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Biolmolecules & Nutrition
e
CC HH NN OO PP SS
Carbon Nitrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorus
SulfurHydrogen
ORGANIC compounds contain a carbon-hydrogen bond (C6H12O6, CH4)
ORGANIC compounds contain a carbon-hydrogen bond (C6H12O6, CH4)
INORGANIC compounds do not contain a carbon-hydrogen bonds (CO2, H2O)
INORGANIC compounds do not contain a carbon-hydrogen bonds (CO2, H2O)
lipidlipid
carbohydratecarbohydrate
proteinprotein
nucleic acidnucleic acid
waterwater
most important inorganic compound in living things
most cellular processes take place in water solutions
excellent solvent (substances dissolve in water)
CO2CO2
• Nutrition = obtaining and processing materials needed for your daily activities
• Nutrients are chemical substances in food that provide energy, build cells & tissues
What are they made out of? Biomolecules
1. Carbohydrates (sugars)2. Proteins3. Lipids (fats)
Other molecules needed by all living organisms:
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates (ose)• Compound: C6H12O6 (made from simple
sugars like glucose)• Foods: fruits & veggies, grains, sweets• Use: energy• Organelles: mitochondria, vacuoles
are organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1 (carbon:hydrogen:oxygen)
are organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1 (carbon:hydrogen:oxygen)
Carbohydrates
are made by plants (autotrophs)are made by plants (autotrophs)
are the body’s primary source of energyare the body’s primary source of energy
come in two basic forms:monomers and polymers
come in two basic forms:monomers and polymers
are made of monomers (building blocks) called monosaccharides
are made of monomers (building blocks) called monosaccharides
Glucose is a Glucose is a monosaccharide.monosaccharide.Glucose is a Glucose is a monosaccharide.monosaccharide.
CC66H12 O6
MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides (simple sugars) are easily (simple sugars) are easily identified by their sweet taste.identified by their sweet taste.MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides (simple sugars) are easily (simple sugars) are easily identified by their sweet taste.identified by their sweet taste.
Other Other monosaccharides:monosaccharides:fructose (fruit sugar) fructose (fruit sugar) galactose (milk sugar).galactose (milk sugar).
Other Other monosaccharides:monosaccharides:fructose (fruit sugar) fructose (fruit sugar) galactose (milk sugar).galactose (milk sugar).
H
CH2OH
OO
HH
HH OH
OHOH
HHHHH
OH OH
C
C
C
C
C
Note the ring shape of Note the ring shape of the molecule.the molecule.Note the ring shape of Note the ring shape of the molecule.the molecule.
PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides are complex carbohydrates are complex carbohydrates made of long chains of monosaccharides.made of long chains of monosaccharides.PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides are complex carbohydrates are complex carbohydrates made of long chains of monosaccharides.made of long chains of monosaccharides.
glycogen--storage form of glucose in animals. stored in the liver.starch--storage form of glucose in plantscellulose--makes up the cell wall of plants, gives plant cells their rigiditychitin--make up exoskeletons of insects, crabs, lobsters, etc.
glycogen--storage form of glucose in animals. stored in the liver.starch--storage form of glucose in plantscellulose--makes up the cell wall of plants, gives plant cells their rigiditychitin--make up exoskeletons of insects, crabs, lobsters, etc.
Sucrose (table sugar) is an example of a Sucrose (table sugar) is an example of a sugar with only two monosaccharides. sugar with only two monosaccharides. (disaccharide)(disaccharide)
Sucrose (table sugar) is an example of a Sucrose (table sugar) is an example of a sugar with only two monosaccharides. sugar with only two monosaccharides. (disaccharide)(disaccharide)
O
CH2OH
H OO
HH
HH OH
OHOH
HHHHH
OH
CH2OH
H
HH OH
H
O
OOHHHH
OHOH HH
CH2OH
HOO
HH
HH OH
OHOH
HHHHH
OHC
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
What is the monomer (subunit) for carbohydrates?
What are the functions of carbohydrates?
