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BioEnergyBioEnergy Science Center: Science Center: a DOE a DOE BioenergyBioenergy Research CenterResearch Center
Reinhold C. Mann Associate Laboratory Director Biological and Environmental Sciences Oak Ridge National LaboratorySeptember 24, 2007Fall Creek Falls ConferenceNashville, Tennessee
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Acknowledgements Acknowledgements (no priority order)(no priority order)
• Brian Davison• Mark Downing• Bob Perlack• Jonathan Mielenz• Martin Keller• Gary Jacobs• Jerry Tuskan• Stan Wullschleger• Tim Tschaplinski• Bob Hettich• Ed Uberbacher• Tris West
• Neal Stewart (UT)• Gary Sayler (UT)• Al Darvill (UGA)• Deborah Mohnen (UGA)• Art Ragauskas (GaTech)• Rick Dixon (Noble Foundation)• Lee Lynd (Dartmouth)• Mike Himmel (NREL)• Charles Wyman (UC-Riverside)• Percival Zhang (VaTech)• Mike Brady (Cornell)• Jae Edmonds (PNNL, JGCRI)
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Stabilization of COStabilization of CO22 concentrations means concentrations means fundamental change to the global energy fundamental change to the global energy
systemsystem
Oil Oil + CCSNatural Gas Natural Gas + CCSCoal Coal + CCSBiomass Energy Nuclear EnergyNon-Biomass Renewable Energy End-use Energy
History and Reference Case
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Stabilization of CO2 at 550 ppm
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Preindustrial280ppm
Preindustrial280ppm
Source: Jae Edmonds
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Concern relating to threat of climate change
Con
cern
ove
r fut
ure
avai
labi
lity
of o
il an
d ga
s
High
HighLow
Low
Biofuels
Carbon-free H2 for
transport
GTL
Heavy Oil
EnhancedRecoveryArctic
Capture and storage (C&S)
C&S
Transport sector
CNG
Hybrids
C&S
Vehicle efficiency(e.g., light-weighting)
Diesel-ization
Technology options for transportationTechnology options for transportation
Source: Steve Koonin, BP
Supply side optionsDemand side options
CTL
Ultra Deep Water
Decreasing U.S.Decreasing U.S.petroleum consumptionpetroleum consumptionCongress:The “30 by 30” goal
World Ethanol and Biodiesel Annual Production
(Petroleum use @ 1150 B g/yr)
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Fuel
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EthanolBiodiesel
State of the Union 2007:The “20 in 10” goal
• Replace 30% of gas and diesel consumption with biofuelsby 2030
• Requires approximately 1B dry tons of biomass for 60B gal using current technology
• “Billion Ton Study” – there is enough biomass in the US
• Decrease consumption by 20%in 10 years
• Grow production of renewable fuels to 35B gal/year by 2017
4359 4288
528251 79 79 40 32
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Brazil US
China EU
IndiaCan
adaColumbia
OthersAnnual Ethanol Production by
Country in 2005
Upper limit of corn ethanol is around 18 billion gal per year (National Corn Growers Association)
With capacity being built we will reach this limit within two years
We must add cellulosicbiofuels in order to meet our national goals
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Potential biomass resource and refinery Potential biomass resource and refinery capacity in 2030capacity in 2030Forest residues (all), crop residues, Forest residues (all), crop residues, switchgrassswitchgrass
Source: Perlack et al., ORNLBioenergy Resource & Engineering Systems
Data do not include pulp & paper assets in the SoutheastThe Southeast and Midwest will be the sources for US biomass
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BillionBillion--ton followton follow--upup
• Developed new fine-scaled estimates of potential switchgrass productivity− Extend to woody crops
(with USDA Forest Service)
Multiplicative model estimates yield as the product of estimated maximum yield, Ymax and the fractional reduction due to each limiting variable, temperature (T) and precipitation (P)
)()(
)()(
PYPY
TYTYYYield
maxmaxmax=
Source: Bob Perlack et al, ORNLBioenergy Resource & Engineering Systems
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Combining National Land Cover Data with the Cropland Data Layer
Source: Tris West et al, ORNLEcosystem Simulation Science
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Source: Carlo N. Hamelinck, “Outlook for Advanced Biofuels,” PhD Thesis, Utrecht University, The Netherlands, 2004
Lignocellulosicbiomass
Sugar/starchcrops
Oil plants
Gasification
Anaerobicdigestion
