Biological Engineering:from blue roses to space suits
Cory CraigUniversity of California, Davis3/23/03
American Chemical Society 225th
National Meeting, New Orleans, LA, March 23-27, 2003.
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What is Biological Engineering?
Application of engineering principles to biological and medical problems
Biological Engineering
Bioengineering
Biomedical Engineering
????
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NIH Definition of Bioengineering
Bioengineering integrates physical, chemical, or mathematical sciences and engineering principles for the study of biology, medicine, behavior, or health.
It advances fundamental concepts, creates knowledge for the molecular to the organ systems levels, and develops innovative biologics, materials, processes, implants, devices, and informatics approaches for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, for patient rehabilitation, and for improving health.
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Ancient History
Biological Engineering: – a recent profession… with a long history
Distillation: – known to Aristotle ca. 322 BC
Fermentation: – first used to produce beer, wine & bread– at least 10,000 years old
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Ancient History
Sanitation, sewer systems, water filtration– Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, Harappans, Sumerians
Prostheses: – Used since ancient times– Arms, legs, hands, feet, eyes, teeth
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Biological Engineering in the 20th Century
Pre-WWII: Little interaction
Post-WWII:Advances in technology, materials & medicine
Professional Societies: 1950s & 1960s
*Academic Degree Programs: 1960s & 1970s
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Outline
Biomedical
Chemical
Agricultural
Human Factors
Environmental
Brief Definition
History & Milestones
What They Do
Associations & Institutions
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Biomedical Engineering: Definition
Application of engineering principles to medicine & human health
Including basic research in fields such as: – genetic engineering – tissue engineering– gene therapy, etc.
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Biomedical Engineering: History & Milestones
Phrase first used: 1930
Medical electronics: 1950’s – Drinker respirator (iron lung) – 1927– First heart-lung bypass – 1939– Cardiac catheterization & angiography -1940s– Electron microscope – 1950s
Academic degree programs: 1960’s– University of Pennsylvania – 1961– Johns Hopkins, Rochester, Northwestern
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WhatBiomedical Engineers Do
Medical Instrumentation: Electronic devices & techniques to diagnose and treat disease.
– Defibrillators: electrical stimulation of the heart– Kidney Dialysis: filter waste products & excess fluids from blood
Biomaterials: Use of artificial materials & living tissue to develop implants. Design physical props, fatigue, biocompatibility
– Heart valves: chemically inert, smooth surface to prevent turbulence– Artificial joints: high strength, fatigue and abrasion resistance
Modelling System Physiology: Computer models to analyze data and describe events limb movement, metabolism
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What Biomedical Engineers Do
Medical Imaging: Sound, radiation, magnetism used to generate images– Magnetic resonance imaging: radio waves & magnet create images– Positron emission tomography: first functional info about the brain
Biosignal Processing: Extract relevant data from biological signal (e.g., EKG)– software to detect brain activity or heart arrythmia
Biomechanics & Rehabilitation Engineering:Fluid mechanics and transport phenomenaProsthetics: improve or restore normal function
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What Biomedical Engineers Do
Blue Roses:– Efforts to insert human gene into a rose
Artificial blood:– Long shelf life, no refrigeration– Sterilizable to remove infectious pathogens– No need for cross-matching
Retinal Implants:– Replacement of rods & cones
with silicon plate
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Biomedical Engineering: Associations & Institutions
American Institite for Medical & Biological Engineering – AIMBE 1989 465 members
ASME Bioengineering Division– BED 1973 Formerly: Biomechanical & Human Factors
Biomedical Engineering Society– BMES 1968 3,400 members
IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Soc.– EMBS 1950 8,500 members
Whitaker Foundation 615 million in funding– 1975-2006
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Chemical Engineering: Definition
Design of industrial processes. Involves:– translating laboratory processes into large-scale
production– designing plants to maximize productivity and
minimize costs – evaluating plant operations for performance and
product quality
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Chemical Engineering: History & Milestones
First uses of phrase: 1839 & 1879
Conceptual ApproachesUnit Operations: 1915
– Distillation, heat exchange, filtration, catalysis, etc.
Transport Phenomena Approach: 1960’s– Fluid flow, heat transfer, etc at the microscopic level
Molecular Engineering: ca. 2000 – Uses systems approach to develop new products
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Chemical Engineering: History & Milestones
Synthetic Ammonia: Haber-Bosch Process 1909– Fixed nitrogen fertilizer and munitions
Synthetic Rubber: 1940’s Polymer research
– Increased rubber production 100-fold
Atomic Bomb: Hanford Engineering Works– DuPont lab produces plutonium for atomic bombs
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WhatChemical Engineers Do
Process Design Engineering:Design facilities, equipment, & materials used in manufacturing
Product Engineering:Follows production cycle for a product
Process Safety Engineering:Responsible for maintaining safe production facilities
Quality Control Engineering:Ensures products manufactured according to specifications
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What Chemical Engineers Do
Molecular Engineering/Nanotechnology“Control of the structure of matter at the molecular level”
--Eric Drexler
Metabolic Engineering Exploits the genetic, catalytic, and transport processes that comprise metabolism for biomedical uses.
Drug Production & Delivery– Penicillin, vaccines, other pharmaceuticals– New technology for drug delivery
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Chemical Engineering: Associations & Institutions
American Institute of Chemical Engineers– AIChE 1908 59,000 members
ACS, Div. of Industrial & Engineering Chemistry– I&EC 1908
Institution of Chemical Engineers– IChemE 1922 25,000 members
American Institute of Chemists– AIC 1923 3,000 members
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Agricultural Engineering: Definition
Design of farm machinery & structures
Drainage, soil mangement, & erosion controlIrrigation and water supply
Processing of farm products
Relies on: mechanical, electrical, environmental & civil engineering
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What Agricultural Engineers Do
Farm power & machinery engineering:– development of tractors, field machinery, etc.
