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Biogas

Dipl.-Ing. Josef PlankHead of Energy and Agricultural Technology Division

Global market for bioenergy: between climate protection and development policy/Bonn – Federal Republic of Germany Dipl.-Ing. Josef Plank/ 12 October 2006, Chamber of Agriculture Styria

Efficient use of space for energy production(bandwidth depending on yield per area)

Efficient (bandwidth depending on yield per area)

01020304050607080

Ther

mis

che

Gan

zpfla

nzen

nutz

ung

(lose

od.

Pel

lets

)

Stro

m u

. Wäm

e d.

Verb

renn

ung

v. G

anz-

pfla

nzen

bei

vol

lstä

nd.

Wär

men

utzu

ng (l

ose

oder

Pel

lets

)

Gan

zpfla

nzen

-Ve

rbre

nnun

g -

nur S

trom

nutz

ung

Bio

gas

Trei

bsto

ff

Bio

gas

Stro

m- u

. Wär

me-

nutz

ung

Bio

gas

nur V

erst

rom

ung

MWh/ha

Usi

ng w

h ol e

pla

n ts

for

the r

ma l

ene

rgy

(l oo s

e o r

pe l

l ets

)

E le c

t ric

ity a

n d h

e at

from

co m

bus t

ion

o f

who

le p

lant

s w

ith c

o mpl

ete

u se

o fh e

a t ( l

o os e

or p

elle

ts)

Com

b ust

ion

o f w

hole

p la n

t s f o

re l

ectr

icity

util

isat

ion

Bio

gas

fue l

Bio

gas

E le c

t ric

ity a

n d h

e at

u til i

sati o

n

Bio

gas

o nl y

f or e

lect

ricity

g e

n er a

t ion


Biofuel yield in l fuel equivalent/haGross yield

Biofuel yield in l fuel equivalent/ha

1408 1420

4054

1660640

4179 39074977 4742

0100020003000400050006000

Biod

iese

lR

aps

Rap

söl

Bioe

than

olZu

cker

rübe

Bioe

than

olG

etre

ide

Bioe

than

olLi

gnoz

ellu

lose

(nur

Stro

h)

Bioe

than

olZu

cker

rohr

Bras

ilien BtL

Biog

as

Bio-

Was

sers

toff

???

l/ha

Source: FNR study biofuel – comparative analysis

Bio

dies

el

Rap

e

Rap

e oi

l

Bio

etha

nol

Suga

r bee

t

Bio

etha

nol

Gra

in

Bio

etha

nol

Lign

ocel

lulo

se

(onl

y st

raw

)

Bio

etha

nol

Suga

r can

eB

razi

l

BtL

Bio

gas

Bio

hyd

roge

n ??

?


Efficient biofuel productionNet yield in kWh/ha

Bioethanolsugar beet BtL

Yield 58 t 15 t TS 15 t TS 20 t TSEnergy content 52.000 kWh 67.500 kWh 67.500 kWh 90.000 kWhCultivation 500 500 500 500Care 200 200 200 200Fertilisation 2.000 1500 500 600Harvest 1.000 800 800 1.000Transport 1.000 900 300 400Conversion 22.900 30.000 5.160 6.500Residual energy in fermenter 17.530 18.500Nett energy 24.400 33.600 42.510 62.300

Biogas fuel(Silage maize, Sudan grass)

Source: FNR study – own calculations with practical experience


Biogas is by far the best and most effective bioenergy fuel

24.40033.600

42.510

62.300

010.00020.00030.00040.00050.00060.00070.000

Bioe

than

olZü

cker

rübe

58 t Bt

L15

t TS

Biog

astre

ibst

off

(Silo

mai

s,Su

dang

ras)

15 t

TS

Biog

astre

ibst

off

(Silo

mai

s,Su

dang

ras)

20 t

TS

Net

t ene

rgy

kWh/

ha

Bio

etha

nol

Suga

r bee

t

BtL

Bio

gas

fuel

(sila

ge m

aize

, Sud

an g

rass

)

Bio

gas

fuel

(sila

ge m

aize

, Sud

an g

rass

)


CO2 saving costs in the fuel sector

Bioethanolsugar beet

BtL

CO2 saving 6.58 t 9.07 t 11.47 t 16.82 tProduction costs €/lFuel equivalent

0.78 01. Mrz 0.74 0.72

Added costs compared to fossildiesel €/l

0.51 0.71 0.44 0.42

CO2avoidance costs €/t

189 285 163 155

Biogass fuel(silage maize, Sudan grass)

