Biological oceanography

OLR (1983) 30 (I 1) 871

The Earth.) Geophys. Jl R. astr. Soc., 73(3):765- 768. Girton Coll., Cambridge CB3 0JG, UK.

83:6407 Menard, H.W., 1983. Insular erosion, isostasy, and

subsidence. Science, 220(4600):913-918.

Subsidence history of volcanic islands provides evidence that thermal rejuvenation initiates mid-

plate swells. The timing and rates of subsidence are affected by both island size and the presence of barrier reefs which trap erosion products; reefless islands are eroded, apparently causing isostatic uplift which balances thermal subsidence. 'Study of the hundreds of islands now in the initial stages of subsidence may be a useful guide' to interpreting the history of epeirogeny. Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., La Jolla, Calif. 92093, USA. (ecs)

E. BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

El0. Apparatus and methods

83:6408 Dobbs, F.C., 1983. Monitoring defecation activity of

infaunai deposit feeders. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 12(1):47-50.

An inexpensive, reliable thermistor device capable of monitoring infaunal foraging activity was used to examine temperature effects on sediment reworking by Clymenella torquata. Defecation rate was linearly and positively related to temperature; the volume of sediment ejected per defecation did not change with temperature. Inst. for Genetik og Okologi, Aarhus Univ., Aarhus C, DK-8000, Denmark.

83:6409 Glasser, J.W., 1983. A model of the growth [by

fissionl of populations composed of individuals whose probabilities of growth, reproduction and death are size-specific. J. Plankt. Res., 5(3):305- 310. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Georgia, Athens, Ga. 30602, USA.

83:6410 Lynch, Michael, 1983. Estimation of size-specific

mortality rates in zooplankton populations by periodic sampling. Limnol. Oceanogr., 28(3):533- 545.

The method does not require marking or recapture and may be extended to other quantitative char- acters so long as the class distribution and the rate of flux of individuals between classes can be accurately determined. Even if the problem of patchiness cannot be eliminated, so long as the size-frequency

distribution can be accurately described, the technique generates the correct pattern of size-specific mortality and will provide minimum estimates of mortality for the different classes. Dept. of Ecol., Ethology and Evolution, Univ. of Illinois, Cham- paign, II1. 61820, USA.

83:6411 Montagna, P.A., 1983. Live controls for radioisotope

tracer food chain experiments using meiofauna. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 12(1):43-46.

Formalin poisoned samples are inadequate for measuring the amount of label to be subtracted as control values for certain food chain studies that use radioactive tracers. A poisoned control does not account for label that could enter a consumer via active transport, epicuticular microfloral uptake, or grazing on labeled, non-food particles. Experiments showed that marine benthic meiofauna incorporated from 3 to 133 times more tracer when alive and not grazing than when formalin killed. Control experiments with live animals should be performed to measure all processes by which label can enter consumers. Belle W. Baruch Inst. for Mar. Biol., Univ. of So. Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.

83:6412 Nalewajko, C. and C. Garside, 1983. Methodological

problems in the simultaneous assessment of photosynthesis and nutrient uptake in phytoplankton as functions of light intensity and cell size. Limnol. Oceanogr., 28(3):591-597.

N72 t Igi~H~glca!Oceanoglaph> ( ) l .RI I983)30 i ! ' . i

Phosphate uptake in the 3 8-~m size class showed a saturation-type relationship to light. Biomass-specific photosynthesis and nutrient uptake rates were highest in the smallest (0.2-3-/,m) size class. C:N:P uptake ratios at ambient light were different in the 0.2-3-/,m, 3--8-/,m, and >8-/,m size classes. In the whole population, uptake ratios at ambient light differed from ratios based on light-optimized data. Scarborough Coll., Univ. of Toronto, Military Trail. West Hill, Ontario M1C IA4, Canada.

83:6413 Williams, R., N.R. Collins and D.V,P. Conway,

1983. The double LHPR system, a high speed micro- and macroplankton sampler. Deep-Sea Res., 30(3A):331-342.

A double-net sampling system is described consisting of 2 separate Longhurst-Hardy Plankton Recorders, capable of being towed at speeds up to 3 m/s and capturing plankton organisms with minimum damage. The systems are mounted in ',l Lowestoft sampler and connected to 53- and 280-btm mesh nets: nets are fitted with doors opened by a variable timer unit. The system is suitable for neritic and oceanic deployment. NERC Inst. for Mar. Environl. Res., The Hoe, Plymouth, PLI 3DH, IlK.

83:6414 Yentsch C.S., 1983. A note on the fluorescence

characteristics of particles that pass through glass-fiber filters. Limnol. Oceanogr., 28(3):597- 599.

The spectral characteristics of fluorescent material that passes through a glass-fiber filter suggest that the small cells comprise cyanobacteria and other algae. The latter appear not to be diatoms or dinoflagellates as they contain little or no carotenoid protein. Bigelow Lab. for Ocean Sci., McKown Point, West Boothbay Harbor, Maine 04575, USA.

E 4 0 . A r e a s t u d i e s , s u r v e y s (baselines, ecology, etc.)

83:6415 Edwards, Alasdair and Roger Lubbock, 1983. Ma-

rine zoogeography of St. Paul's Rocks. J. Bio- geogr., 10(1):65-72.

Almost half of the 77 benthic species discussed are 'amphi-Atlantic'; only 5% of the total species are endemic to St. Paul's Rocks in the equatorial ~tlantic. The major immigration route to these solated rocks has been from Brazil, via the Atlantic

Equatorial Undercurrent. Larval lifetimes and effects of current velocities are considered. Dove Mar. Lab., Cullercoats, Tyne and Wear NE30 4PZ, UK. (ahm)

83:6416 Edwards, Alasdair and Roger Lubbock, 1983. The

ecology of Saint Paul's Rocks (equatorial Atlan- tic). J. Zool., Proe. zool. Soc. Lond., 200( 1): 51-69.

The terrestrial fauna was dominated by 3 seabird species and a land crab: some insects, ticks, spiders, a centipede and an endemic pseudoscorpion were found. No lichens, bryophytes or tracheophytes were present. Five marine habitats were distinguished and their communities described. The faunal composition appears influenced mainly bv the Atlantic Equatorial Undercurrent: strong ties to Brazilian fauna are indicated. Dove Mar. Lab., Cullercoats, Tyne and Wear NE30 4PZ, UK. tahm)

83:6417 Joirls, (7. et al., 1982. A budget of carbon cycling in

the Belgian coastal zone: relative roles of zooplankton, bacterioplankton and benthos in the utilization of primary, production. Neth. J. Sea Res., 16:260-275.

A synthesis of data ~,n phytoplankton and zooplankton biomass and activities and on planktonic and benthic microbial heterotrophic activities since 1971 allowed the development of a carbon cycling budget, which showed that microbial heterotrophs were more important than zooplankton in utilizing primary production. Comparison with the literature suggested that 'this could be a general feature of coastal, as opposed to open sea. ecosystems.' Lab. voor Ekol., Vrije Univ. Brussel, Pleinlaan 2. 1050 Brussels, Belgium. (mwf)

83:6418 Kremer, J.N. and Patricia Kremer, 1983. Ecological

simulation model of Los Angeles Harbor. Environ. Mxmt, 7(3):239-252

A numerical model, developed to evaluate the impact of a secondary effluent treatment center and a landfill, included the effects of tidal circulation: phytoplankton growth and 02 production as functions of temperature, light, and growth: benthic respiration and nutrient regeneration', oxidation of organics; and nitrification. Among the findings: circulation was a primary factor affecting phytoplankton and nutrient distribution: light and nutrients regulated phytoplankton levels; the phytoplankton crop was generally unaffected by the change from primary to secondary treatment. Dept.

OLR (1983) 30 (11) E. Biological Oceanography 873

of Biol. Sci., Univ. of So. Calif., Los Angeles, Calif. 90089-0371, USA. (msg)

83:6419 Mann, K.H., 1982. Kelp, sea urchins and predators: a

review of strong interactions in rocky subtidal systems of eastern Canada, 1970-1980. Neth. J. Sea Res., 16:414-423.

Indirect evidence presented herein indicates that a reduction in lobster stocks led to a population explosion of sea urchins which in turn overgrazed and destroyed the existing kelp beds. Loss of the kelp cover further increased lobster mortality and has led to the 'present low-productivity configu- ration of urchin-dominated barren grounds.' Bed- ford Inst. of Oceanogr., Dartmouth, N.S. B2Y 4A2, Canada. (ahm)

83:6420 South, G.R. (ed.), 1983. Biogeography and ecology of

the Island of Newfoundland. Monographiae biol., 48:723pp.

This overview of the world's sixteenth largest island includes chapters on terrestrial topics, geological evolution, climate 2 marine algae and zoogeography. The island shows geologic evidence of a proto- Atlantic Ocean and of the eradication of soil, flora, and fauna during the last glaciation. Its vast continental shelf supports the principal industry-- fishing--and a flora and fauna transitional between subarctic and cold temperate. The recent discovery of offshore gas and oil deposits may markedly affect the economy, fisheries, and general marine ecology. Includes subject and systematic indexes; bibliog- raphies accompany each chapter. (mwf)

E50. General biology, ecology, biogeography, etc.

83:6421 Pearcy, W.G. and Minze Stuiver, 1983. Vertical

transport of carbon-14 into deep-sea food webs. Deep-Sea Res., 30(4A):427-440.

