Biological Biological ClassificationClassification
Group the following in any way Group the following in any way you would like, you would like,
but justify your grouping! but justify your grouping!
• Frogs• Bears• Ants• Spiders• Bacteria
• Humans• Dolphins• Sharks• Mushrooms• Pine Trees
Why do we Classify?Why do we Classify?
• Recognize similarities between living things (DNA, biomolecules, cells)
• Group organisms according to those similarities
• Taxonomy: the science of classifying organisms
• Who created Taxonomy?–Aristotle was the first scientist to group organisms based on physical characteristics –Carolus Linnaeus (1707 – 1778) a Swedish botanist , came up with the current system.
Classification Groups Classification Groups • The groups (largest to
smallest) – Domain– Kingdom– Phylum– Class– Order– Family– Genus – Species
• A sentence to help you remember! – Dear– King– Philip– Came – Over– For– Good– Soup
Levels of Classification: Levels of Classification: The 3 Domains The 3 Domains
(based on cell type)(based on cell type)
Eubacteria Eukaryota
Archaea
The Five Kingdoms The Three Domains
Levels of Classification: Levels of Classification: The 5 KingdomsThe 5 Kingdoms
- Based on…- Cell type- Number of Cells- Mode of Feeding Fungi
Animalia Plantae
Protista
Monera
The Five Kingdoms
Final 7 Levels of Classification Final 7 Levels of Classification 1 is Largest- 7 is Smallest1 is Largest- 7 is Smallest
7. Species
6. Genus
5. Family 4. Order
3. Class
2.Phylum
1. Kingdom
7 Levels of 7 Levels of ClassificationClassification
Examples of ClassificationExamples of Classification
Common Pond Amoeba• KINGDOM: Protista • PHYLUM: Sarcomastigophora • CLASS: Sarcodina • ORDER: Granulopodea • FAMILY: Amoebidae• GENUS: Amoeba • SPECIES: Amoeba proteus
Examples of ClassificationExamples of Classification
Humans• KINGDOM: Animalia (animal cells, heterotroph)• PHYLUM: Chordata (all vertebrates)• CLASS: Mammalia (all mammals)• ORDER: Primata (all primates)• FAMILY: Hominidae (bipedal primates)• GENUS: Homo (humans and neanderthals)• SPECIES: Homo sapiens (humans only!)
Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature• Binomial Nomenclature - the formal system of naming species. (Bi = two, nomial =
names)• The last two classification groups (genus and species) are used to create a unique
name for each species. – Because we use two groups for the name, similar species will have similar names. – Example: Ursus arctos (Grizzly Bear) and Ursus maritimus (Polar Bear)– In a species name, only the Genus is capitalized.
• Latin is the language used to make these names. Since it is no longer spoken anywhere, we do not have to worry about it changing.
What evidence is used to What evidence is used to classify?classify?
• Homologous (similar) Structures – Ex: The bones in a
bat’s wing are almost the same as the bones in a human hand
• Similar Behaviors– Ex: All mammals
nurse their young
• Similarities in genes (DNA or protein sequence)– Ex: Human and
Primate DNA is 99% similar
Evidence for ClassificationEvidence for Classification
• Fossil Record: Past organisms studied through fossils– Ex: Trilobites and
horsehoe crabs
• Embryology: similar development patterns in unborn of different species– Ex: Dolphin limb buds
• Hybridization: ability to successfully interbreed different species.– Ex: Zorse
Homologous StructuresHomologous Structures
EmbryologyEmbryology
HybridizationHybridization