Date post: | 18-Dec-2015 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | veronica-barton |
View: | 219 times |
Download: | 2 times |
Biological MoleculesBiological MoleculesThe Building Blocks of The Building Blocks of LifeLife
An Introduction An Introduction to General to General
Biochemistry-IIBiochemistry-II(BCH 302)(BCH 302)
Dr . Saba AbdiDr . Saba Abdi
Asst . Prof. Dept. Of BiochemistryAsst . Prof. Dept. Of Biochemistry
College Of ScienceCollege Of Science
King Saud University. Riyadh.KSAKing Saud University. Riyadh.KSA
11Dr.Saba AbdiDr.Saba Abdi
Course description:Course description:
This is the second part of general This is the second part of general biochemistry course . This part covers biochemistry course . This part covers carbohydrates, lipids , nucleic acids and carbohydrates, lipids , nucleic acids and relevant chemical moieties( hormones, relevant chemical moieties( hormones, vitamins, coenzymes , heme and vitamins, coenzymes , heme and minerals) with special emphasis on minerals) with special emphasis on macromolecules structure and functionmacromolecules structure and function
Dr.Saba AbdiDr.Saba Abdi 22
Text and reference Text and reference Books:Books:
1.Principles of Biochemistry by Lehninger1.Principles of Biochemistry by Lehninger 2.Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews 2.Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews
3. Stryer,L: Biochemistry.3. Stryer,L: Biochemistry. 4. Harper’s Biochemistry4. Harper’s Biochemistry
Dr.Saba AbdiDr.Saba Abdi 33
ExaminationExamination
..
Dr.Saba AbdiDr.Saba Abdi 44
Continuous assessment 30 marks
Practical examination 20 marks
Final examination 50 marks
Grand total 100 marks
BiochemistryBiochemistry
Biochemistry is a special branch of Biochemistry is a special branch of organic chemistry that deals with matter organic chemistry that deals with matter inside the living cell called inside the living cell called ProtoplasmProtoplasm. .
Protoplasm is an enormously complex Protoplasm is an enormously complex mixture of organic compounds where mixture of organic compounds where high levels of chemical activity occur. high levels of chemical activity occur.
55Dr.Saba AbdiDr.Saba Abdi
Primary Organic Primary Organic CompoundsCompounds
1.1. CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
2.2. LipidsLipids
3.3. ProteinsProteins
4.4. Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
66Dr.Saba AbdiDr.Saba Abdi
Polymers ands MonomersPolymers ands Monomers
Each of these types of molecules are Each of these types of molecules are polymers that are assembled from single polymers that are assembled from single units called monomers.units called monomers.
Each type of macromolecule is an Each type of macromolecule is an assemblage of a different type of assemblage of a different type of monomer. monomer.
77Dr.Saba AbdiDr.Saba Abdi
MonomersMonomers
MacromoleculeMacromolecule
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
LipidsLipids
ProteinsProteins
Nucleic acidsNucleic acids
MonomerMonomer
MonosaccharideMonosaccharide
Not always polymers; Not always polymers; Hydrocarbon chainsHydrocarbon chains
Amino acidsAmino acids
NucleotidesNucleotides
88Dr.Saba AbdiDr.Saba Abdi
How do monomers form How do monomers form polymers?polymers?
In condensation reactions (also called In condensation reactions (also called dehydration synthesis), a molecule of dehydration synthesis), a molecule of water is removed from two monomers as water is removed from two monomers as they are connected together.they are connected together.
99Dr.Saba AbdiDr.Saba Abdi
HydrolysisHydrolysis
In a reaction opposite to condensation, a In a reaction opposite to condensation, a water molecule can be added (along with water molecule can be added (along with the use of an enzyme) to split a polymer the use of an enzyme) to split a polymer in two.in two.