During 1973-1976 t4C content was higher in epi- pelagic and vertically migrating, upper mesopelagic animals (above 500 m) than in lower mesopelagic, bathypelagic, and abyssobenthic animals in the NE Pacific. ~4C content of most animals was higher than pre-bomb levels, but the relatively low ~4C content of most deep-sea animals indicates that the majority was not derived directly from a near-surface food chain labeled with bomb C. A mean residence time of ~35 yr was estimated for the organic C pool for

abyssobenthic animals. Results suggest that rapidly sinking particles from surface waters are not the major source of organic C for deep-sea fishes and large benthic invertebrates. Sch. of Oceanogr., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, Oreg. 97331, USA.

83:6422 Radach, G., 1982. Dynamic interactions between the

lower trophic levels of the marine food web in relation to the physical environment during the Fladen Ground Experiment. Neth. J. Sea Res., 16:231-246.

Although data are presented on daily rates of grazing, primary production, sinking, mortality, respiration and turbulent diffusion, the paper essen- tially reviews modelling problems for the northern North Sea ecosystem. Simulations, systems analysis, resolution, physical and biological constraints, flux calculations, and model validation are discussed. Measurements of fluxes, standing stocks and concentrations are requisite for 'successful validation.' Inst. fur Meeresk. der Univ. Hamburg, Heimhuder Strasse 71, 2000 Hamburg 13, FRG. (ihz)

E80. Plankton (also pr imary productivity, seston and detritus)

83:6423 Buskey, Edward, Lesley Mills and Elijah Swift, 1983.

The effects of dinoflagellate bioluminescence on the swimming behavior of a marine copepod. Limnol. Oceanogr., 28(3):575-579.

The presence of bioluminescent dinoflagellates increased the number of high-speed swimming bursts by copepods and thus decreased the slow-speed swimming characteristic of their grazing behavior. This behavior may tend to move copepods away from bioluminescent dinoflagellates in nature. Grad. Sch. of Oceanogr., Univ. of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.

83:6424 Furuya, Ken and Ryuzo Marumo, 1983. The strnc-

lure of the phytoplankton conununity in the subsurface chlorophyll maxima ISCMI in the western North Pacific Ocean. J. Plankt. Res., 5(3):393-406.

A high species diversity of preservable phytoplankton and the numerical dominance of fragile forms characterized the SCM; Micromonas and Ochro- monas predominated, consistent with their viability at low light intensity. For blue-green algae, cocco- lithophorids, silicoflagellates and diatoms, but not

~74 E. Biological Oceanography OLR (1983) 30111

dinoflagellates, a marked difference existed in species assemblages between the SCM and the surface. Ocean Res. Inst., Univ. of Tokyo, 1-15-1, Minamidai, Nakano-ku, Tokyo 164, Japan.

83:6425 Hobson, L.A. and F.A. Hartley, 1983. Ultraviolet

irradiance and primary production in a Vancouver Island fjord, British Columbia, Canada. J. Plankt. Res., 5(3):325-331.

The photosynthetic uptake of CO 2 by phytoplankton enclosed in silica- and quartz-glass bottles suspended at depths from the surface to 7 m was measured. Uptake rates were slower in the quartz bottles at 0 and l-m depths in spring and late summer; no differences were observed in early summer. Dept. of Biol., Univ. of Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada.

83:6426 Hulburt, E.M., 1983. Quasi-K-selected species, equiv-

alence, and the oceanic coceolithophorid plankton. Bull. mar. Sci., 33(2):197-212. WHOI, Woods Hole, Mass. 02543, USA.

83:6427 Kim, Ki-Tai, 1983. Primary pelagic production of the

Etang de Berre in 1977-1978: comparison with the NW Mediterranean. Mar. Biol., 73(3):325- 341. (In French, English abstract.) Yeungnam Univ., Dept. of Biol., 214-1 Dae-dong, 632 Gyongsan, Korea.

83:6428 Knauss, Kevin and Teh-Lung Ku, 1983. The ele-

mental composition and decay-series radionuclide content of plankton from the east Pacific. Chem. Geol., 39(1/2): 125-145.

Concentrations of 25 elements and of ~3~U, 234U, 232Th, ~'3°Th, 228Th and 226Ra were determined in the same mixed plankton samples. All possible cross- correlations were statistically evaluated. The importance of biological transport in the photic layer as a mechanism of element cycling was assessed based on the relationship between (biotic) concentration factors and oceanic mean residence times. Univ. of Calif., Lawrence Livermore Lab., Livermore, Calif. 94550, USA. (mjj)

83:6429 Krause, M. and J. Trahms, 1982. Vertical distribution

of copepods (all developmental stages) and other zooplankton during the spring bloom in the Fladen Ground area of the North Sea. Neth. J. Sea Res., 16:2t7-230.

In early spring, the plankton were evenly distributed in the mixed water column, but the organisms began to accumulate in the euphotic zone as the upper layer temperature increased. Some copepod species showed 'extreme diurnal vertical migrations.' Sonderforsch. 94, Univ. Hamburg, Geomatikum, Bundesstr. 55, D-2000 Hamburg 13, FRG. (ahm)

83:6430 Kuipe r , J., H. Van Het Groenewoud and G.

Hoornsman, 1982. Diurnal variation of some plankton parameters in an enclosed marine community. Neth. J. Sea Res., 16:345-352.

Enclosures sampled after 1-2 months showed high copepod and microflagellate numbers--different from the assemblages in natural communities. Enclosed and 'free' copepods showed the same diurnal vertical migration. Measurements of chlorophyll, nitrate, ammonia and carbon assimilation are discussed. Lab. for Appl. Mar. Res., P.O. Box 57, 1780 AB Den Helder, Netherlands. (ahm)

83:6431 Linley, E.A.S., R.C. Newell and M.I. Lucas, 1983.

Quantitative relationships between phytoplankton, bacteria and heterotrophic microflagellates in shelf waters. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 12(1):77-89.

Estimates of the numbers and biomass of bacteria as a function of depth in coastal and upwelling waters (English Channel and Benguela Upwelling) show that bacteria numbers are correlated with phytoplankton standing stocks; heterotrophic microflagellates in the size range 3-10/tm amount to ~17% of bacterial standing stocks. Carbon flow calculations suggest that ~20-60% of primary production, possibly representing components lost from phytoplankton during zooplankton grazing, enters the microbial food chain. At least 66% of bacterial carbon production is exploited by heterotrophic microflagellates, leaving a maximum of 34% of bacterial production for the larger bacterivorous suspension feeders. Inst. for Mar. Environl. Res., Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK.

83:6432 Malone, T.C., T.S. Hopkins, P.G. Falkowski and

T.E. Whitledge, 1983. Production and transport of phytoplankton biomass over the continental shelf of the New York Bight. Continent. Shelf Res., 1(4):305-337.

Studies from 1973-1981 show that the bight had stratified and unstratified periods with the shelf- break front playing a key role in patterns of phytoplankton growth, biomass distribution, and shelf export. During diatom blooms, growth was


light-limited and 90% of production was exported. During the stratified period, growth at the surface was nutrient-limited; below the pycnocline, it was light-limited. Biomass export was only 9% of production but may prevent anoxic events such as that of 1976. Horn Point Environ. Lab., Univ. of Maryland, P.O. Box 775, Cambridge, Md. 21613, USA. (mwf)

83:6433 Maranda, Y. and G. Lacroix, 1983. Temporal

variability of zooplankton biomass (ATP content and dry weight) in the St. Lawrence Estuary: advective phenomena during neap tide. Mar. Biol., 73(3):247-25~

At an anchor station in the upper estuary, maxima and minima of ATP and zooplankton dry weight were correlated with low and high water slacks. Several statistical tests suggested that the distributions of living zooplankton resulted from the 'combination of diurnal migration and longitudinal advection.' Dept. des sci. fond., Univ. du Quebec, Chicoutimi, Quebec G7H 2B1, Canada. (mwf)

83:6434 Morris, M.J. and T.L. Hopkins, 1983. Biochemical

composition of crustacean 138 spp.l zooplankton from the eastern Gulf of Mexico. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 69(1): 1-19.

Deeper-living species had higher water and lower protein contents; lipid levels were highest in mid- depth (500-550 m) species. Within vertically migrating genera, lipid and water contents were generally low. Deeper-living non-migratory genera had high water contents. Standing stocks of zooplankton in terms of calories were highest at 30-50 m during the day and at 15 m at night, and decreased exponentially with depth. The high lipid levels of two mesopelagic species contribute to a secondary peak of zooplanktonic caloric content at 550 m. Dept. of Mar. Sci., Univ. of So. Florida, St. Petersburg, Fla. 33701, USA.

83:6435 Peinert, R., A. Saure, P. Stegmann, C. Stienen, H.

Haardt and V. Smetacek, 1982. Dynamics of primary production and sedimentation in a coastal ecosystem. Neth. J. Sea Res., 16:276-289.

Kiel Bight plankton biomass and production were lowest in winter and highest during the spring diatom bloom. Winter sedimentation 'was a function of resuspension'; loss rates by sedimentation during summer were lowest in conjunction with a large zooplankton standing stock, suggesting efficient

recycling. The pelagic system matured 'with increasing radiation and stratification.' SFB 95, Univ. of Kiel, Ohlshausenstrasse 40/60, 2300 Kiel, FRG. (sir)

83:6436 Thayer, G.W., J.J. Govoni and D.W. Connally, 1983.

Stable carbon isotope ratios of the planktonic food web in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Bull. mar. Sci., 33(2):247-256.