Flash pyrolysis
Hydrothermalliquefaction
Hydrolysis
Milling andhydrolysis
Pressing orextraction
Syngas
Biogas
Bio oil
Sugar
Vegetable oil
Water gas shift+ separation
Catalyzedsynthesis
Purification
Hydro treatingand refining
Fermentation
Esterification
Hydrogen(H2)
Methanol(CH3OH)
DME(CH3OCH3)
FT Diesel(CxHy)
SNG(CH4)
Biodiesel(CxHy)
Ethanol(CH3CH2OH)
Biodiesel(alkyl esters)
Bio oil (vegetable oil)
Conversion routes to Conversion routes to biofuelsbiofuelsMany feedstocks, many conversion options, many products,different economics, energy balances
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ORNL leads one of three DOE ORNL leads one of three DOE BioenergyBioenergy Research CentersResearch Centers
• Funded for $125M over 5 years− Awarded June 26
• Start September 07• Interface with
Tennessee BiofuelsInitiative
• Two other centers at− U Wisconsin− www.wisconsinbioenergy.com
− LBNL− jbei.lbl.gov
http://www.bioenergycenter.org
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• Oak Ridge National Laboratory• University of Georgia• University of Tennessee• National Renewable Energy Laboratory• Georgia Tech• Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation • Dartmouth• ArborGen• Verenium (formerly Diversa)• Mascoma• Individuals from U California-Riverside,
Cornell, Washington State, U Minnesota, NCSU, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Virginia Tech
• Oak Ridge National Laboratory• University of Georgia• University of Tennessee• National Renewable Energy Laboratory• Georgia Tech• Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation • Dartmouth• ArborGen• Verenium (formerly Diversa)• Mascoma• Individuals from U California-Riverside,
Cornell, Washington State, U Minnesota, NCSU, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Virginia Tech
Complex CarbohydrateResearch Center
Alternative Fuels User Facility
The BESC team has been assembledThe BESC team has been assembledto overcome biomass recalcitranceto overcome biomass recalcitranceJoint Institute forBiological Sciences
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Overcoming recalcitrance is the
single coherent overarching theme
for the BESC
The fundamental scienceThe fundamental scienceof biomass recalcitranceof biomass recalcitranceis poorly understoodis poorly understood
• A large-scale, integrated, interdisciplinary approach is neededto overcome this problem
– Current research efforts are limited in scope– BESC will launch a broad and comprehensive
attack on a scale well beyond any efforts to date
• Without advances, a cellulosic biofuels industry is unlikely to emerge• Knowledge gained will benefit other
biofuels and biofeedstocks
Sugars
Cellulosicbiomass
Fuel(s)Recalcitrance:Resistance to
breakdowninto sugars
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BESC will revolutionize how biomass is BESC will revolutionize how biomass is processed within five years processed within five years
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BESC has wellBESC has well--defined objectivesdefined objectivesRevolutionize theprocessing of biomass within 5 years
Apply a systems biology approach and new higher-throughput pipelines
• Improve overall yields
• Simplify operationsthrough consolidatedbioprocessing (CBP)
• Decrease (or eliminate)the need for costlychemical pretreatment
• Reduce recalcitranceby targeted modification of plant cell wall compositionand structures
• Develop and understand single microbes or microbial consortia and their enzymes to enable CBP for low-cost cellulose hydrolysis and fermentation
• Provide a synergistic combination of modified plants and CBP for even morecost-effective biofuelproduction
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Three linked scientific focus areas will enable Three linked scientific focus areas will enable BESC to understand and overcomeBESC to understand and overcomebiomass recalcitrancebiomass recalcitrance
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Biomass formationand modification
• What gene productscontrol cell wallstructure, composition,and recalcitrance?
• How will changesin cell wall structure and composition affect plant productivity, pest resistance, and/or sustainability?
Challenge:Identify genes that control biomass productionand cell wall synthesis
BESC integrates three key BESC integrates three key science focus areasscience focus areas
Characterizationand modeling
• What structural and compositional elements contribute to recalcitrance?