Name examples of carbohydrates.
monosaccharide (simple sugars)
energy storage (short-term), structure or support
glucose, starch, cellulose
Lipids• Compound: CHO (a.k.a. fat)• Foods: butter, oils, margarine, lard, fried
food• Use: store energy, build cell membrane,
chemical messengers• Organelles: cell membrane, golgi bodies,
vacuoles
function in hormones function in hormones and cell membrane and cell membrane and for energy storageand for energy storage
function in hormones function in hormones and cell membrane and cell membrane and for energy storageand for energy storage
chemically diverse organic compounds
chemically diverse organic compounds
examples: fats, oils, waxesexamples: fats, oils, waxesexamples: fats, oils, waxesexamples: fats, oils, waxes
contain C, H, Ocontain C, H, Ocontain C, H, Ocontain C, H, O
water insolublewater insolublewater insolublewater insoluble
classified as classified as saturated or saturated or unsaturatedunsaturated
classified as classified as saturated or saturated or unsaturatedunsaturated
glycerol
also steroids also steroids (serve as chemical (serve as chemical messengers)messengers)
also steroids also steroids (serve as chemical (serve as chemical messengers)messengers)
Note the molecular structure’s “E” shape
Note the molecular structure’s “E” shape
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
HOO
C HC
H
C
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H OO
C OO
C
H
H OO C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
HOO
C C
H
C
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
HOO
C C
H
C
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
H
made up ofmade up of
glycerolglycerol fatty acidsfatty acidsand
and
What are the molecules that make up lipids?
What are the functions of lipids?
Name examples of lipids.
glycerol and fatty acids
energy storage (long-term), make up the cell membrane and hormones
body fat, oils, waxes
Proteins• Compound: CHNO (made from amino
acids)• Foods: meat, beans and nuts• Use: growth, cell reproduction, tissue
repair, chemical reactions• Organelles: ribosomes, chromosomes
Enzymes are proteins which function to control the rate of chemical reactions.
Enzymes are proteins which function to control the rate of chemical reactions.
complex organic compounds made up of amino acids, needed for the body to function properly
complex organic compounds made up of amino acids, needed for the body to function properly
examples: muscles, hair, cartilage, nails
examples: muscles, hair, cartilage, nails
contain C, O, H, N and usually S or P
contain C, O, H, N and usually S or P
image credit: U.S. Department of Energy Human Genome Program, http://www.ornl.gov/TechResources/Human_Genome/graphics/slides/images/ras.gif
3D protein structure
an amino groupan amino group
are made up ofare made up of
and an “R” group which varies in the different amino acids
and an “R” group which varies in the different amino acids
a carboxyl groupa carboxyl group
H
H
N C
H
R
O
OH
C
C
H
H H
H
H
N C
H O
OH
C
C
OH
H H
H
H
N C
H O
OH
C
Alanine Serine
What is the monomer (subunit) for protein?
What are the functions of protein?
Name examples of proteins.
amino acids
structure or support; enzymes speed up chemical reactions
muscles, hair, cartilage, nails
Nucleic Acids• Compound: DNA & RNA (made from
sugar, phosphates and nitrogen bases)• Foods: (All organisms contain DNA)• Use: stores genetic information• Organelles: nucleus, mitochondria,
chloroplast
very large linear moleculesvery large linear molecules
examples: DNA and RNA
examples: DNA and RNA
contain C, H, N, O, Pcontain C, H, N, O, P
sugar
phosphate
nitrogen base
nucleotide
store genetic information, help to make proteins
store genetic information, help to make proteins
made up of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate and a N-base
made up of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate and a N-base
DNA molecule
sugar
phosphate
nitrogen base
What is the monomer (subunit) for nucleic acids?
What are the functions of nucleic acids?
Name examples of nucleic acid.
nucleotides
store genetic information, help to make proteins
DNA, RNA
What are the compounds in a nucleotide?
sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base
Calorie = unit of energyWhich nutrients have
calories?
Proteins: 1 gram = 4 cal
Carbs: 1 gram = 4 cal
Lipids: 1 gram = 9 cal
Which is best?
What does your body do with calories that you do not use?
How do I know what nutrients are in my food?
1. What is the serving size?
2. This has almost 1/2 your daily needs of what nutrient?
3. Does this contain significant amounts of vitamins?
4. Is this a “healthy” option?
Reagents• Carbohydrate tests
– Iodine (Lugol’s reagent)• Tests for the presence of starch• Turns a purple black color when starch is present
– Benedict’s reagent• Tests for the presence of sugar (monosaccharide)• Turns orange/red/yellow when a sugar is present
Reagents• Protein test
– Biuret’s reagent• Tests for the presence of a protein• Turns a purple (light)/ violet color
• Lipid test– Sudan III
• Turns red in the presence of a lipid
– Spot test• Turns translucent
Reagents
• DNA tests– Methlyene blue
• Clear solution that turns blue in the presence DNA
Food Test Lab
• With a lab partner, test 5 foods and water to see whether they contain carbs, proteins or lipids
• Send one person from each group to get a small sample of each food in your test cups
• Add a small amount of the indicators and record your observations (turn in one table per partnership)