Analyses were conducted to evaluate the importance of terrestrial organic matter as a C source. Dissolved organic C at 7 and 26 km and the 0.45-20 #m particulate organic C size fraction at 7, 26, and 43 km from areas of high river input were the only components with isotope ratios approaching terrestrial C values. Isotopic fractionation values between trophic levels did not exceed _+ 1.8 ppt, similar to that reported for other ecological systems. NMFS, NOAA, SEFC, Beaufort, N.C. 28516-9722, USA.

83:6437 Tijssen, S.B. and A. Eijgenraam, 1982. Primary and

community production in the Southern Bight of the North Sea deduced from oxygen concentration variations in the spring of 1980. Neth. J. Sea Res., 16:247-259.

Investigations in the area of maximum salinity 80 km west of Den Helder, Netherlands, showed 02 percentages of 101% and net 02 production of 1.4 g m 2 d-~ in March; during an April Phaeocystis bloom, 02 percentage was 118% with a net 02 production of 11.0 g m -2 d ~. How heterotrophs and ocean- atmosphere 02 exchanges affect community metab- olism is discussed as is the problem of 'obtaining consistent diurnal curves.' Netherlands Inst. for Sea Res., P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands. (ihz)

83:6438 Tremblay, M.J. and J.C. Roff, 1983. Community

gradients in the Scotian Shelf zooplankton. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci., 40(5):598-611.

An inshore-offshore community gradient which correlated with temperature, salinity, and distance to shore was the strongest pattern revealed by reciprocal averaging. Zooplankton taxa were grouped as inshore (characterized by Arctic species), interme- diate (the dominant shelf species), or offshore (expatriate species). Recurrent group analysis revealed a pattern consistent with that of reciprocal averaging. Substantial differences among the results of 8 cruises appeared to be related to aperiodic changes in hydrographic conditions. Dept. of Fish. and Oceans, Invert. and Mar. Plant Div., Halifax, NS, Canada.

876 E. Biological Oceanograph} OI .R 11983) 30 ( I I)

83:6439 Tseitlin, V.B., 1983. Production and standing stock of

phytoplankton in the World Ocean. Dokl. A kad. Nauk SSSR, 269(1):247-250. (In Russian.)

83:6440 Vecchione, Michael and G.C. Grant, 1983. A

multivariate analysis of planktonic molluscan distribution in the Middle Atlantic Bight. Con- tinent. Shelf Res., i(4):405-424. Res. and Dev., McNeese State Univ., Lake Charles, La. 70609, USA.

83:6441 Whitledge, T.E. and C.D. Wirick, 1983. Observations

of chlorophyll concentrations off Long Island from a moored in-situ fluorometer. Deep-Sea Res., 30(3A):297-309.

A fluorometer fitted with high-pressure cuvettes was placed at 10.5-m depth. Chlorophyll concentrations varied between l and 5 /tg/L; the dominant cause was tidal oscillations. Diel changes, probably of biological origin, also were observed. Oceanogr. Sci. Div., Brookhaven Natl. Lab., Upton, NY 11973, USA.

83:6442 Yoder, J.A., L.P. Atkinson, S.S. Bishop, E.E. Hof-

mann and T.N. Lee, 1983. Effect of upwelling on phytoplankton productivity of the outer south- eastern United States continental shelf. Conti- nent. Shelf Res., i(4):385-404.

Results of 3 interdisciplinary studies (April 1979 and 1980, summer 1978) showed that in unstratified conditions diatoms bloomed on the outer shelf in response to upwelling. In stratified conditions 'upwelled waters penetrated well onto the shelf as a subsurface intrusion' in which phytoplankton production was ~ 5 times as high as in the overlying mixed layer. Shelf primary production estimates were several times higher than were estimates from previous calculations that did not account for upwelling. Skidaway Inst. of Oceanogr., P.O. Box 13687, Savannah, Ga. 31406, USA. (mwf)

E90. Sargassum and symbionts (also similar communi t ies )

83:6443 Stoner, A.W., 1983. Pelagic Sargassum: evidence for

a major decrease in biomass. Deep-Sea Res., 30(4A):469-474.

Between 1977-1980 the biomass of pelagic Sargas- sum in the Sargasso Sea was <6% of the values in

1933-1935. There were also major decreases in the Gulf of Mexico, in the slope water mass of North America, and near the Bahama Islands. The drastic reduction may be related to an increase in anthro- pogenic materials in the ocean. Sea Education Assoc., P.O. Box. 6, Woods Hole, Mass. 02543, USA.

El00. Nekton (communi t ies ; also fish, rep- tiles, mammal s )

83 :~ AA Cohen, D.M. and R.L. Haedrich, 1983. The fish

fauna of the Galapagos thermal vent region. Deep-Sea Res., 30(4A):371-379. Los Angeles County Mus. of Nat. Hist., 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, Calif. 90007, USA.

83:6445 Killingley, J.S. and Molly Lutcavage, 1983. Log-

gerhead turtle movements reconstructed from ~80 and uC profiles from commensal barnacle shells. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci., 16(3):345-349. Scripps inst. of Oceanogr., La Jolla, Calif. 92093, USA.

83:6446 Le Boeuf, B.J., Marianne Riedman and R.S. Keyes,

1982. White shark predation on pinnipeds in California coastal waters. Fishery Bull. natn. mar. Fish. Serv., U.S., 80(4):891-895. Center for Coastal Mar. Stud., Univ. of Calif., Santa Cruz, Calif. 95064, USA.

83:6447 Millikin, M.R., 1982. Qualitative and quantitative

nutrient requirements of fishes: a review. Fishery Bull. natn. mar. Fish. Serv,, U.S., 80(4):655-686. SEFC, NMFS, NOAA, P.O. Box 12607, Charleston, S.C. 29412, USA.

83:6448 Weinstein, M.P. and H.A. Brooks, 1983. Compara-

tive ecology of nekton residing in a tidal creek and adjacent seagrass meadow: community composition and structure. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 12(!): 15-27.

While the seag'rass meadows showed greater richness and diversity of nekton, both the creek and meadow had habitat specialists as well as species with no habitat preference. Leiostomus xanthurus dominated both habitats but was 4 times more abundant in the tidal creek. The 'apparently limited dependence' of young organisms on both areas is compared to that of similar areas at lower latitudes; 'potentially

OLR (1983) 30 (I 1) E. Biological Oceanography 877

important' community structure determinants are hypothesized. Dept. of Biol., Virginia Common- wealth Univ., Richmond, Va. 23284, USA. (ahm)

El10. Bottom communities

83:6449 Admiraal, Wire, L.A. Bouwman, Leo Hoekstra and

Karin Romeyn, 1983. Qualitative and quantitative interactions between microphytobenthos and herbivorous meiofanna on a brackish intertidal mudflat. Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol., 68(2): 175-191.

A hypothesis is presented to explain the growth kinetics and productivity of diatom populations and the inefficient transfer of carbon into herbivore foodchains. Data on feeding rate and population dynamics of the nematode, Eudiplogasterpararmatus, are discussed in view of the seasonal succession of edible diatom species. Dept. of Systm. Bot., State Univ. of Groningen, P.O. Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, Netherlands.

83:6450 Chester, A.J., R.L. Ferguson and G.W. Thayer,

1983. Environmental gradients and benthic macroinvertebrate distributions In a shallow North Carolina estuary. Bull. mar. Sci., 33(2):282-295.

Multivariate statistical analyses revealed that biomass and numbers of individuals increased significantly along a major estuarine gradient from fine anaerobic sediments, rich in organic matter and pheopigment to coarse aerobic sediments, high in ATP and chlorophyll. A second environmental gradient within the lower estuary linked high numbers of invertebrates to depositional areas near salt marshes and low numbers to turbulent regions adjacent to deep, tidally-scoured channels. Inver- tebrate species composition was spatially associated with both environmental gradients. NMFS, SEFC, NOAA, Beaufort, N.C. 28516-9722, USA.

83:6451 Hatcher, B.G. and A.W.D. Larkum, 1983. An

experimental analysis of factors controlling the standing crop of the epilithic algal commlmity on a coral reef. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 69(1):61-84.

Effects of grazing and inorganic N concentrations on the growth and biomass of epilithic algae on the Great Barrier Reef were investigated experimentally. Recolonization of cleared substrates and the effects of depth, season and position on the reef (outer slope vs. subtidal lagoon) also were examined. Grazing

intensity alone did not control algal biomass except during certain seasons in particular habitats. CSIRO, Mar. Lab., P.O. Box 20, North Beach, W.A. 6020, Australia. (mjj)

83:6452 Hawthorne, S.D. and D.M. Dauer, 1983. Macro-

benthic communities of the Lower Chesapeake Bay. III. Southern branch of the Elizabeth River. Benthic studies of the Lower Chesapeake Bay 6. Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol., 68(2): 193-205. Dept. of Biol. Sci., Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, Va., USA.

83:6453 Kennelly, S.J., 1983. An experimental approach to the

study of factors affecting algal colonization in a sublittoral kelp forest. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 68(3):257-276. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.

83:6454 Lewis, F.G. III and A.W. Stoner, 1983. Distribution

of maerofanna within seagrass beds: an expla- nation for patterns of abundance. Bull. mar. Sci., 33(2):296-304.

When compared with either bare substrate or random samples in Apalachee Bay (north Florida), four times the number of individuals and twice the number of species were collected in cores containing seagrass shoots; bare substrate and random samples were not significantly different. Macrofaunal density and species richness estimates may be greatly affected by plant distribution within the bed. This study points out potential difficulties in macrofaunal estimates when the preferred microhabitat of the species under examination is undersampled. Harbor Branch Inst., R.R. 1, Box 196-A, Fort Pierce, Fla. 33450, USA.

