Date post: | 04-Apr-2018 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | kimberlie-dela-merced-tomas |
View: | 215 times |
Download: | 0 times |
7/30/2019 Biological Agents(Mutalib)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/biological-agentsmutalib 1/24
7/30/2019 Biological Agents(Mutalib)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/biological-agentsmutalib 2/24
A micro-organism, including those that have beengenetically modified, a cell culture and a human
endoparasite, which may be able to provoke any infection, allergy or toxicity.
Widely found in the natural environment and as aresult found in many work sectors. They include
bacteria, viruses, fungi (yeasts and moulds) andparasites. Some of these agents are harmless whileothers may have potential to cause ill health.
7/30/2019 Biological Agents(Mutalib)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/biological-agentsmutalib 3/24
TYPES OF BIOLOGICAL AGENT ANTHRAX Is a serious infection caused by the gram-positive, spore-forming bacteria, Bacillus
anthracis.
In industrialized nations, infection in human was all but nonexistent until the threat of bioterrorism became apparent in late 2001.
Infection occurs through contact with infected animals, products from infected animals,and intentionally tainted materials.
Anthrax is potential biologic weapon because spores can be distributed easily throughthe mail or other means.
People exposed to airborne particles may develop cutaneous, inhalation, or G.I. anthrax,based on the route of exposure.
7/30/2019 Biological Agents(Mutalib)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/biological-agentsmutalib 4/24
Mode of Transmission
SIGN & SYMPTOMS• Cutaneous
• Inhalation
• Gastrointestinal ingestion
a papule develops andprogresses to vesicle and,ultimately, to necrotic ulcer;fever, malaise, headache.
fever, cough, fatigue, and mildchest discomfort occurs and may rapidly progress to severerespiratory distress, diaphoresis,stridor, cyanosis, and signs of meningitis (nuchal rigidity,
headache, photophobia, alteredmental status); may proceed toshock and death within 24 to 36hours.
nausea, anorexia, fever, severeabdominal pain, hematemesis,
and bloody diarrhea may occur
7/30/2019 Biological Agents(Mutalib)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/biological-agentsmutalib 5/24
Diagnostic Evaluation Nasal swab testing may be conducted on several people
to detect contamination by anthrax in the
environment, but this does not confirm infection by anthrax in an individual.
Testing to confirm disease in an individual includesblood, tissue, and spinal f luid cultures (before
antibiotics); polymerase chain reaction testing; and x-ray to identify mediastinal widening in inhalationanthrax.
7/30/2019 Biological Agents(Mutalib)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/biological-agentsmutalib 6/24
PharmacologicInterventions
Nursing Interventions
Antibiotic prophylaxis afterexposure to spores is warranted, and60 days therapy is advised. Drugrecommendations include:
Ciprofloxacin , Doxycycline ,
Amoxicillin I.V. corticosteroids may be given to
adjunct therapy in severe cases.
An anthrax vaccine has beenavailable for veterinarians (notroutinely used due to low incidenceof animal disease).
Monitor temperature. Monitor level of consciousness and for
meningeal signs Position for maximum chest expansion
and reposition frequently to mobilizesecretions.
Administer I.V. fluids to encourage oralfluid intake to replace the fluid lost
through hyperthermia and tachypnea. For G.I. anthrax, maintain G.I
decompression, monitor emesis andliquid stool output, and medicate forabdominal pain, as needed.
Advice the patient and family thatanthrax is not transmitted person toperson; one must come in contact with
the spores to contact infection
7/30/2019 Biological Agents(Mutalib)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/biological-agentsmutalib 7/24
BOTULISM 3 Main Kinds of Botulism
is a paralytic illness caused by theneurotoxin produced by clostridium botulinum.
Food-borne botulism iscaused by eating foods thatcontain the botulinumneurotoxin.
Wound botulism is caused by neurotoxin produced from a
wound that is infected with thebacteria Clostridium botulinum.
Infant botulism occurs whenan infant consumes the spores of the botulinum bacteria. The
bacteria then grow in theintestines and release theneurotoxin
7/30/2019 Biological Agents(Mutalib)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/biological-agentsmutalib 8/24
SYMPTOMS double vision, blurred vision, drooping
eyelids, slurred speech, difficulty swallowing,dry mouth, and muscle weakness .Constipation
Infants with botulism appear lethargic, weak, andfloppy, feed poorly, become constipated, and have a
weak cry and poor muscle tone.
7/30/2019 Biological Agents(Mutalib)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/biological-agentsmutalib 9/24
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS brain scan,
spinal fluid examination
nerve conduction test
mouse inoculation test
stool cultures
7/30/2019 Biological Agents(Mutalib)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/biological-agentsmutalib 10/24
TREATMENT PREVENTION
botulism can be treated withan antitoxin that blocks theaction of neurotoxincirculating in the blood
The antitoxin can prevent thedisorder from worsening, but
recovery still takes many weeks.
covering the mouth and nose with a scarf.
Exposed skin and clothingshould be washed with soapand water
7/30/2019 Biological Agents(Mutalib)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/biological-agentsmutalib 11/24
Nursing Intervention
If you suspect the patient ate contaminated food, obtain a carefulhistory of his food intake for the past several days.