Source: FNR-study – own calculations with practical experience


Biofuel costs (in €/l fuel equivalent)

Biofuel costs (in €/l fuel equivalent)

1.26

0.74

1.03

0.31

0.98

0.720.78

0.51

0.69

00,10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,9

11,11,21,31,4

Bio

dies

elR

aps

Rap

söl

Bio

etha

nol

ZR

Bio

etha

nol

Get

reid

e

Bio

etha

nol

Lign

ozel

lulo

se(n

ur S

troh

)

Bio

etha

nol

Zuck

erro

hrB

rasi

lien BtL

Bio

gas

Bio

Was

sers

toff

€/l

???

Source: FNR study

Bio

dies

elR

ape

Rap

e oi

l

Bio

etha

nol

Suga

r bee

t

Bio

etha

nol

Gra

in

Bio

etha

nol

Lign

ocel

lulo

se

(onl

y st

raw

)

Bio

etha

nol

Suga

r can

eB

razi

l

BtL

Bio

gas

Bio

hyd

roge

n


Austrian biogas fuel marketing programme

5-point agreement Federal Minister Pröll and OMV general director Dr. Wolfgang RuttenstorferParliamentary working group dealing with implementationBiogas/CNG fuel min. 20 % biomethaneBy 2010 min. 50,000 biogas/CNG vehiclesBy 2013 min. 100,000 biogas/CNG vehiclesExpansion of biogas/CNG filling station network from currently 30 to 200 - 300Urging all vehicle fleet operators to use biogas/CNG vehicles for local transport Urging all politicians to guarantee that these new types of vehicles are exempted from mineral oil tax when they are launched on the marketAdditional call for towns and cities to give preferential treatment to biogas/CNG vehicles with regard to traffic measures.


Possible biogas fuel quantities EU 25on 6 mill. ha of farmed agricultural land 30-35 mill. ha unused land available

Possible quantities of biogas EU 25on 6 mill. ha farmed agricultural land

0

5

10

15

20

25

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

DI Josef Plank, 27th May 2004, Source: own independent calculations

Bill

ion

Nm

³ bio

met

hane


Unsolved contradiction of industrial society

0

2000

4000

60008000

10000

12000

1400016000

18000

20000

1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040

Mtoe/a (million tonnes of oil equivalent/year)

Year

Oil

Gas

Coal

Continue without change: necessary for economic growth

Reduction of emissions:necessary for climate protection

Miscellaneous

Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy


High costs of further oil exploitation

Figure 1:Source:


Stabilisation of global CO2 emissions

Stabilisation of global CO2 emissions necessary

0

10

20

30

40

50

1990 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100

Billion t CO2

Soll-Verlauf2,5 t pro Kopf

TrendlinieTarget progress2.5 t per head

Trend line


More energy efficiency

4-litre car instead of 8-litre car

5-litre apartment instead of 15-litre apartmt.

4,500 litre diesel equivalent instead of 1,500

litre diesel equivalent per ha farmed land

At least 80 % overall efficiency for

electricity generation


Expanding and developing renewable energy – securing future markets

Hydroelectric power plantsWind power plantsGeothermal power plantsWave power plants (tidal power plants)Solar thermal power plantsPhotovoltaic power plantsBiogas power plantsBiomass power plants (steam, ORC, Stirling, gasifier …)Thermal solar utilisationPlant oil enginesBiodiesel power plantsWhole-plant biogas fuelNew biofuels Passive solar energy utilisation

New solar technologies …


10 Theses on the energy industry

We live in a globalised world.We have a global market.The (global) market is incomplete.The (global) market can only react to short-term issues (max. 3 - 5 years' forecast possible).Energy problems as quantity-availability-price problem – wars …Climate problem + 3°C global average temperature increase unacceptable,annual climate damage exceeds GNP growth (up to $ 1000 /year).High costs and risks of developing additional fossil resourcesare no longer acceptable.Solutions can only be achieved using a free-enterprise approach.Market signals have to be strong enough to enable sustainableenergy supplies.Two ways → 1. Control through taxation