83:6455 Meyer, J.L., E.T. Schultz and G.S. Helfman, 1983.

Fish schools: an asset to corals. Science, 220(4601): 1047-1049.

Coral heads showed increased growth where fish schools were associated with the reef. The fish, juvenile haemulids (grunts), fed nocturnally in seagrass beds and rested during the day over the coral, excreting 'substantial quantities' of ammonium, and particulate N and P into the nutrient-poor water. Zool. Dept. and Inst. of Ecol., Univ. of Georgia, Athens, Ga. 30602, USA. (ahm)

878 I~. Biological Oceanograph~ OLR (1983) 30 (1 I)

83:6456 Penas, Ernesto and Gloria Gonzalez, 1983. Rela-

tionships between benthic infauna and environmental factors in three beaches of the Ilia de Arosa embayment (Spain) using canonical cor- relation analysis. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 68(3): 245-256. Inst. Espanol de Oceanografia, Apt 130, La Coruna, Spain.

83:6457 Persson, L.-E., 1983. Temporal and spatial variation

in coastal macrohenthic community structure, Han6 Bay (southern Baltic). J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 68(3):277-293.

Quantitative samples of benthic macrofauna were taken at three depths (5, 10, 17 m) from April 1974 to August 1978. The number of species increased significantly with depth. Species zonation was due to zoogeographical origin and capacity to withstand exposure. Variation in abundance within years was large at all depths and connected with reproductive recruitment for all species except Bathyporeia pilosa. Dept. of Animal Ecol., Univ. of Lund, S-223 62, Sweden.

83:6458 Petraitis, P.S., 1983. Grazing patterns of periwinkles

and their effect on sessile intertidal organisms. Ecology, 64(3):522-533.

To identify 'behaviorally induced refuges,' interactions involving Littorina fittorea, Enteromorpha and Balanus in the rocky intertidal zone were investigated using partial cages to prevent gastropod grazing in certain areas. 'Behavior-mediated effects appear important in maintaining diversity.' Dept. of Biol., Univ. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Penn. 19104, USA. (ihz)

83:6459 Powell, E.N., T.J. Bright, A. Woods and S. Gittings,

1983. Meiofanna and the thiobios in the East Flower Garden Brine Seep. Mar. Biol., 73(3): 269-283.

Sulfide-rich anoxic brine seeps into Gollum's Lake, which empties through a 96-m long canyon into the NW Gulf of Mexico. Abundance and taxonomy of organisms in the thiobios (biota within sulfide- dependent chemoclines) and in the oxybiotic-thio- biotic boundary were studied. Gnathostomulida, Platyhelminthes and Aschelminthes accounted for 50-80% of organisms in the thiobiota but <20% in the oxybiota. Amphipods were more abundant in the thiobiota. Sulfide, not oxygen, controls the boundary between the thio- and oxybiota; in Gollum's Can- yon, the boundary is at 10--40 t~g-atoms/L sulfide.

Dept. of Oceanogr., Texas A&M Univ., College Station, Tex. 77843, USA. (mjj)

83:6460 Reise, K., 1982. Long-term changes in the macro-

benthic invertebrate fauna of the Wadden Sea: are polyehaetes about to take over? Neth. J. Sea Res., 16:29-36. Zool. Inst. der Univ. Gottingen, FRG.

83:6461 Rumohr, H. and W.E. Arntz, 1982. The 'Benthos-

garten': a new approach for the study of soft bottom communities. Meeresforschung (Repts mar. Res.), 29(4):225-238.

A 4-year experiment looked at (1) settlement and early marine invertebrate development in small containers on the seafloor and on raised tables, and (2) successional stages leading to a stable benthic community in large containers on the seafloor. Water-column spatfall was recorded with floating substrates. Detailed set-up descriptions are included; problems are noted. Inst. fur Meeresk. an der Univ. Kiel, Dusternbrooker Weg 20, D-2300 Kiel, FRG. (ahm)

83:6462 Stewart, P.L., 1983. Measurements of benthic mac-

roinvertehrate standing crop from the Canadian continental shelf and 'slope of southern Davis Strait and Ungava Bay. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci., 40(5):652-657.

Benthic macroinvertebrate standing crop at 14 stations on the shelf ranged 19.8-479.9 g/m 2. Standing crop was correlated negatively with depth and sediment content of fine and medium sand. Box 109, Newport, N.S. B0N 2A0, Canada.

83:6463 Thistle, David, 1983. The stability-time hypothesis as

a predictor of diversity in deep-sea soft-bottom communities: a test. Deep-Sea Res., 30(3A):267- 277.

A test of Sanders' stability-time hypothesis shows that the hydrodynamic regime of the HEBBLE site (NW Atlantic) is less stable than that of the San Diego Trough; this instability is important to the harpacticoid copepod fauna. Contrary to predictions of the hypothesis, harpacticoid diversity of the stable site was not greater than that of the unstable site. Dept. of Oceanogr., Florida State Univ., Tallahassee, Fla. 32306, USA.


83:6464 Warwick, R.M., 1982. The partitioning of secondary

production among species in benthic communities. Neth. J. Sea Res~ 16:1-17.

When published data from the British Isles were used to plot the proportion of secondary production of a macrofauna community against species ranked in order of productive importance, curves characteristic of physical conditions--not of the species involved--were found. Among the meiofauna a remarkable similarity of production partitioning was seen within, but not between, trophic groups. NERC, Inst. for Mar. Environ. Res., Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK. (mwf)

El20. Estuarine, marsh and mangrove communities

83:6465 Ewing, Kern, 1983. Environmental controls in Pacific

Northwest intertidal marsh plant communities. Can. J. Bot., 61(4):1105-1116.

Relationships between environmental variables and species distribution were studied in a brackish marsh of the Puget Sound area. Soil texture, organic content, macrz)organic material, temperature, inter- stitial salinity, redox potential, and site elevation were measured. Eight community types were derived: 3 dominated by Carex lyngbyei, 2 by Scirpu~ americanus, 1 by S. maritimus, and 2 highly diverse. Botany Dept., Univ. of Washington, Seattle, Wash. 98195, USA.

El40. Birds

83:6467 Hennemann, W.W. III, 1983. Environmental influ-

ences on the energetics and behavior of anhingas and double-crested cormorants. Physiol. Zool., 56(2):201-216.

The effects of circadian rhythms, plumage wetting and incident radiation on thermoregulation in these 2 Pelecaniformes species were investigated. The observed physiological and behavioral differences may account for the difference in the 2 species' geographic distributions. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, Fla. 32611, USA. (msg)

83:6468 Kinder, T.H., G.L. Hunt Jr., David Schneider and

J.D. Schumacher, 1983. Correlations between seabirds and oceanic fronts around the Pribilof Islands, Alaska. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci., 16(3): 309-319.

During summer these islands are surrounded by a front that separates vertically homogeneous waters from well-stratified waters farther seaward. Murres aggregated near the front probably related to an enhanced availability of their food near the front; other species appeared unaffected. NORDA, NSTL Sta., Miss. 39529, USA.

83:6469 Mill, G.K. and J. Baldwin, 1983. Biochemical

correlates of swimming and diving behavior in the little penguin Eudyptula minor. Physiol. Zool., 56(2):242-254. Zool. Dept., Monash Univ., Clay- ton, Vic. 3168, Australia.

El30. Fouling and boring organisms (communities and control)

83:6466 Schmidt, G.H., 1983. The hydroid Tubularia larynx

caused a 'bloom' of the aseidians Ciona intestinalis and Ascidiella aspersa. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 12(1): 103-105.

A canopy of T. larynx which formed on fouling panels greatly enhanced settlement of C. intestinalis and A. aspersa and explains the occurrence of ascidian 'blooms.' Interspecific interactions should be evaluated before population outbursts are correlated to eutrophication and other environmental factors. Inst. of Cancer Res., Haddow Lab., Clifton Ave., Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PX, UK.

E l 5 0 . M i c r o b i o l o g y (communities, processes; also bacteria, fungi, yeasts, viruses, etc.)

83:6470 Amy, P.S., Crellin Pauling and R.Y. Morita, 1983.

Recovery from nutrient starvation by a marine Vibrio sp. Appl. environ. Microbiol., 45(5): 1685- 1690. Morita: Dept. of Microbiol., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, Oreg. 97331, USA.

83:6471 Baross, J.A. and J.W. Deming, 1983. Growth of

'black smoker' bacteria at temperatures of at least 250°C. Nature, Lond., 303(5916):423-426.

Complex communities of thermophilic bacteria from the 350°C waters emanating from sulphide chimneys

880 E. Biological O c e a n o g r a p h y O L R (1983) 30 ( 11 )

at 21°N along the EPR grew rapidly at 100°C and atmospheric pressure, producing CH4, H2 and CO. These gases are found in superheated vent water and previously were attributed to abiogenic reactions. Here it is reported that a bacterial community originally cultured from 306°C water is capable of chemolithotrophic growth in a titanium growth chamber under in-situ vent pressure of 265 atm and temperatures of >250°C. Sch. of Oceanogr., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, Oreg. 97331, USA.

83:6472 BORer, M. and R. Dawson, 1982. Heterotrophic

utilization of biochemical compounds in Antarctic waters. Neth. J. Sea Res., 16:315-332.

