill Residues Residues from round wood processing

Residues from Wood (panel) Material Production

Veneer and Plywood Production Residues

Fiberboard Production Residues Particleboard Production Residues

Laminate and Parquets Production Residues

Carpentries

Biomass Resources Major Classes

1. Primary Agricultural Biomass (on-farm post harvest residues)

2. Secondary Agricultural Biomass 3. Primary Forestry Residues 4. Secondary Forest Biomass 5. Urban Waste 6. Manure 7. Energy Crops

1. Primary Agricultural Biomass

Primary residues – Wheat, barely straw, sugarcane top, maize stalks; Horticulture: thinning/Prunning

2. Secondary Agricultural Biomass

Solid: Rice husk and sugarcane Bagasse Sugar and Candy Industries’ waste Nuts Shell Plant Oil industries’ waste and residues Fruit and Vegetables Processing Industries’ waste and

residues Fodder and feed producing industries’ waste and residues Other Industrial organic waste

Liquid: Alcohol and Nectar Production Wastewater Slaughterhouse and Dairy Production Wastewater Meat Processing Wastewater Other Industrial Organic Wastewater

3.Primary Forest Biomass

Logging Residues Residual Foliage Sawdust

Forest Fuel Wood Fuels Charcoal

4. Secondary Forest Biomass

Sawmill Residues Residues from round wood processing

Residues from Wood (panel) Material Production Veneer and Plywood Production Residues Fiberboard Production Residues Particleboard Production Residues Laminate and Parquets Production Residues

Wastes and Residues from Final Products Production Carpentries Door and Window Production Furniture Production waste and residuesPulp and Paper

Pulp and Paper Industry Black Liquor

WOOD CYCLE

Heat/Electricity

End- Products

Residues

Residues End-Products Production

Wood Materials

Imports

Residues Sawmills and Logging

Domestic Forests

Charcoal, wood fuel

5. Urban Waste

Municipal Wastewater Municipal Solid Waste

6. Manure

Poultry Chicken Turkey Ostrich

Livestock Cattle and Bull

7. Energy Crops

Energy Plants Cultivated on Arable Land Short Rotation Forest Plantations Agroforestry

Energy Plants Cultivated on Degraded Lands Jatropha Switchgrass Miscanthus

Algae

Biomass Potential Assessment

4- Results: Biomass Potential

38

Wheat Production In IRAN Provinces

Total Production: 12,307,969 ~12.3 M ton in 2012

Basis of Methods (Example Straw/Grain)

Straw yield related to grain yield

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9Grain yield (tonnes/ha)

Stra

w y

ield

(ton

nes/

ha)

40

Sugar Beet Production in Iran Provinces Total Production~ 5mton

41

Sugar Cane Production In 2012~ 3.2 million ton

42

Barely Production in Iran Provinces

Total Production ~ 2Mton in 2012

43

Rice Production in Iran Provinces

Total Production: 2,736,842~ 3Mton in 2012

Agricultural Primary Residues

Forest Biomass Potential

Manure

Wastewater Energy Recovery

Agricultural+Horticultural+ Manure+Forestry Biomass

Technological Capacity

“The creation of domestic industries is often desirable to support local growth and job creation, which can also lead to political acceptability of renewable energy programs”

WWF 2013

Biomass Conversion Technologies

Equipments

Domestic Capabilities Low capability High capability

No Ability Able to Operate Able to Assemble R&D and Pilot Able to Design,

Manufacture and Install and Operate

Biomass Pretreatment

Shredder ■ ■ ■ ■ Sieve ■ ■ ■ ■ Dryer ■

Biomass Transportation

Conveyer ■ ■ ■ ■

feeder ■ ■ ■ ■

Combustion Furnace ■ ■ ■ ■ Boiler ■ ■ ■ ■

Instruments Instruments ■ ■ ■ ■

Air Feeders

Gas Tubes ■ ■ ■ ■

fan ■ ■ ■ ■

Compresser ■

Heat Recovery Economisers ■ ■ ■ ■

Exhaust Gas Cleaning

Cyclone ■ ■ ■ ■ Filter ■ ■ ■ ■ Scrubber ■

Dust Chamber ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

Bag Filter ■

Electrostatic Scrubber ■

Anaerobic

5. Bioenergy Developments in Iran

SUNA, Biomass Office, Municipalities, Wastewater Companies, Rural Electrification Centre:

1. 460 kw power generation capacity installed from Biogas in Saveh – a city in 200 km of Tehran- (2005).

2. Assessment of potential and feasibility study of urban solid wastes of 10 power plants operating on waste-based fuels (2010).

