BIOL BIOL 10101010

Human Human AnatomAnatom

yyDr. Joel Dr. Joel GluckGluck

Email: Email: JGluck@ccri.JGluck@ccri.

eduedu

Cell Phone: Cell Phone:

401-952-401-952-13451345

Why Study Anatomy?Why Study Anatomy?

1.1. Communication within the health Communication within the health professions.professions.

2.2. In order to understand the pathology of In order to understand the pathology of the human body, one must understand the the human body, one must understand the normal.normal.

3.3. Learn the interaction between body Learn the interaction between body systems.systems.

4.4. Define the significance between structure Define the significance between structure and function.and function.

5.5. It’s Fun. (Personal opinion)It’s Fun. (Personal opinion)

Goals of the CourseGoals of the Course

To provide a common anatomical To provide a common anatomical languagelanguage

To relate the common language of To relate the common language of anatomy to the functional morphology anatomy to the functional morphology of the human body.of the human body.

To provide a baseline of knowledge To provide a baseline of knowledge for the study of physiology.for the study of physiology.

Illustrate the principle that structure Illustrate the principle that structure and function are related.and function are related.

Why Study Anatomy?Why Study Anatomy?

Provides an education rather than Provides an education rather than training.training.

ie: you can train a monkey to do surgery ie: you can train a monkey to do surgery but the monkey cannot fix a problem when but the monkey cannot fix a problem when it arises.it arises.

Terminology allows clear communication Terminology allows clear communication between medical professionals.between medical professionals.

Things aren’t always what they appear to Things aren’t always what they appear to be…be…

Some definitionsSome definitions MorphologyMorphology -form that structures take on.-form that structures take on. -Morphology affects function-Morphology affects function StructureStructure -a part of the body. Can either be -a part of the body. Can either be

microscopic (small) or macroscopic (large).microscopic (small) or macroscopic (large). FunctionFunction -refers to physical behavior. What a -refers to physical behavior. What a

structure does.structure does. -Function is related to -Function is related to

structures=Functional Morphologystructures=Functional Morphology

Normal vs. AbnormalNormal vs. Abnormal -We must understand the normal -We must understand the normal

situation to be able to compare it with situation to be able to compare it with and recognize the abnormal.and recognize the abnormal.

Topographic AnatomyTopographic Anatomy -Structures on the surface of the -Structures on the surface of the

skin can be used to identify and locate skin can be used to identify and locate deeper structures, organs, and tissues deeper structures, organs, and tissues beneath the skin.beneath the skin.

Structure defines and restricts Structure defines and restricts function.function.

- certain joints can only move in - certain joints can only move in one direction. For example a hinge one direction. For example a hinge joint can only have motion joint can only have motion perpendicular to the axis of the joint. perpendicular to the axis of the joint. The knee joint (hinge) cannot have The knee joint (hinge) cannot have motion in the lateral direction motion in the lateral direction because that goes against the axis.because that goes against the axis.

Laboratory InformationLaboratory Information Hands on training.Hands on training. Bring lab book, an Bring lab book, an

atlas, and information atlas, and information your instructor tells your instructor tells you.you.

You must supply your You must supply your own gloves.own gloves.

Dissection kits will be Dissection kits will be supplied for you.supplied for you.

DO NOT CUT DO NOT CUT ANYTHING! This is ANYTHING! This is blunt dissection.blunt dissection.

Get a 4 or 5 color pen Get a 4 or 5 color pen or a set of colored or a set of colored pencils.pencils.

YOU MUST PASS BOTHYOU MUST PASS BOTH

LECTURE LECTURE ANDAND LAB LAB

TO PASS THE COURSETO PASS THE COURSE

Drugs and Alcohol Don’t Drugs and Alcohol Don’t MixMix

ANATOMYANATOMY

Study of structure.Study of structure.

ANA = apartANA = apart

TOMY = to TOMY = to cutcut

Anatomy

GROSS HISTOLOGY

Structures can only be seen with a microscope

Structures can be seen withthe naked eye.