The observed wide variations in microbial substrate concentration and activity were correlated with the physiological state and biomass of the phytoplankton. High amino acid and chlorophyll levels were found in waters where the physiological state of plankton was poor. Healthy plankton produced large quantities of high energy nitrogen compounds such as glutamine and its degradation products. SFB 95, Olshausenstrasse 40/60, Kiel Univ., 2300 Kiel 1, FRG. (msg)

83:6473 Ducklow, H.W. and D.L. Kirchman, 1983. Bacterial

dynamics and distribution during a spring diatom bloom in the Hudson River plume, USA. J. Plankt. Res., 5(3):333-355.

Abundance and rates of [3H]thymidine incorpora- tion were measured for attached and free bacteria in the Hudson River plume and in surrounding shelf waters during a Skeletonema costatum bloom. Bac- terial abundance appeared to be related to alloch- thonous dissolved matter rather than to phytoplankton. Lamont-Doherty Geol. Observ., Palisades, NY 10964, USA. (mjj)

83:6474 Gillan, F.T., P.D. Nichols, R.B. Johns and H.J.

Bavor, 1983. Phytol degradation by marine bacteria. Appl. environ. Microbiol., 45(5):1423- 1428.

Two strains of bacteria were able only to oxidize phytol to phytenic acid. The third isolate studied converted phytol to a mixture of five saturated isoprenoid acids. The C,7 isoprenoid acid produced was of particular interest as (1) its genesis from phytol would have involved several unusual inter- mediates, and (2) its abundance may be a sensitive indicator of sedimentary depositional conditions. Johns: Dept. of Organic Chem., Univ. of Mel- bourne, Parkville, Vic. 3052, Australia.

83:6475 Gocke, K., H.-G. Hoppe and S. Bauerfeind, 1983.

Investigations on the influence of coastal upwelling and polluted rivers on the microflora of the northeastern Atlantic off Portugal. II. Activity and biomass production of the bacterial population. Botanica mar., 26(4): 189-199.

Parameters measured included monosaccharide concentrations, number of actively metabolizing bacteria, glucose uptake and turnover, microbial specific activity, and bacterial production. Highest bacterial activities occurred in upwelling areas and in the eutrophic area off a river mouth; activity decreased sharply with depth. Activity parameters correlated well in all samples. Active bacteria comprised ~ 10% of the total numbers of bacteria; reasons are discussed. Inst. fur Meeresk. an der Univ. Kiel, Dusternbrooker Weg 20, D-23 Kiel, FRG. (mjj)

83:6476 Hanson, R.B., David Shafer, Theresa Ryan, D.H.

Pope and H.K. Lowery, 1983. Bacterioplmflttun in Antarctic Ocean waters during late austral winter: abundance, frequency of dividing cells [FDC] and estimates of production. Appl. environ. Microbiol., 45(5): 1622-1632.

In the eastern South Pacific, bacterioplankton abundance and FDC were highest at the Polar Front (Antarctic Convergence). North of the Subantarctic Front, abundance and FDC were less by half or more, and were vertically homogeneous to 600 m depth. In Drake Passage south of the Polar Front and near the sea ice, abundance and FDC were highest overall, somewhat lower in subantarctic waters in the passage. Productivity estimates ranged from 0.62 ~g C L ~ d-r in the eastern South Pacific to 17.1 #g C L ~ d t in the Drake Passage near the sea ice. Skidaway Inst. of Oceanogr., Savannah, Ga. 31406, USA.

83:6477 Hood, M.A., G.E. Ness, G.E. Rodrick and N.J.

Blake, 1983. Distribution of Vibrio eholerae in two Florida esttmries. Microb. Ecol., 90):65-75. Bunting Inst., Radcliffe/Harvard, l0 Garden St., Cambridge, Mass. 02138, USA.

83:6478 Marinucci, A.C., J.E. Hobbie and J.V.K. Helfrich,

1983. Effect of litter nitrogen on decomposition and microbial biomass in Spin't/ha Mtem/tks's. Microb. Ecol., 9(1):27-40.

Aerial tissues of S. alterniflora with 4 different initial levels of N were incubated in laboratory percolators for 56 days. Leaching of organic C and N and

OLR (1983) 30 ( 11 ) E. Biological Oceanography 881

evolution of CO 2 were monitored; measured at the end of the study were fungal biomass, bacterial biomass, and relative autoradiographic activity of the bacteria. Rates of decomposition and CO 2 evolution, but not microbial biomass, were positively correlated with initial levels of litter N. Fungal biomass was 10 times greater than bacterial biomass. Changes in C/N ratios with time were calculated. Ecosystems Center, MBL, Woods Hole, Mass. 02543, USA. (mjj)

83:6479 Nagata, Shinichi, 1983. Influence of salinity and

temperature on aliphatic hydrocarbon degradation by marine bacteria. Bull. japan. Soc. scient. Fish., 49(2):269-271.

Corynebacterium sp. and Flavobacterium sp. exhibited only a slight dependency on salinity. Temper- ature dependency was quite large; the most appro- priate temperature for n-hexadecane degradation was 30°C for both isolates. Univ. of Mercantile Mar., Fukae, Higashinada, Kobe 658, Japan.

83:6480 Packard, T.T., P.C. Garfield and R. Martinez, 1983.

Respiration and respiratory enzyme activity in aerobic and anaerobic cultures of the marine denitrifying bacterium, Pseudomonas perfecto- marlnu& Deep-Sea Res., 30(3A):227-243.

Oxygen consumption, nitrate reduction, and respiratory electron transport and nitrate reductase activities were measured. Respiratory electron transport activity was closely correlated with oxygen consumption in aerobic cultures, nearly as well correlated with nitrate reductase activity and nitrate reduction in anaerobic cultures, and well correlated with biomass in both aerobic and anaerobic cultures, supporting the use of tetrazolium reduction as an index of living biomass. Bigelow Lab. for Ocean Sci., West Boothbay Harbor, Maine 04575, USA.

83:6481 Pomeroy, L.R. et al., 1983. Microbial distribution and

abundance in response to physical and biological processes on the continental shelf of the south- eastern U.S.A. Continent. Shelf Res., 2(1):1-20.

Phytoplankton production was influenced by lower- salinity estuarine and high-S, low-T water from the west front of the Gulf Stream. Chlorophyll data suggest that in each case production is influenced both by nutrient input and by enhanced vertical stability associated with density stratification. Inner shelf bacterial standing stock is little changed by the influx of less saline water. On the outer shelf, bacterial numbers increase in and above intrusions

of Gulf Stream water in which phytoplankton blooms have developed, suggesting a response to production products. Inst. of Ecol., Univ. of Geor- gia, Athens, Ga. 30602, USA.

83:6482 Tuttle, J.H., C.O. Wirsen and H.W. Jannasch, 1983.

Microbial, activities in the emitted hydrothermal waters of the Gai/ipagos Rift vents. Mar. Biol., 73(3):293-299.

Mixotrophic or facultatively chemolithotrophic bacteria appear to be present in emitted vent waters based on in-situ uptake of acetate and glucose. Cultures of thiobacilli isolated from vent waters contained ribulose biphosphate and phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylases, indicating production by chemoautotrophic S-oxidizing bacteria. Rates of chemosynthetic production (CO 2 assimilation) measured in-situ in 3°C water were low compared to bacterial biomass in the vent plume--indicative of significant bacterial production in 'cracks and interstices of the highly fractured pillow lava' within the vent system. Invertebrate biomass cannot be supported by bacteria emitted from the vents, so most 'chemosynthetic sustenance...appears to be based on' bacteria-invertebrate symbioses and surface-attached bacteria. Center for Environl. and Estuar. Stud., Univ. of Maryland, Solomons, Md. 20688, USA. (mjj)

E220. Invertebrates (except E230-Crusta- cea, E240-Protozoa)

83:6483 Arnold, J.M. (chief scientist), 1982. Cephalopod

expedition of the Alpha Helix. Paeif. Sci., 36(3):265-410; 15 papers.

These 15 papers represent but a part of the total work done on cephalopods in the central Visayan Islands (Philippines) during October-November 1979. Investigations emphasized physiology, his- tology and biomechanics. (ahm)

83:6484 Brix, Ole, 1983. Giant squids may die when exposed

to warm water currents. Nature, Lond., 303 (5916):422-423.

Strandings of Architeuthis monachus in Newfound- land waters have been correlated with the inflow of warm water. Squids also have been carried to Norway with the warm North Atlantic Current; a live specimen caught off RadOy near Bergen gave an unprecedented opportunity to study the effects of

882 E. Biological Oceanography OLR (1983) 30 ( I 1)

temperature on the oxygen binding properties of the squid's blood. An excess of a fourfold decrease in O 2 affinity when temperature is increased from 6.4 to 15°C strongly suggests that giant squids may suffocate from arterial desaturation when increased ambient temperatures are experienced. Zool. Lab., Univ. of Bergen, Allegaten 41, N-5000 Bergen, Norway.

83:6485 Pires, Anthony and R.M. Woollacott, 1983. A direct

and active influence of gravity on the behavior of a marine invertebrate larva. Science, 220(4598): 731-733.

Negative geotaxis exhibited by larvae of the bryo- zoans Bugula neritina and B. stolonifera under conditions of darkness and constant temperature is shown not to be due to buoyancy, gradients of partial pressures of dissolved gases, or barokinesis. Larvae of B. stolonifera, but not B. neritina, are shown to orient 'directly and actively to gravity.' Neither species possesses statocysts. Sect. of Neuro- biol. and Behavior, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. (mjj)

83:6486 Purcell, J.E., 1983. Digestion rates and assimilation

efficiencies of siphonophores fed zooplankton prey. Mar. Biol., 73(3):257-261.