2. Quota specifications (too complicated, difficult to control)


Energy scenario for Styria

Energy scenario for Styria

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

2005 2015 2025 2035 2045

PJ/a

BruttoenergieeinsatzBiomasseWasserkraftTherm.SolarnSolare Speicheren.Wind

Gross energy consumptionBiomassHydroelectric powerThermal solar powerSolar cellsWind


Control through taxation

Control through taxation

0102030405060708090

100

2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

% tax revenue

CO2-Steuer auf fossileEnergienutzung

Lohn-Beschäftigungs-abhängige Steuern, Gew erbesteuer,Körperschaftssteuer,Mehrw ertsteuer

CO2 tax on fossil fuel energy consumption

Wage-employment related taxes, trade tax, corporate income tax, value-added tax


Global reorientation throughglobal CO2 taxes (at constant values 2004)

0

10 0 0 0

2 0 0 0 0

3 0 0 0 0

4 0 0 0 0

5 0 0 0 0

6 0 0 0 0

7 0 0 0 0

2 0 0 410 % C O2 - S t e u e r n

2 0 1015 % C O2 - S t e u e r n

2 0 2 02 5 % C O2 - S t e u e r n

2 0 3 04 0 % C O2 - S t e u e r n

2 0 4 05 5 % C O2 - S t e u e r n

2 0 5 06 0 % C O2 - S t e u e r n

CO2-Abgabenanteilam gesamtenAbgabeaufkommen

durchschn. Abgabenquote 30 %

Bruttosozial-produkt

10% CO2–Steuern

monika:monika:monika:monika:

25% CO2–Steuern 40% CO2–Steuern15% CO2–Steuern 55% CO2–Steuern 60% CO2 –Steuern

CO2 tax proportion of total taxation

Averagetax quota 30 %

Gross nationalproduct


Global CO2 tax revenue in billion €(assuming consumption remains consistent)

200550 c/kg

CO2

2010100 c/kg

CO2

2020200 c/kg

CO2

2030300 c/kg

CO2

2040400 c/kg

CO2

2050500 c/kg

CO2

Oil 479 958 1.916 2.874 3.832 4.790Coal 498 996 1.992 2.988 3.984 4.980Gas 269 538 1.077 1.615 2.154 2.692

1.246 2.492 4.984 7.476 9.968 12.460


International tax reorganisation – German example – could apply similarly for OECD – only large items taken into consideration – (Federal, Länder (state), local)

2005Mrd. €

2010Mrd. €

2015Mrd. €

2020Mrd. €

2025Mrd. €

2030Mrd. €

Wage tax 118 100 70 40 30 25Income tax 10 8 6 4 3 2Capital gains tax 17 14 12 11 10 9Corporation tax 16 12 10 8 7 6Value-added tax 108 80 60 50 40 35Tobacco tax 14 14 14 14 14 14Trade tax 32 25 18 15 12 10Property tax 10 8 7 6 5 4*)Mineral oil tax(CO2 taxfossil energy)

40 114 183 222 249 265

Other taxes 50 40 30 30 30 30415 415 410 400 400 400


Result of the international agreed tax reorientation:

80 % reduction on wage tax and income tax50 % reduction on capital gains tax63 % reduction on corporation tax 67 % reduction on value added tax 70 % reduction on trade tax 60 % reduction on property tax 40 % reduction on other taxes


Counter arguments of the fossil fuel industry

The CO2 tax cripples the economy.Interference in the freedom of the economy.This hinders development in developing countries.There is no international tax law.And in any case; what would happen to us if our monopolistic business transactions were influenced.


Arguments to counter any counter arguments

Up until 2000 all representatives of industry unanimously said that the economy would collapse if oil prices reached 30 – 35 $/barrel.

Today the price has reached 60 $/barrel and more, but the boom in economic growth is greater than when oil prices were at their lowest level.


Also

Nearly all financial and economic policy makers from all countries either have a direct relationship with or are at least closely allied to one or several monopolistic fossil fuel supply companies.Many employees' representatives support this fatal fossil fuel cycle, by opposing any reorientation and thereby unwittingly support the monopolistic fossil fuel control and domination structure.Renewable energy provides considerably more employment potential through the building and operation of plants in local regions and does not cost any more than fossil fuel.Renewable energies, for instance biogas creates regional autarky (electricity, fuel, heat).


THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

It is time to awake from the fossil fuel (and nuclear fuel)

dreams.

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