• Can new analytical methods, systems biology data, and computational models enable predictive simulation of lignocellulose formation and deconstruction?
Challenge:Understand the complexity of plant cell wall structure and its relationship to recalcitrance
Biomass deconstructionand conversion
• What limits the rate of biomass deconstruction, and how can these limits be overcome by altered biocatalysts?
• Will the combination of altered cell walls with better conversion offer a breakthrough?
Challenge:Improve deconstruction ratesand understand how microbesand enzymes attackbiomass substrates
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Computational BiologyComputational Biology• Annotation, DNA sequence analysis, gene finding,
regulatory regions, comparative analyses - plants and microbes
• Systems analysis of mRNA and protein expression patterns
• Metabolic and regulatory network reconstruction in plants and microbes
• Image analysis and reconstruction software for 3-D tomography or confocal, cryo-EM
• Protein structure prediction and docking calculation
• Protein complex molecular dynamicsyeast
IBM SP3
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Exocellulase on crystalline cellulose based on explicit water model by Brady (Cornell) and provided by Himmel (NREL).The 1,000,000 atom simulation ran for 50 nsecusing LAMMPS code on Jaguar 1024 processors by Uberbacher, Agarwal, Locascio, and Ghattyvenkatakrishna (ORNL).
UltraUltra--scale modeling and scale modeling and simulation of simulation of biological systemsbiological systems
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UltraUltra--scale modelingscale modelingchallenges in BESCchallenges in BESCLarger scale (e.g. cellulosomes) - Increase in scale to 10’s of millions of atoms
Millisecond timeframes
Multiscale simulation methods and force fields for systems of 100 million atoms scale – microbial and plant cell wall structures and cellulosomes
New force fields based on neutron dynamical measurements integrated with computational molecular simulation
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Data ManagementData Managementand Integrationand Integration
Laboratory Information Management System for tracking samples, procedures, data, IP, models
Lab instrument / user input interfaces to LIMS for data input and tracking
Systems knowledge base with data and information about key plants and microbes in the Center, metabolic, regulatory and signaling maps, with links to primary genome sequence annotation and underlying experimental data.
Integrated Analysis
Experiment Description
Project
User
Reference
Mutant
Experiment Run
Proteome
Computational Analysis
Experiment Run
Microarray
Computational Analysis
Experiment Run
Cell Culture
Experiment Run
BESC BESC –– a highly integrated cuttinga highly integrated cutting--edge research teamedge research team
A functional management structure A functional management structure integrates BESC activities and objectives integrates BESC activities and objectives with clear lines of authoritywith clear lines of authority
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BESC leverages substantial firm BESC leverages substantial firm commitments and investmentscommitments and investments• State of Tennessee,
through UT: >$24.6M− JIBS construction: $11.6M − Research equipment: $3M − Joint UT-ORNL research: $10M− 3 Governor’s Chairs: $3M–$5M
• State of Tennessee: $48M− $40M for 5M-gal/year pilot
switchgrass-to-ethanol facility, located <40 miles from ORNL,to be operational in 2009
− $8M in agricultural price supports
• Georgia Research Alliance: $6M− $3M for equipment, − $1.5M for two Eminent Scholar
hires (matched by $1.5Mfrom UGa and Georgia Tech)
• Virginia Tech: $0.5Min cost share support
• Oklahoma Bioenergy Center − Update to Governor Henry’s letter− >$10M at the Noble Foundation
as part of this $40M centerwith University of Oklahomaand Oklahoma State
Total:Total:More than More than $90M$90M
BESCBESC’’ss distinctive strengthsdistinctive strengths• One coherent focused theme:
Biomass recalcitrance• Positioned to attack the most important
current barrier to the emergenceof a cellulosic biofuels industry
• The best team and managementfor revolutionary advancesto overcome recalcitrance
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BESC larger contextBESC larger context
BESCS&T core
team
Scientific Impact
Visiting Scientists
Graduate studentsPost-docs
Use-inspired drivers, licensing $$
IP, tools,processes,platforms
Technology maturationCommercialization
Pilots VC investments
Industry partnerships
Science Board
Science Translation and Application
Biofuelsindustry growth
Benefit tofarmers
States supportDirect -TN, GA, NC, others
Benefit toconsumers
SunGrantR&D other
R&D