Surface Anatomy

Study of shapes and landmarkson the surface of the body

Cells and cell parts

Dissection

Systemic

Regional

All structures of a region are studied together

All structures with related functions are studied together

Our study of Human Anatomy will look at both, gross and histological anatomy.

Anatomical Terminology

Anatomical Axes - axes are like skewers which pass through the body. They are used to describe axes about which rotation movements take place - very similar to the pin in a door hinge. The door moves in a plane around an axis - the plane is determined by the orientation of the pin in the hinge.

Superior

Inferior

Anatomical PositionAnatomical Position

This is a reference position that This is a reference position that allows for the use of consistent allows for the use of consistent directional terminology.directional terminology.

All descriptions of location are made All descriptions of location are made from within anatomical position.from within anatomical position.

Subject is facing forward with palms Subject is facing forward with palms forward, thumbs facing to the sides. forward, thumbs facing to the sides.

Anatomical Position

This is the position from which all directions and descriptions are made.

The person is standing erect, palms facing anteriorly, feet together and facing forward.

Superior

Inferior

TRANSVERSE PLANE

TRANSVERSE PLANE

Body Midline

Medial

Lateral

EYES

EARS

Sagittal

Plane

The Extremities have a different set of terms

The upper arm is

PROXIMAL

The arm is

DISTALTO THE TRUNK or MIDLINE OF THE BODY

The eyes are SUPERIOR to the mouth.

The mouth is INFERIOR to the eyes.

The umbilicus is ANTERIOR to the gluteus maximus.

IN FRONT OF

The gluteus maximus is POSTERIOR to the umbilicus.

IN BACK OF

BACK FRONT

Also called VENTRAL

Also called DORSAL

CORONAL

P

L

A

N

E

In four legged animals, the head is In four legged animals, the head is ANTERIOR to the tail. In two legged ANTERIOR to the tail. In two legged animals, the head is SUPERIOR to animals, the head is SUPERIOR to the tail.the tail.

In four legged animals, the region In four legged animals, the region toward the head is toward the head is CRANIALCRANIAL. The . The region toward the tail is region toward the tail is CAUDALCAUDAL..

TEST YOUR TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGEKNOWLEDGE

What is the relationship?What is the relationship?

knee to thighknee to thigh

Nipple to belly buttonNipple to belly button

Chin to eyesChin to eyes

Little toe to big toeLittle toe to big toe

SKIN

SUPERFICIAL – toward the surface

DEEP – away from the surface

ORIGIN – attachment of muscle on a fixed point, closest to midline

INSERTION – attachment of muscle that is moveable, farthest from midline.

THIGH BONE (FEMUR) L

EG BONE

DIRECTIONAL TERMS FOR MUSCLES

Medial vs. Median

A median structure is one which is in the median (midline) plane of the body

(such as the sternum, the umbilicus and the symphysis pubis).

The term medial is a relative term and must be used to compare two

structures; one structure being medial or closer to the median plane of the

body than the other structure.

Hands and Feet:

Palmar or Volar means the anterior surface or palm of the

hand.

Plantar means the inferior surface or sole of the foot.

Dorsum of the hand and foot

refers to the superior surface of the foot and posterior surface of

the hand.

Ipsilateral and Contralateral refer to the same or opposite sides of the

body, respectively.

Ipsilateral refers to the same side of the body, e.g., the right arm and right leg are ipsilateral

structures.

Contralateral refers to opposite sides of the body;

e.g., the right arm and the left arm are contralateral structures.

Cardinal Body Planes

Cardinal Body Planes

Regional Terminology

Reference Positions

Note the synonomous pairs:

Dorsal : posterior

Ventral : anterior

Note the

difference

between

bipeds and

quadruped

s.

Oxymoron?Oxymoron?

Organization of the Organization of the Human BodyHuman Body

The body is organized from the smallest The body is organized from the smallest part to the largest part.part to the largest part.

