Copyright © Rebecca Rehder Wingerden
Lecture Presentations for
Biology Eighth Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Person Benjamin Cummings College Board, AP Biology Curriculum Framework 2012-2013
Change in the genetic makeup of a population over time is evolution. (1.A.4.)
Big Idea 1: Evolution
22.2-22.3, 25.2
Copyright © 2012 Rebecca Rehder Wingerden Fig. 26-3
SPECIES: Panthera pardus
GENUS: Panthera
FAMILY: Felidae
ORDER: Carnivora
CLASS: Mammalia
PHYLUM: Chordata
KINGDOM: Animalia
ArchaeaDOMAIN: EukaryaBacteria
a. Scientific evidence of biological evolution uses information from geographical, geological, physical, chemical and mathematical applications.
b. Molecular, morphological and genetic information of existing and extinct organisms add to our understanding of evolution.
Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics. (1.A.4)
Hierarchical classification: At each level of the Linnaean classification system, species are placed into groups belonging to more comprehensive groups.
Copyright © 2012 Rebecca Rehder Wingerden
Bristolia insolens
Bristolia bristolensis
Bristolia harringtoni
Bristolia mohavensis
Dep
th (m
eter
s)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
1
2
3
3
3
1
2
441. Fossils can be dated by a variety of methods that provide evidence for evolution.
- These include the (1) age of the rocks where a fossil is found,
• Law of superposition, “relative” age of fossils
Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics. (1.A.4)
Latham Shale dig site, San Bernardino county, Ca., was deposited between 513 and 512 million years ago. Copyright © 2012 Rebecca Rehder Wingerden
Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics. (1.A.4)
Fig. 25-5
Time (half-lives)
Accumulating “daughter” isotope
Remaining “parent” isotopeFr
actio
n of
par
ent
isot
ope
rem
aini
ng
1 2 3 4
1/21/4
1/8 1/16
• “Absolute” ages of fossils can be determined by radiometric dating.
• Geologist can apply an indirect method to infer the absolute age of fossils.
- the (2) rate of decay of isotopes (radiometric dating) including: • carbon-14 with a half life of 5730 years • uranium-238 with a half life of 4.56 billion
Bozeman Biology: Radiocarbon Dating (10:00 min.) http://www.bozemanscience.com/radiocarbon-dating
Fig. 22-19
Hawks and other birds
Ostriches
Crocodiles
Lizards and snakes
Amphibians
Mammals
Lungfishes
Tetrapod limbs
Amnion
Feathers
Homologous characteristic
Branch point (common ancestor)
TetrapodsAm
niotes
Birds
6
5
4
3
2
1
- the (3) relationships within phylogenetic trees,
Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics. (1.A.4)
Fig. 26-19
Divergence time (millions of years)
Num
ber o
f mut
atio
ns
120
90
90
60
60
30
300
0
- and the (4) mathematical calculations that take into account information from chemical properties and/or geographical data. • molecular clock - method compares the amount of
genetic difference between living organisms and computes an age based on well-tested rates of genetic mutation over time
Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics. (1.A.4)
- biochronology - age estimate based on the fauna arrangement (younger to older), used when sites that cannot be readily dated, the animal species found there can be compared to well-dated species from other sites.
Copyright © 2012 Rebecca Rehder Wingerden
Copyright © 2012 Rebecca Rehder Wingerden
Fig. 22-17
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Human WhaleCat Bat
2. Morphological homologies represent features shared by common ancestry.
Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics. (1.A.4)
Fig. 22-17
Mammalian forelimbs: homologous structures: Even though they have become adapted for different functions, the forelimbs of all mammals are constructed from the same basic skeletal elements: one large bone (purple), attached to two smaller bones (orange & tan), attached to several small bones (gold), attached to several metacarpals (green), attached to approximately five digits, or phalanges (blue).
Copyright © 2012 Rebecca Rehder Wingerden
Fig. 22-16
(a) Pakicetus (terrestrial)
(b) Rhodocetus (predominantly aquatic)
(c) Dorudon (fully aquatic)
Pelvis and hind limb
Pelvis and hind limb
(d) Balaena (recent whale ancestor)
Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics. (1.A.4)
The transition to life in the sea.
- Vestigial structures are remnants of functional structures, which can be compared to fossils and provide evidence for evolution.
• Skeletons of some snakes retain vestiges of the pelvis and leg bones of walking ancestors
• Decreased size and loss of function in cetaceans’ hind limbs
Copyright © 2012 Rebecca Rehder Wingerden Fig. 26-8
Deletion
Insertion
1
2
3
4
3. Biochemical and genetic similarities, in particular DNA nucleotide and protein sequences, provide evidence for evolution and ancestry. - The same genetic code:
DNA, RNA, Protein Synthesis (molecular systematics)
Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics.
Aligning segments of DNA: Systematists use computer software to find and align similar sequences along DNA segments from two species.
Learn.Genetics Molecular Genealogy http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/extras/molgen/index.html
Copyright © 2012 Rebecca Rehder Wingerden
Fig. 26-5
Sister taxa (groups of organisms that share an immediate common ancestor)ANCESTRAL
LINEAGE
Taxon A
Polytomy (unresolved pattern of divergence)
Common ancestor of taxa A–F
Branch point (aka: node)
Taxon B
Taxon C
Taxon D
Taxon E
Taxon F
4. Mathematical models and simulations can be used to illustrate and support evolutionary concepts. - Construction of phylogenetic trees based on
sequence data
Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics. (1.A.4)
Bozeman Biology: Evidence for Evolution II (10:00 min.) http://www.bozemanscience.com/evidence-for-evolution-ii
Bozeman Biology: Evidence for Evolution (13:00 min.) http://www.bozemanscience.com/004-evidence-for-evolution
Fig. 26-4
Species
Canis lupus
Pantherapardus
Taxidea taxus
Lutra lutra
Canis latrans
Order Family Genus
Carnivora
FelidaeM
ustelidaeC
anidae
Canis
LutraTaxidea
Panthera
1. The branch point that represents the most recent common ancestor of all members of the weasel (Mustelidae) and dog (Canidae) families?
2. The branch point that represents the most recent common ancestor of the coyotes and gray wolves?
2
1
1
2
Copyright © 2012 Rebecca Rehder Wingerden Copyright © 2012 Rebecca Rehder Wingerden
TAXA
Lanc
elet
(o
utgr
oup)
Lam
prey
Sala
man
der
Leop
ard
Turt
le
Tuna
Vertebral column (backbone)
Hinged jaws
Four walking legs
Amniotic (shelled) egg
CH
AR
AC
TER
S
HairHair
Hinged jaws
Vertebral column
Four walking legs
Amniotic egg
Salamander
Leopard
Turtle
Lamprey
Tuna
Lancelet (outgroup)
0
0 0
0
0
0
0 0
0
0
0 0
0 0 0 1
11
111
1
11
1
1
11
11
-Constructing a phylogenetic tree: • shared ancestral character - backbone (originated in an
ancestor) • shared derived characteristic - in mammals hair (evolutionary
novelty unique to a particular clade)
Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics. (1.A.4)
(a) Character table: A 0 indicates that a character is absent; a 1 indicates that a character is present.
(b) Phylogenetic tree: Analyzing the distribution of these derived characters can provide insight into vertebrate phylogeny