1212Dr.Saba AbdiDr.Saba Abdi
Functional Groups-Functional Groups-determine how a molecule will interact with determine how a molecule will interact with other moleculesother molecules
1515Dr.Saba AbdiDr.Saba Abdi
Important functional Important functional groups in biomoleculesgroups in biomolecules
1. 1. Hydroxy group Hydroxy group found in carbohydrates and found in carbohydrates and nucleic acidsnucleic acids
2. 2. Carboxylic acid Carboxylic acid found in amino acids and found in amino acids and fatty acidsfatty acids
3. 3. Amino groups Amino groups found in amino acids and found in amino acids and nucleic acidsnucleic acids
4. 4. Phosphate group Phosphate group found in nucleic acids and found in nucleic acids and phospholipidsphospholipids
5. 5. Methyl group Methyl group found in lipidsfound in lipids1818Dr.Saba AbdiDr.Saba Abdi
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
Carbohydrates are made of carbon, Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, always in a hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, always in a ratio of 1:2:1. ratio of 1:2:1.
Carbohydrates are the key source of Carbohydrates are the key source of energy used by living things and also energy used by living things and also serve as extracellular structural elements.serve as extracellular structural elements.
The building blocks of carbohydrates are The building blocks of carbohydrates are sugars, such as glucose and fructose. sugars, such as glucose and fructose.
1919Dr.Saba AbdiDr.Saba Abdi
Carbohydrates Carbohydrates classificationclassification
MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides (simple sugars) such as (simple sugars) such as glucose and fructose can't be converted into glucose and fructose can't be converted into smaller sugars by hydrolysis.smaller sugars by hydrolysis.
DisaccharideDisaccharide such as Sucrose (table sugar) such as Sucrose (table sugar) produced from two monosaccharides (glucose produced from two monosaccharides (glucose linked to fructose),linked to fructose),
PolysaccharidePolysaccharide such asCellulose is made of such asCellulose is made of several thousand glucose units connected by several thousand glucose units connected by acetal linkages (aldehyde and alcohol)acetal linkages (aldehyde and alcohol)
2020Dr.Saba AbdiDr.Saba Abdi
How do two monosaccharides How do two monosaccharides combine to make a combine to make a disaccharide?disaccharide?
2121Dr.Saba AbdiDr.Saba Abdi
LIPIDSLIPIDS
Lipids are oily hydrocarbon derivativesLipids are oily hydrocarbon derivatives They mainly serve as structursl They mainly serve as structursl
components of membranes and as storage components of membranes and as storage forms of energyforms of energy
Individual lipid molecules are small and not Individual lipid molecules are small and not classified as macromolecules. However a classified as macromolecules. However a large number of lipid molecules associate large number of lipid molecules associate noncovalently resulting in a large structure.noncovalently resulting in a large structure.
2323Dr.Saba AbdiDr.Saba Abdi
LipidsLipids
Lipids are molecules that consist of long Lipids are molecules that consist of long hydrocarbon chains. Attaching the three hydrocarbon chains. Attaching the three chains together is usually a glycerol chains together is usually a glycerol molecule. Lipids are NONpolar.molecule. Lipids are NONpolar.
2424Dr.Saba AbdiDr.Saba Abdi
ProteinsProteins
Proteins are polymers of amino acids. Proteins are polymers of amino acids. A peptide bond forms between amino A peptide bond forms between amino
acids by dehydration synthesis.acids by dehydration synthesis. Different proteins have different Different proteins have different
functions, some have catalytic activity, functions, some have catalytic activity, some are structural elements and some some are structural elements and some act as transporters.act as transporters.
2626Dr.Saba AbdiDr.Saba Abdi
Protein StructureProtein Structure
LevelLevel
PrimaryPrimary
SecondarySecondary
TertiaryTertiary
QuaternaryQuaternary
DescriptionDescriptionThe amino acid The amino acid
sequencesequenceHelices and SheetsHelices and Sheets
Disulfide bridgesDisulfide bridges
Multiple polypeptides Multiple polypeptides connectconnect
2828Dr.Saba AbdiDr.Saba Abdi
Nucleic Acids- Nucleic Acids- These molecules These molecules are the instructions to the cell onare the instructions to the cell onmaking proteinsmaking proteins
Nucleic acids are Nucleic acids are polymers of polymers of Nucleotides . Nucleotides .
Nucleotide is Nucleotide is composed ofa ribose composed ofa ribose sugar, nitrogen base sugar, nitrogen base and phosphate and phosphate group.group.
2929Dr.Saba AbdiDr.Saba Abdi
ATPATP::
Adenosine triphosphate, the universal energy Adenosine triphosphate, the universal energy carrier, is a single nucleotide (adenine) with carrier, is a single nucleotide (adenine) with
two extra phosphate groups attached.two extra phosphate groups attached.