Among representatives of 4 siphonophore genera fed copepod prey, digestion times ranged 1.6-9.6 hr. C assimilation efficiencies were 87-94%; N assimilation efficiencies were 90-96%. These values are 'appreciably higher' than those previously measured for other planktonic carnivores. Dept. of Biol., Univ. of Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada. (msg)

83:6487 Turekian, K.K., J.K. Cochran and J.T. Bennett,

1983. Growth rate of a vesicomyid clam from the 21°N East Pacific Rise hydrothermal area. Na- ture, Lond., 303(5912):55-56. Dept. of Geol. and Geophys., Yale Univ., P.O. Box 666, New Haven, Conn. 06511, USA.

E230. Crustacea

83:6488 Cox, J.L., Stewart Willason and Lawrence Harding,

1983. Consequences of distributional heteroge- neity of Calanus p~cificns grazing. Bull. mar. Sci., 33(2):213-226.

The southerly San Pedro Channel samples showed significant differences in both computed grazing

rates and laminarinase activity from the northerly Santa Barbara Channel samples. Accuracy of in- stantaneous rates relative to those integrated over time was assessed. It appears that grazers often accumulate where primary production rates are high. Mar. Sci. Inst., Univ. of Calif., Santa Barbara, Calif. 93106, USA. (ahm)

83:6489 Jensen, G.C., 1983. Heptacarpus pugettensis a new

hippolytid shrimp from Puget Sound, Washing- ton. J. crustacean Biol., 3(2):314-320. Sch. of Fish., Univ. of Washington, Seattle, Wash. 98195, USA.

83:6490 MOiler, P. and R. Rosenberg, 1982. Production and

abundance of the amphipod Corophium volutator on the west coast of Sweden. Neth. J. Sea Res., 16:127-140. Inst. of Mar. Res., P.O. Box 5, S-453 00 Lysekil, Sweden.

83:6491 Myers, A.A. and D. McGrath, 1983. The genus

Listriella (Crnstacea: Amphipoda) in British and Irish waters, with the description of a new species [Listriella mollis sp.nov.I.J, mar. biol. Ass. U.K., 63(2):347-353. Dept. of Zool., Univ. College, Cork, Ireland.

83:6492 Orsi , J.J., T.E. Bowman, D.C. Marelli and Anne

Hutchinson, 1983. Recent introduction of the planktonic calanoid copepod Sinocalanus doerri (Centropagidae) from mainland China to the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary of California. J. Plank/. Res., 5(3):357-375. Calif. Dept. of Fish and Game, 4001 North Wilson Way, Stockton, Calif. 95205, USA.

83:6493 Rachor, E., W.E. Arntz, H. Rumohr and K.-H.

Mantau, 1982. Seasonal and long-term population fluctuations in Diastylis rathkei (Crustacea: Cumacea) of Kiel Bay and the German Bight. Neth. J. Sea Res,, 16:141-150. Inst. fur Meeres- for., Am Handelshafen 12, D-2850 Bremerha- ven, FRG.

83:6494 Reidenauer, J.A. and David Thistle, 1983. Sm'-

sameira (Copepoda: Harpacticoida): an update and a new species from the deep sea. Trans. Am. microsc. Soc., 102(2): 105-112. Dept. of Oceanog., Florida State Univ., Tallahassee, Fla. 32306, USA.

OLR (1983) 30 (1 I) E. Biological Oceanography 883

83:6495 Rios, Rub6n and Alberto Carvacho, 1983. Caridean

shrimps of the Gulf of California. IH. Leptalpheus mex/canus, new species (Crnstacea, Decapoda, Alpbeidae). J. crustacean Biol., 3(2):306-313. CICESE, Dept. de Oceanogr., A.P. 2732, Ensenada, Baja Calif., Mexico.

83:6496 Siegel, V., I. Hempel and G. Hempel, 1982. [South-

ern Weddell Sea euphansiids: biology, larvae, distributions.] Meeresforschung (Repts mar. Res.), 29(4):244-266; 2 papers.

83:6497 Williams, R. and D.V.P. Conway, 1982. Population

growth and vertical distribution of Calanus helgo- landicus in the Celtic Sea. Neth. J. Sea Res., 16:185o194. NERC, Inst. for Mar. Environ. Res., Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, Devon, UK.

E240. Protozoa (except E250-Foraminifera, Radiolaria and Tintinnida)

83:6498 Mamaeva, I~I.V., 1983. Quantity and biomass of

infusoria of the Bering Sea. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 269(1):251-252. (In Russian.)

E250. Foraminifera, Radiolaria, Tintin- nida, etc. (see also D-SUBMARINE GEOL- OGY AND GEOPHYSICS)

83:6499 Kouyoumontzakis, Georges, 1981. Benthic foramini-

fetid associations of the Congolian continental shelf: a section off Conkouati. TEthys, 10(2), 121- 127. (In French, English abstract.) Lab. de Geol., Univ. Marien Ngouabi, B.P. 69, Braz- zaviUe, Republique Populaire du Congo.

83:6500 Pestana, Harold, 1983. Discovery of and ,sediment

production by Carpenteria (Foraminifera) on the Bermuda Platform. Bull. mar. S ci., 33(2):509-512.

A Challenger dredge sample from 435 fm contained the only evidence of Carpenteria in Bermuda until June 1982 when more than 100 specimens were found attached to the coral Montastrea annularis. Subsequent studies showed this foram to be fairly common and indicative of a reef environment.

Previous investigators probably missed Carpenteria because they used only the coarser sediment fractions to identify producer organisms. Dept. of Geol., Colby College, Waterville, Maine 04901, USA. (mwf)

83:6501 Tumantseva, N.I., 1983. Ecology of Tintinnida from

the equatorial Pacific and the Peruvian coastal area. Okeanologiia, 23(2):325-331. (In Russian, English abstract.)

Approximately ~/3 of the total infusorian biomass at both sites was composed of Tintinnida. The 174 species considered belong to 43 genera and 14 families. Areal and vertical distributions are discussed. (ahm)

E 2 6 0 . M a c r o p h y t e s (algae, grasses, etc.)

83:6502 Atkinson, M.J. and S.V. Smith, 1983. C:N:P ratios of

benthic marine plants. Limnol. Oceanogr., 28(3): 568-574.

The median C:N:P atomic ratio of benthic mac- roalgae and seagrasses is ~550:30:1. The amount of nutrients required to support a particular level of net production is much lower for benthic marine plants than it is for phytoplankton. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of W. Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia.

83:6503 Birch, P.B., J.O. Gabrielson, K.S. Hamel, A.L.

Huber, P.J. Dolin and D.K. Kidby, 1983. Decomposition of Cladophora [Peel-Harvey estuarine system, Western Australia]. I-III. (Field studies, in-vitro N and P regeneration, heter- otroph populations, and phosphatase activity.) Botanica mar., 26(4): 165-188; 3 papers. Dept. of Conserv. and Environ., 1 Mount St., Perth, WA 6000, Australia.

83:6504 Drew, E.A., 1983. Sugars, cyclitols and seagrass

phylogeny. Aquat. Bot., 15(4):387-408.

1-chiro-inositol, muco-inositol, and methyl-O-muco- inositol accounted for up to 10% of dry weight in Amphibolis, Cymodocea, Syringodium and Thalas- sodendron. There is evidence that these cyclitols accumulated 'as by-products of an unusual glucose cyclization mechanism.' High levels of sucrose accumulated in roots and rhizomes whereas cyclitols were more abundant in leaves. Based on increasing cyclitol complexity, a distinct phylogenetic trend is

884 E. Biological Oceanography OLR (1983) 30 (11)

seen in the Zannichelliaceae with Halodule being the most primitive and Amphibolis the most advanced species. Australian Inst. of Mar. Sci., Townsville, Qld., Australia. (msg)

83:6505 Ramirez, M.E., 1982. [Catalog of benthic marine

algae from the Chilean Antarctic Territory.] Inst. Antart. Chil. Ser. cient., 29:39-67. (In Spanish, English abstract.) Sec. Bot., Museo Nac. de Hist. Nat. Casilla 787, Santiago, Chile.

83:6506 Wahbeh, M.I., 1983. Productivity and respiration of

three seagrass species from the Gulf of Aqaba (Jordan) and some related factors. Aquat. Bot., 15(4):367-374. Mar. Sci. Sta., Box 195, Aqaba, Jordan.

E270. Microphytes (coccolithophores, diatoms, flagellates, etc.)

83:6507 Jijina, J.G. and Joyce Lewin, 1983. Persistent blooms

of surf diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) along the Pacific coast, U.S.A. II. Patterns of distribution of diatom species along Oregon and Washington beaches (1977 and 1978). Phycologia, 22(2):117- 126. Nassau County Dept. of Health, Bur. of Water Poll. Cont., 240 Old County Road, Mineola, NY 11501, USA.

83:65118 Mackay, M.A., R.S. Norton and L.J. Borowitzka,

1983. Marine blue-green algae have a unique osmoregulatory system. Mar. Biol., 73(3):301- 307.

The ability to synthesize and accumulate glucosyl- glycerol and to grow at NaC1 concentrations of up to 6-11% (w/v) is proposed as a new criterion for classifying blue-green algae as marine. Dept. of Biol., Univ. of Wollongong, P.O. Box 1144, NSW 2500, Australia. (mjj)

83:6509 Van Baalen, Chase and Rita O'Donnell, 1983.