3. Preparation of Bioenergy atlas of Iran 4. Study of a 2-megawatt biogas power plant in Tehran (Taraghdari, et al., 2012) 5. Landfill gas extraction and power generation in Mashhad and Shiraz with 600 and

1000 KW capacity respectively (2008). 6. Establishment and Running of Tehran Sewage Refinery in Capacity of 4800 KW 7. Two 6-MW Power Plants Operating on Waste-Based Fuels in Mazandaran

Province 8. Waste Water Treatment Center in the North of Isfahan with the Capacity of 1-MW 9. 3-MW Power Plant Operating on Waste-Based Fuel in Tehran

6. Policy recommendations

Set objectives

Potential Assessment

Identify Policy

Mechanisms

Set Targets

Identify Constraints

Impl. &Legal Directives

Revi

ew P

roce

ss

Transparency Accountability Participation &

Capacity

Providing Policy Mechanisms

Prefered Policy Mechanism depends on the country objectives:

1. Objective: to increase manufacturing,

supply-push policies (policies that support development and production conversion technologies

2. Objective: to increase installed capacities demand-pull policies(policies that increase

support for the production of electricity)

Uninterrupted Support Bioenergy Value Chain

1. PRELIMINARY

ACTIVITIES

2. PRODUCTION INFRASTRUCT

URE

3. FEEDSTOCK

PRODUCTION and TRADE

4. BIOFUELS

PROCESSING

5. BIOFUELS TECHNICAL SERVICE ACTIVITIES

OTHER SERVICES

•Business Plans •Sourcing funds •Land acquisitions /

lease contracts •Impact assessments •Obtaining permits

and licences •Securing markets •Setting-up of

bioenergy industry governance •Technology

assessments •Etc

•Drilling boreholes •Building

dams and canals •Assessing

soils •Building

access roads and bridges •Building

houses and offices •Building

processing plants •Etc,.

•Land clearance •Land

preparations •Nurseries •Plantation

development •Plantation

management •Weed and

pest control •Feedstock

harvesting •Feedstock

trading •Etc.

•Cassava peeling, chipping and drying

•Seed cleaning and packaging

•Oil extraction

•Molasses production

•Processing and refining of biofuels •Byproducts

production.

•Biofuels transportation •Byproduct transportation •Biofuels blending •Biofuels transportation •Engine conversion •Importation of biofuels

compliant vehicles and appliances •Manufacturing of inputs and

processing plants for the biofuels value chain •Biofuels R&D •Training in biofuels industry •Biofuels quality control

assessments •Biofuels plant repair •Development of appropriate

cookstoves •Etc.

•Education •Health •Recreation •Etc

General Research, Development, Demonstration and Deployment

FEEDSTOCK SUPPLY • Identify sustainable, high-

quality feedstock supply and quantify risk

• Baseline sustainable regional feedstock productivity

• Develop commercial-scale supply systems

CONVERSION • Reduce costs/improve

quality of intermediates • Reduce enzyme costs • Develop fermentation

organisms • Enable high performance

separations technologies • Improve catalyst

performance– cleanup/ conditioning and fuel synthesis

• Maximize carbon utilization • Optimize reactor

performance

DEMONSTRATION & DEPLOYMENT • Validate biorefinery operations • Establish pioneer plants • Support advanced biofuels

compatibility testing • Support biopower demonstration

and deployment

Cross-cutting areas

SUSTAINABILITY • Assess effects across full

supply chain • Establish baselines and

targets for improving sustainability

• Develop best practices

STRATEGIC ANALYSIS • Define and validate

technology performance targets

• Guide program planning • Assess progress

STRATEGIC COMMUNICATIONS • Increase awareness of

accomplishments • Communicate new technology

strategies • Educate stakeholders on

environmental and oil-displacement benefits

INSTITUTIONAL AND TECHNICAL CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT

Government

Policies, regulations and standards Governance Information on value for investment (e.g.

balance sheet approach) Etc

INSTITUTIONAL AND TECHNICAL CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT

Industry Feedstocks Technologies Production efficiencies Etc

Public / consumers Consumer information Value chain information Products Standards Etc

INSTITUTIONAL AND TECHNICAL CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT

Universities / Educational Institutions

Mainstreaming bioenergy in curricula Research, development and demonstration Etc

INSTITUTIONAL AND TECHNICAL CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT

NGOs Community needs and information Bioenergy industry participatory methods Community resource management Land rights Gender issues Etc

INSTITUTIONAL AND TECHNICAL CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT

Iran has resources (material and human), but lacks productive action.

Available technologies can be used to establish a bioenergy industry in Iran

Energy efficiency should be first Priority Investment Loans (Waste Management Options)-

long payback time are vital Plan Regionally Promoting Symbiosis Approach

Last Words:

Finally I appreciate:

Alexander von Humboldt Foundation BC CARE - FU Berlin MONA CONSULTANTS Audience

MONA CONSULTANTS.