3333Dr.Saba AbdiDr.Saba Abdi
VitaminsVitaminsVitamins are organic compounds that the Vitamins are organic compounds that the
body cannot manufacture itself in body cannot manufacture itself in sufficient quantities to meet demand and sufficient quantities to meet demand and therefore must absorb the required therefore must absorb the required nutrients from food sources.nutrients from food sources.
Vitamins are classified by solubilityVitamins are classified by solubility:: • • Fat-soluble: Vitamins A, D, E and K.Fat-soluble: Vitamins A, D, E and K. ••Water-soluble: B vitamins (8 total) and Water-soluble: B vitamins (8 total) and
vitamin Cvitamin C3434Dr.Saba AbdiDr.Saba Abdi
Vitamin FunctionsVitamin Functions Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions.
1.1.hormone-like functions(e.g. vitamin D)hormone-like functions(e.g. vitamin D)
2.2.Regulators of cell and tissue growth and Regulators of cell and tissue growth and differentiation (e.g. some forms of vitamin A). differentiation (e.g. some forms of vitamin A).
3.3.As antioxidants (e.g. vitamin E and sometimes As antioxidants (e.g. vitamin E and sometimes vitamin C). The largest number of vitamins vitamin C). The largest number of vitamins (e.g. B complex vitamins)(e.g. B complex vitamins)
3535Dr.Saba AbdiDr.Saba Abdi
..4.As precursors for enzyme cofactors, that 4.As precursors for enzyme cofactors, that
help enzymes in their work as catalysts in help enzymes in their work as catalysts in metabolism. In this role, vitamins may be metabolism. In this role, vitamins may be tightly bound to enzymes as part of tightly bound to enzymes as part of prosthetic groups(biotin) or it may also be prosthetic groups(biotin) or it may also be less tightly bound to enzyme catalysts as less tightly bound to enzyme catalysts as coenzymes ( folic acid)coenzymes ( folic acid)
3636Dr.Saba AbdiDr.Saba Abdi
MineralsMineralsVitamins differ from minerals because they are compounds or Vitamins differ from minerals because they are compounds or
molecules, whereas minerals are elements. molecules, whereas minerals are elements.
FunctionsFunctions • • crucial components of enzyme systemscrucial components of enzyme systems • • regulate musculoskeletal functionsregulate musculoskeletal functions • • responsible for nervous system transmissionresponsible for nervous system transmission • • facilitate blood clottingfacilitate blood clotting • • ensure normal cardiac rhythmensure normal cardiac rhythm
Classified as:Classified as: • • Major: Sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium,Major: Sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and sulfur.phosphorus, magnesium and sulfur. • • Trace: Iron, zinc, selenium, molybdenum and iodineTrace: Iron, zinc, selenium, molybdenum and iodine
3737Dr.Saba AbdiDr.Saba Abdi
HormonesHormones
A specific chemical compoundA specific chemical compound Produced by a specific tissue of the bodyProduced by a specific tissue of the body Where it is released in the body fluidsWhere it is released in the body fluids And carried to a distant target tissueAnd carried to a distant target tissue Where it affects a pre-existing Where it affects a pre-existing
mechanismmechanism And is effective is small amounts.And is effective is small amounts.
Dr.Saba AbdiDr.Saba Abdi 3838
Examples of hormonesExamples of hormones
Proteins and PolypeptidesProteins and Polypeptides OxytocinOxytocin InsulinInsulin
Biogenic aminesBiogenic amines ThyroxineThyroxine CatecholaminesCatecholamines
SteroidsSteroids EstrogensEstrogens ProgestinsProgestins AndrogensAndrogens
EicosanoidsEicosanoids ProstaglandinsProstaglandins ThromboxanesThromboxanes
Dr.Saba AbdiDr.Saba Abdi 3939
HemeHeme
HemeHeme is the prosthetic is the prosthetic group of hemoglobin, group of hemoglobin, myoglobin, & myoglobin, & cytochromes. cytochromes.
Dr.Saba AbdiDr.Saba Abdi 4040
N
N
N
N
CH3 HC
CH3
S CH2
CH3
CH S CH2
CH3
CH2
CH2
COO
CH3
H3C
CH2CH2 OOC
protein
protein
Fe
Heme c