Isolation and growth of psychrophilie diatoms from the ice-edge in the Bering Sea. J. gen. Microbiol., 129(4): 1019-1023.

Four cultures of diatoms isolated from ice/water samples grew optimally at 10-14°C and did not grow above 18°C. At 0°C these obligate psychrophiles had exceedingly slow generation times (6-7 days). Growth may have been limited by C assimilation

rate because of cold-related changes in ribulose- 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase. Univ. of Tex. Mar. Sci. Inst., Port Aransas, Tex. 78373, USA. (mwf)

E300. Effects of pollution (also uptake, trace accumulations, etc.; see also B350- Atmospher ic pollution, C210-Chemical pollution, F250-Waste disposal)

83:6510 Bakke, T., T. Dale and T.F. Thingstad, 1982.

Structural and metabolic responses of a subtidal sediment community to water extracts of oil. Neth. J. Sea Res., 16:524-537.

Hydrocarbon exposure reduced autotrophic activity during the season of highest productivity and enhanced biomass and activity of oil-degrading bacteria. Total bacterial biomass was unaffected by hydrocarbon exposure. Norwegian Inst. for Water Res., P.O. Box 333, Blindern, Oslo 3, Norway. (msg)

83:6511 Cabioch, L., J.-C. Dauvin, C. Reti~re, V. Rivain and

D. Archambault, t982. [Benthic community evolution in deep sediments off Roscoff, France, after the Amoco Cadiz spill.] Neth. J. Sea Res., 16:491-501. (In French, English summary.)

Fine and very fine sand communities were much more affected than sandy-mud communities; selective mortality was evident. In some species recruitment was affected for 1-2 yrs post-spill. By and large, recolonization began during the second year after the disaster. Species not impacted 'by the initial stress continued to exhibit normal annual density cycles.' Sta. Biol. de Roscoff, 29211 Roscoff, France. (ihz)

83:6512 Capelli, R., V. Contardi, B. Cosma, V. Minganti and

G. Zanicchi, 1983. A four-year study on the distribution of some heavy metals in five marine organisms of the Ligurian Sea. Mar. Chem., 12(4):281-293.

Examination of ~500 samples for contents of Hg, Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn shows mussels and anchovies to have about the same level of the metals as these same species found in the central Medi- terranean and Adriatic seas. Mullet and shrimp show higher Hg concentrations--similar to levels found in the upper Tyrrhenian Sea. A 'study period of 4 years is [deemed] insufficient to predict the [state-of

OLR (1983) 30 (1 I) E. Biological Oceanography 885

health] evolution of a basin such as the Ligurian Sea.' Inst. of General and Inorganic Chem., Univ. of Genoa, Italy. (ahm)

83:6513 Capone, D.G., D.D. Reese and R.P. Kiene, 1983.

Effects of metals on methunogenesis, sulfate reduction, carbon dioxide evolution, and microbial biomass in anoxic salt marsh sediments. Appl. environ. Microbiol., 45(5):1586-1591.

Among the results: c a 4 evolution was inhibited by CH3HgC1, HgS and NaAsO 2. Hg, Pb, Ni, Cd and Cu (delivered as chlorides) and ZnSO 4, K2CrO 4 and K2Cr207 initially inhibited and then stimulated CH4 evolution. CO 2 production was generally less affected by metal addition. Sulfate reduction was inhibited by all metals except Fe and Ni delivered as chlorides. FeC12, K2Cr207, ZnSO 4 and CdC12 decreased microbial biomass. Mar. Sci. Res. Center, SUNY, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA. (msg)

83:6514 de ia Cruz, A.A., C.T. Hackney and Bettaiya

Rajanna, 1981. Some effects of crude oil on a Juncus tidal marsh [Mississippi]. J. Elisha Mitch- ell scient. Soc., 97(1):14-28. Dept. of Biol. Sci., Mississippi State Univ., Miss. State, Miss. 39762, USA.

83:6515 Dinet, Alain, Claude Nodot, Pierre Vitiello and

M.-H. Vivier, 1982. Impact of a thermal effluent on the benthic harpacticoid copepod community near Marseille. T~thys, 10(4):355-363. (In French, English abstract.) Lab. de Biol. des Invert. marins CNRS/LA, N. 41, F-13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France.

83:6516 Eleftheriou, A., D.C. Moore, D.J. Basford and M.R.

Robertson, 1982. Underwater experiments on the effects of sewage sludge on a marine ecosystem. Neth. J. Sea Res., 16:465-473.

A 'sparse Capitella-dominated fauna of low density and high biomass' resulted from the addition of great amounts of sludge, while a normal fauna with increased biomass and abundance was present after the addition of lesser amounts. Good recovery was evident, although the greater amounts of sludge appeared to have lasting toxic effects. Comparisons with other areas are included. Mar. Lab., P.O. Box 101, Victoria Rd., AB9 8DB Aberdeen, UK. (ahm)

1D:6517 Fisher, N.S., P. Bjerregaard and S.W. Fowler, 1983.

Interactions of marine plankton with transuranic elements. 1. Biokinetics of neptunium, pluto- nium, americium, and californium in phytoplankton. Limnol. Oceanogr., 28(3):432-447.

Pu, Am and Cf were rapidly concentrated by phytoplankton species suggesting that these elements would readily be transported to the marine food web; Np was not detectably accumulated. Green and blue-green algae generally had fewer cell surface transuranic binding sites than diatoms. Intl. Lab. of Mar. Radioact., Musee Oceanogr., MC 98000 Mon- aco. (msg)

83:6518 Gl~marec, M. and E. Hussenot, 1982. A three-year

ecological survey in Benoit and Wrac'h Abers [northern Brittany] following the Amoco Cadiz oil spill. Neth. J. Sea Res., 16:483-490.

The benthic communities completely destroyed by the spill were replaced initially in these 2 adjacent tidal inlets by an 'opportunistic fauna' once the contamination level stabilized somewhat. Pollution tolerant species eventually supplanted the oppor- tunists and showed 'excessive development' before reaching equilibrium; however, even 3 years after the spill, most assemblages had not yet reached equilibrium. The intensity of hydrodynamic processes affected the rate of temporal succession. Lab. d'Oceanogr. Biol., Inst. d'Etudes Mar., 29283 Brest, France. (ahm)

83:6519 Gray, J.S., 1982. Effects of pollutants on marine

ecosystems. Neth. J. Sea Res., 16:424-443.

An analysis of published field and experimental studies suggests that continuous gross pollution leads to dominance by small-sized individuals and that recovery from acute short-term pollution can occur within 3-10 years. It is hypothesized that 'structured food web systems exist only where the predator or herbivore can completely control prey or plant density,' and that pollution simplifies systems, giving them structure. Inst. for Marinbiol. og Limnol, Univ. i Oslo, P.O. Box 1064 Blindern, Oslo 3, Norway. (mwf)

83:6520 Karydis, M., L. Ignatiades and N. Moschopoulou,

1983. An index associated with nutrient eutrophication in the marine environment. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci, 16(3):339-344.

Annual loadings and distributional patterns of P and N were determined in the Saronicos Gulf, Aegean

886 ['. Biological Oceanographs OI ,R (1983) 30 ( I I

Sea. Nutrient concentrations peaked sharply in the northern gulf where a sewage outfall exists. A 'nutrient index' is described that accounts for nutrient loading, provides a continuous assessment of water quality, and is specific for each nutrient and sensitive to stressful concentration changes. Dept. of Biol., Nuclear Res. Center, Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Athens, Greece.

83:6521 Kayser, H., 1982. Cadmium effects in food chain

experiments with marine plankton algae (Dino- phyta) and benthic filter feeders (Tuulcata). Neth, J. Sea Res., 16:444-454. Biol. Anstalt Helgoland (Litoralstation), D-2282 List, Sylt, FRG.

83:6522 Laughlin, Roy and Olof Lind6n, 1983. Oil pollution

and Baltic mysids: acute and chronic effects of the water soluble fractions of light fuel oil on the mysid shrimp Neomysis integer. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 12(1):29-41. Univ. of California, Naval Biosci. Lab., Oakland, Calif. 94625, USA.

83:6523 Nicholson, J.K. and D. Osborn, 1983. Kidney lesions

in pelagic seabirds with high tissue levels of cadmium and mercury. J. Zool., Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., 200(1):99-118. Toxicology Unit, Dept. of Pharmacol., Sch. of Pharm., Brunswick Sq., London WCI, UK.

83:6524 Rees, H.L., 1983. Pollution investigations off the

northeast coast of England: community structure, growth and production of benthic macrofauna. Mar. environ. Res., 9(2):61-110. Anglian Water Authority, Lincoln Div., Waterside House, Wa- terside North, Lincoln LN2 5HE, Lincolnshire, UK.

83:6525 Richardson, M.G., Martin Heubeck, David Lea and

Peter Reynolds, 1982. Oil pollution, seabirds, and operational consequences around the Northern Isles of Scotland. Environ. Conserv., 9(4): 3 ! 5-321.

Widespread seabird mortality followed the opening of oil terminals in the Orkney and Shetland islands. Initial anti-pollution regulations were ineffective, but public concern caused the introduction of stricter controls regarding ballast water, etc. These measures have caused 'dramatic' decreases in the amount of beached oil and in the numbers of dead seabirds. Nature Conservancy Council, 17 Rubislaw Terrace, Aberdeen ABI 1XE, Scotland. (jch)

83:6526 Skjoldal, H.R. et al., 1982. Oil pollution and plankton

dynamics. 1. Controlled ecosystem experiment during the 1980 spring bloom in Lindaspollene, Norway. Neth. J. Sea Res., 16:511-523.