Chemical LevelChemical Level - atoms, molecules- atoms, molecules - carbohydrates, lipids, fats, proteins, - carbohydrates, lipids, fats, proteins,

nucleic acidsnucleic acids Cellular LevelCellular Level -simplest structural unit-simplest structural unit -basic unit of life-basic unit of life -smallest unit that can live on its own-smallest unit that can live on its own

Tissue LevelTissue Level

- a group of cells with common - a group of cells with common origin, structure, and function.origin, structure, and function.

- cells within a tissue all work - cells within a tissue all work toward a common goal (i.e.: toward a common goal (i.e.: movement, nutrition, etc.)movement, nutrition, etc.)

Organ LevelOrgan Level

- a group of tissues that have a - a group of tissues that have a common function.common function.

Organ System LevelOrgan System Level

- a group of organs with a special - a group of organs with a special function.function.

- Digestive System, Nervous System, etc…- Digestive System, Nervous System, etc… Organismal LevelOrganismal Level

- A group of organ systems that at some - A group of organ systems that at some point in time is capable of sustaining life.point in time is capable of sustaining life.

- All organ systems work together in an - All organ systems work together in an organism.organism.

Human Body PlanHuman Body Plan

Vertebrates Have Some Common Vertebrates Have Some Common FeaturesFeatures

1.1. Tube within a tube body planTube within a tube body plan

inner tube – mouth to anusinner tube – mouth to anus

- respiratory organs- respiratory organs

- digestive organs- digestive organs

outer tube – axial skeletonouter tube – axial skeleton

- axial musulature- axial musulature

2.2. Bilateral SymmetryBilateral Symmetry

- left half of the body is a mirror - left half of the body is a mirror image of the right half.image of the right half.

- structures in the median plane are - structures in the median plane are unpaired, but have identical left unpaired, but have identical left and right sides.and right sides.

3.3. Dorsal hollow nerve cordDorsal hollow nerve cord

- develops into the brain and spinal - develops into the brain and spinal cord.cord.

4.4. NotochordNotochord

- stiff rod just deep to the spinal cord.- stiff rod just deep to the spinal cord.

- present in the embryo, but is - present in the embryo, but is replaced by replaced by

the vertebrae later in development.the vertebrae later in development.

5.5. SegmentationSegmentation

- repeating units of similar structures - repeating units of similar structures running along the length of the running along the length of the trunk.trunk.

- examples include the ribs and - examples include the ribs and intercostal muscles and the vertebral intercostal muscles and the vertebral column.column.

6.6. Pharyngeal PouchesPharyngeal Pouches

- pharynx – outpouchings called - pharynx – outpouchings called pouches that correspond to the pouches that correspond to the clefts between the gills of a fish.clefts between the gills of a fish.

- present in the embryo only.- present in the embryo only.

Body Cavities and Body Cavities and MembranesMembranes

Dorsal Body CavityDorsal Body Cavity - cranial cavity- cranial cavity - vertebral cavity- vertebral cavity Ventral Body CavityVentral Body Cavity - contains the viscera- contains the viscera - 2 divisions- 2 divisions 1. thoracic cavity1. thoracic cavity a. Pleural cavitya. Pleural cavity b. Mediastinumb. Mediastinum c. Pericardiumc. Pericardium 2. abdominal cavity2. abdominal cavity a. Abdomena. Abdomen b. Pelvisb. Pelvis Serous CavitiesSerous Cavities - 2 layers- 2 layers parietal layer - outer walls of parietal layer - outer walls of

the cavitythe cavity visceral layer – inner layer visceral layer – inner layer

covers the visceral organscovers the visceral organs water between the water between the

membranes is a watery fluidmembranes is a watery fluid

The abdomen is divided into four quadrants which are further subdivided into nine regions.

Each region is named for its relationship with the umbilicus.

Clinically, each region is associated with specific organs.