If the patient ate the food within several hours, induce vomiting,begin gastric lavage, and give a high enema to purge any
unabsorbed toxins from the bowel. Before giving anti-toxin, obtain an accurate patient history of
allergies. If the patient has difficulty in swallowing, initiate nasogastric
tube feedings or TPN as ordered.
Suction the patient as needed. Turn the patient often and encourage deep breathing exercises. Position the patient in proper alignment and assist with range-
of-motion exercises. Monitor intake and output.
7/30/2019 Biological Agents(Mutalib)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/biological-agentsmutalib 12/24
PLAGUE is an infectious disease that affects rodents or flea,
certain other animals and humans. It is caused by the yersinia pestis bacteria. These bacteria are found inmany areas of the world.
7/30/2019 Biological Agents(Mutalib)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/biological-agentsmutalib 13/24
Forms of Plague
Bubonic Plague an infection of thelymph nodes.
fever,headache, chills, weakness,a swollen and tender lymph node
Septicemic Plague an infection of the blood.
fever, chills, extreme weakness,abdominal pain, necrosis
Pneumonic Plague an infection of
the lungs fever, headache, weakness and a
rapidly developing pneumonia with shortness of breath, chestpain, cough and sometimes
bloody or watery mucous
7/30/2019 Biological Agents(Mutalib)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/biological-agentsmutalib 14/24
Transmission Risk factors
Flea bites
Contact with contaminatedfluid or tissue.
Infectious droplets
include a recent flea bite andexposure to rodents,especially rabbits, squirrels,or prairie dogs, or scratches orbites from infected domesticcats.
7/30/2019 Biological Agents(Mutalib)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/biological-agentsmutalib 15/24
EXAM AND TEST TREATMENT
Blood culture
Culture of lymph nodeaspirate (fluid taken from anaffected lymph node or bubo)
Sputum culture
Isolation barrier precaution withfull face respirators. The patientshould wear a mask.
Clothing and linens with body fluids on them should be cleaned
with the usual disinfectant. Antibiotics should be given as
soon as possible. To prevent a highrisk of death in patients with
pneumonic plague, preferably within 24hours of the firstsymptoms.
drug of choice streptomycin orgentamicin.
7/30/2019 Biological Agents(Mutalib)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/biological-agentsmutalib 16/24
7/30/2019 Biological Agents(Mutalib)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/biological-agentsmutalib 17/24
SMALLPOX is a serious, contagious, and sometimes fatal infectious
disease. There is no specific treatment for smallpoxdisease, and the only prevention is vaccination.
Is an infectious and highly communicable diseasecharacterized by marked symptom during theprodromal period and appearance of the skin eruption which progresses through the stages of macule,papule, vesicle, pustule and crust to end putting searformation.
7/30/2019 Biological Agents(Mutalib)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/biological-agentsmutalib 18/24
ETIOLOGY Modes of Transmission:
Variola Virus – is a large virus measuring about200mm in diameter, whichcontain a DNA core and isthermostable , remaining
viable for months in a dry
climate.
direct contact – throughformites and othercontaminated articles
droplet infection andsecretions – 3rd-8th day afteronset of fever- it is
transmittable. It is the periodin which mucous membraneare involved.
7/30/2019 Biological Agents(Mutalib)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/biological-agentsmutalib 19/24
CLINICAL
MANIFESTATIONS: TREATMENT Hyperpyrexia ( 40°C-41°C),
headache, weakness andbackache, abdominal pain,nausea and vomiting, severemuscular and joints pain.
RASH
Symptomatic and supportive– as there is no specific cure
Antibiotics – are indicated foronly secondary bacterial
infections
7/30/2019 Biological Agents(Mutalib)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/biological-agentsmutalib 20/24
Tularemia is an infection common in wild rodents that is passed
to humans through contact with infected animaltissues or by ticks, biting flies, and mosquitoes.
c Francisella tularensis is considered a potentialbioterrorism agent. An aerosol release would be apossible method of infection. Pneumonia cases wouldstart 1 - 10 days after people were exposed. aused by thebacterium Francisella tularensis.
7/30/2019 Biological Agents(Mutalib)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/biological-agentsmutalib 21/24
Humans can become infected through several routes,including:
Tick and deer fly bites
Skin contact with infected animals
Ingestion of contaminated water
Laboratory exposure
Inhalation of contaminated dusts or aerosols
In addition, humans could be exposed as a result of bioterrorism.
7/30/2019 Biological Agents(Mutalib)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/biological-agentsmutalib 22/24
PREVENTIONSteps to prevent tularemia include:
Use of insect repellent
Wearing gloves when handling sick or dead animals Avoiding mowing over dead animals
7/30/2019 Biological Agents(Mutalib)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/biological-agentsmutalib 23/24
TREATMENT Antibiotics
used to treat tularemia include streptomycin,gentamicin, doxycycline, and ciprofloxacin.
Treatment usually lasts 10 to 21 days depending on thestage of illness and the medication used. Althoughsymptoms may last for several weeks, most patients
completely recover.
7/30/2019 Biological Agents(Mutalib)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/biological-agentsmutalib 24/24
SALAMAT PO!!!!!