Unweathered crude oil added to an enclosed 10 m ~ water column led to a more slowly developing phytoplankton bloom than existed in a control column. Oil stimulated bacterial growth but had a minor effect on heterotrophic activity; autotrophic activity dominated during the 8 weeks of the experiment. Inst. of Mar. Res., Directorate of Fish., P.O. Box 1870, N-5011 Bergen-Nordnes, Norway. (mwf)

83:6527 Strack, S., R. Kirchmann, A. L0ttke and S. Bonotto,

1983. Selective accumulation of organically bound tritium in the marine unicellular algae Dunaliella bioculata and Acetabularia medlterranea. Int. J. appl. Radiat. Isotopes, 34(5):865-869. Inst. of Biol. IV. RWTH Aachen, D-5100 Aachen, FRG.

83:6528 Tamminen, T., 1982. Effects of ammonium effluents

on planktonic primary production and decomposition in a coastal brackish water environment. I. Nutrient balance of the water body and effluent tests. Neth. J. Sea Res., 16:455-464.

From June to October 1979, studies of the ammonium effluent effects on a test alga (Chlorella) and on primary production and heterotrophic activity of natural populations were conducted in the Baltic. Growth of natural algae was principally N-limited, even near the discharge, and considerable eutrophication occurred: primary productivity was stimulated up to 230% over that of the control, and Chlorella was stimulated up to 960%. Heterotrophic activity usually was not stimulated in effluent tests. Tvarminne Zool. Sta. SF-10850 Tvarminne, Finland. (mwf)

E340. Aquaculture (commercial)

83:6529 Lincoln, E.P., T.W. Hall and Ben Koopman, 1983.

Zooplankton control in mass algal cultures. Aquaculture, 32(3/4):331-337. Agric. Engrg. Dept., Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, Fla. 32611, USA.

OLR (I 983) 30 (11) E. Biological Oceanography 887

E370. Theoretical biology and ecology

83:6530 Barenblatt, G.I. and A.S. Monin, 1983. Similarity

principles for the biology of pelagic animals. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 80(11):3540-3542.

A similarity principle is formulated; the statistical pattern of the pelagic population is identical in all scales sufficiently larger than the molecular one. A power law is obtained analytically for pelagic animal biomass distribution over the animal sizes. It is stipulated that under fixed external conditions the oxygen exchange intensity of an animal is governed only by its mass and density and by the specific absorbing capacity of its respiratory organ. A power law obtained by dimensional analysis for the exchange intensity mass dependence indicates that the oxygen-absorbing organs can be represented as fractal surfaces. The decrease in specific exchange intensity with increase in animal mass is discussed. P.P. Shirshov Inst. of Oceanol., USSR Acad. of Sci., Moscow, USSR.

83:6531 Cale, W.G. Jr., R.V. O'Neill and H.H. Shugart, 1983.

Development and application of desirable ecological models. Ecol. Model., 18(3/4):i71-186.

Concepts underlying model validation and model realism are beset by ambiguity which has limited the use and acceptance of ecological models. Set theory is used to provide a rigorous context in which model desirability, adequacy and reliability can be evaluated. Five criteria of a desirable model are presented along with principles for increasing the usefulness of ecological models. A technique is given for using models of known adequacy to reduce sample size in field sampling programs. Environ. Sci. Prog., Univ. of Texas, Richardson, Tex. 75080, USA. (m j j)

83:6532 Kitts, D.B., 1983. Can baptism alone save a species?

Syst. Zool., 32(1):27-33.

The consequences of Hulrs claim (1976, 1978) that biological species names cannot be defined are examined. 'To maintain that the names...cannot be defined is to maintain...that a biological species is confined to the actual world which is to maintain, in turn, that every property of a species is essential to it.' The author argues that a species has an 'essence' consisting of those properties it possesses which distinguish it 'from every other chunk of the genealogical nexus in every possible world in which

it exists.' Dept. of Hist. of Sci., Univ. of Oklahoma, Norman, Okla. 73109, USA. (msg)

83:6533 Patten, B.C., 1983. Linearity enigmas in ecology.

Ecol. Model., 18(3/4):155-170.

Linear systems may be defined by two alternative properties: superposition and decomposition. These properties are defined, analyzed, and related to the linearity or nonlinearity of natural systems. Impli- cations of the main conclusions for the two ecological worldviews--organisms and their environment are separate entities, or alternatively are a single inseparable unit--are discussed. Some inconsisten- cies in the worldviews are pointed out, i.e., ecologists with a linear view of nature tend to use nonlinear models and vice versa. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Georgia, Athens, Ga. 30602, USA. (mjj)

83:6534 Raup, D.M. and J.W. Valentine, 1983. Multiple

origins of life. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 80(10): 2981-2984.

Using simple stochastic models for diversification and extinction, it is concluded that: (1) the proba- bility of survival of life is low unless there are multiple origins, and (2) given survival of life and as many as 10 independent origins of life, the odds are that all but one would have gone extinct, yielding the monophyletic biota we have now. Dept. of Geophys. Sci., Univ. of Chicago, Ill. 60637, USA.

E400. Books, collections (general)

83:6535 Fogg, G.E. and W.E. Jones (eds.), 1974/81. [Sea-

weeds.] Symposium, Bangor, North Wales, 18- 23 August 1974. Int. Seaweed Syrup. Proc., 8:769pp; 120 papers.

These proceedings are subdivided into seaweed morphology and taxonomy (16 papers), physiology (21), ecology and biogeography (40), chemistry (22), and economic uses (17). There were 4 plenary lectures: extracellular metabolite ecology, Japanese macroalgal cultivation, biological control of car- rageenan structure, and 'The ocean as a culture dish: experimental studies of marine algal ecology.' Apol- ogizing for the inordinate delay in publishing the proceedings, the symposium editors lament the 'phenomenal growth of interest in marine science...[which has] produced more work but no more pairs of hands.'(ihz)

888 OLR (1983) 30 (11)

83:6536 Warwick, R.M. et al., 1981/82. Dynamic aspects of

marine ecosystems. Proceedings of the 16th European symposium on marine biology, Texel, The Netherlands, 14-18 September 1981. Neth. J. Sea Res., 16:554pp; 47 papers.

The preponderance of the symposium's presenta- tions concerned population dynamics of marine invertebrates. These 21 papers treated polychaetes, oligochaetes, bivalves, cumaceans, amphipods, copepods, barnacles and crabs; topics ranged broadly: primary and secondary production, settlement, stability, distributions, recruitment, ecological energetics, predation, drift, mortality, etc. Of the 15 papers addressing 'dynamic aspects of ecosystems,' the following are representative: a Belgian coastal zone C cycling budget, antarctic heterotrophic utilization of biochemical compounds, and a review of eastern Canadian kelp, sea urchin and predator interactions for 1970-80. There were l l papers on 'pollution effects on ecosystem dynamics': cadmium, ammonium, sewage sludge, pulp mill waste, and oil (6 papers). (ihz)

E410. Miscellaneous

83:6537 Crook, J.H., 1983. Commentary. On attributing

consciousness to animals. Before we can attribute consciousness to animals we must first decide on our definition of the word. Nature, Lond., 303(5912):11-14.

Two conferences and several recent books have turned to the question of consciousness and (more specifically) self-awareness in animals. This is a decided turn away from John Watson's half-century sway on psychological methodology, which held that words referring to subjective, experiential states should be stricken from psychology's lexicon in favor of words merely describing performance. Yet there are problems. Use of experiential words requires attribution, and attribution is most accurately based on linguistic feedback. Even so, there are powerful indirect arguments for attributing consciousness to some, and particularly the social, animals; these are outlined. Dept. of Psychology, Univ. of Bristol, BS8 1HH, UK. (fcs)

F. GENERAL

F10. Apparatus, methods, mathematics (multidisciplinary)

83:6538 Baker, E.T. and H.B. Milburn, 1983. An instrument

system for the investigation of particle fluxes. Continent. Shelf Res., 1(4):425-435.

The system features a new sequentially sampling sediment trap which collects and seals 10 separate samples during a single deployment. Horizontal particle fluxes are simultaneously monitored with a beam transmissometer interfaced to a standard Aanderaa current meter. Pacific Mar. Environl. Lab., NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way N.E., Seattle, Wash. 98115, USA.

83:6539 Bukata, R.P., J.E. Bruton and J.H. Jerome, 1983.

Use of chromaticity in remote measurements of

water quality. Remote Sens. Environ., 13(2): 161 - 177.

'Scattering and absorption cross-sections were used to generate subsurface upwelling irradiance and subsurface irradiance reflectance spectra for a wide variety of water masses.' Standard CIE chromaticity analyses of the upwelling irradiance spectra indicated that such analyses are subject to severe restrictions when used for water quality prediction, particularly in the case of water masses with ~ 7 - 1 0 mg/m 3 chlorophyll a or ~ 3 - 5 g/m 3 suspended mineral. Environl, Spectro-Optics Sect., Natl. Water Res. Inst., Burlington, Ontario, Canada. (jch)

83:6540 Poulet, S.A., J. Landry and M. Morissette, 1983. A

programmable automatic multiple water sampler. Deep-Sea Res., 30(3A):325-329.

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