Farm structures engineering:– develping facilities for storing crops – providing shelter for animals & humans
Soil and water control engineering:– water for crops and animals – soil drainage & conservation
Electric power & processing engineering– distribution and use of electric power
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WhatAgricultural Engineers Do
Computer electronics & sensors used to– determine soil fertility & adjust fertilizer applied
Robotics and machine vision used to– harvest of fruits and vegetables
GPS & remote sensing used to: – monitor crop yield– control computerized field equipment
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Human Factors Engineering: Definition
Application of “what is known about human capabilities & limitations to design of products, processes, & work environments.” -- Sandia National Laboratories
Also called: Ergonomics, Biodynamics
Overlaps with: biomedical, environmental, & agricultural engineering
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WhatHuman Factors Engineers Do
Maintainability Design– minimize time & effort for system maintinence
Hardware & Software Design– interfaces for computers/programs easier to use
Usability Testing– quantitative evaluation human-machine interface– interviews and focus groups, detailed task-simulations
Human Reliability Analysis– likelihood that human errors will occur, – identify better designs & reduce potential error
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Environmental Engineering: Definition
Develops processes & infrastructure for:– Water Supply: transport, filtration, safety
– Waste Disposal: sewage, toxic, hazardous
– Control of Pollution: monitor, reduce, remediate
Also: Life support in outer space, ocean, polar environments
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Environmental Engineering: History & Milestones
Civil Engineering Sanitary EngineeringEnvironmental Engineering (1960s)
Before 1850’s: design of water supply systems
1850 to 1950: industrialization & urbanization
U.S. Environmental Laws:– Clean Air Act (1970)– Safe Drinking Water Act (1974)– Toxic Substances Control Act (1976)– Clean Water Act (1977)
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What Environmental Engineers Do
Space Suits: Protect against– Temperatures from –180 F° to +277 F°– Impact of micro-meteoroids & orbital debris– Allow movement when fully pressurized– Above 63,000 feet – body fluids not liquid
Bioremediation: use of biological processes to restore polluted environments
– most contaminants will biodegrade– creates or optimizes conditions
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Environmental Engineering: Associations & Institutions
American Society of Civil Engineers– ASCE 1852 120,000 members
American Water Works Association– AWWA 1881 56,000 members
American Public Works Association– APWA 1894 24,000 members
American Academy of Environmental Engineers– AAEE 1955 2,600 members– Known as Am. Acad. Sanitary Engineers until 1966
Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry– SETAC 1979 5,000 members
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Photo Credits-1
Space Suit http://www.iao.com/howthing/images/spacesuit.jpgBlue-Rose www.worth1000.com/posts/ image/20159_w.jpgDNA http://www.hemophiliagalaxy.com/1_PATIENTS/ENCYCLOPEDIA/images/DNA.GIFSlide Rule http://www.cs.umass.edu/~weems/CmpSci535/535images/Sliderule%20Close%202.JPG
Still Furter, W. 1980. History of Chemical Engineering. ACS, Washington, D.C. Caveman http://www.mixologys.com/News_Images/Caveman2.jpgAqueduct http://eap.ucop.edu/eap/photos/contest/finalists/spain/aqueduct.jpgArtificial Limbs http://nmhm.washingtondc.museum/exhibits/nationswounds/imgs/prosthetic_lg.jpg
Artificial Hand Science 295(5557): 995Glass Eyes http://www.uihealthcare.com/depts/medmuseum/galleryexhibits/eyeofbeholder/
images/19detailfromabove.gifCadesus http://www.miamirehab.com/indexesp/cadesus.gifTest tubes http://www.wolverinesports.com/SCI/11506.JPGPetri dish http://www.microbe.org/art/Deinococcus_culture.jpgIron lung http://www.rotary5030.org/DistrictNewsletter/0902DistNews/
Rotary_Foundation/Iron_Lung/0902IronLung.jpgElectron Microscope http://www.sdsc.edu/~marty/cmda/jeol4000.jpg
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Photo Credits-2
Earthworm http://www.mos.org/sln/SEM/gallery/slideshow/slide33.htmlHip Joint http://www.lehigh.edu/~inmatsci/wonder/hipjoint.jpgElectrocardiogram http://www.manbir-online.com/grafics4/ecg-stress-1.gifHeart Valve http://www.ctsnet.org/vendor_graphics/products/709.gifBrain http://www.bsp.brain.riken.go.jp/ICALAB/ICALABImageProc/benchmarks/help/
MRI/MRI_color_small_10.jpgBlue-Rose www.worth1000.com/posts/ image/20159_w.jpgHuman eye http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/intro/ibank/ibank/0048.jpgIndustry http://www.pca.state.mn.us/artwork/miscphotos/smokestacks.jpgAmmonia http://members.tripod.com/~EppE/jpgs/ammonia.jpgBall http://www.cityofbarrie.com/managers/Bus_Web_Page_Pics/694742-1.jpgNanotechnology http://www.21stcentury.co.uk/images/science/nanotechnology_main.jpg
Plant chemistry http://nafbw.wsu.edu/Assets/Images/ibc5%5B1%5D.jpgCombine http://web.inetba.com/wetec2/images/combine.jpgCorn field http://www.sdnotill.com/images/corn%20field.jpgErgonomics http://www.brooks.af.mil/dis/INCON18/ergonomics.gif
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Photo Credits-3
CA Aqueduct http://www.mwdoc.com/images/2b-image.jpgPollution http://www.popinfo.org/media/other/pollution.jpgSpace Suit http://www.iao.com/howthing/images/spacesuit.jpgBioremediation http://www.anl.gov/OPA/factsheets/r6-02.htm
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