Biological oceanography

OLR(1982)29(8) 485

illustrate the relationships between Antarctica and the surrounding continents. Broad time and rock units, 2000-m isobaths, and offshore petroleum basins are shown on the resultant map. The dominant tectonic feature is the Transantarctic Line- ament, with apparent links to the Andes and lesser links to some eastern Australia features. Following Early Paleozoic(?) break-up of Gondwanaland, stability was maintained until rifting occurred at the end of the Jurassic. Drift was reinitiated in the Early Tertiary and continued till recent time; trenches and arcs indicate active rifting is occurring at present. The map is a loose insert. 12600 Northborough Dr., Suite 170, Houston, Tex. 77067, USA. (hbf)

82:3830 Tice, A.R., D.M. Anderson and K.F. Sterrett, 198i.

Unfrozen water contents of submarine permafrost determined by nuclear magnetic resonance. Engng Geol., 18(1/4):135-146.

Construction of the Trans Alaska Pipeline has involved installation of thermopiles to assure a still frozen support foundation by the end of a summer season. Thermopile design is contingent on knowledge of the surrounding soils' thermal characteristics. The determination of phase composition (unfrozen water content as a function of temperature) by calorimetric techniques has limitations which can be circumvented by the use of nuclear magnetic resonance determinations which allow 'non-destructive and non-intrusive ways to explore hysteresis by determining both cooling and warming curves.' U.S. Army Cold Regions Res. and Eng. Lab., Hanover, NH 03755, USA. (fcs)

82:3831 Xanthakis, John, 1982. Possible periodicities of the

annually released global seismic energy (M > 7.9) during the period 1898-1971. Tectonophysics, 81(1/2):T7-TI4. Res. Center for Astronomy and Appl. Math., Acad. of Athens, Athens, Greece.

E. BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

El0. Apparatus and methods

82:3832 Denny, M.W., 1982. Forces on intertidal organi.~ms

due to breaking ocean waves: design and appli- cation of a telemetry system. Limnol. Oceanogr., 27(1): 178-183.

Cast epoxy replicas of organisms are mounted on 3 transducers embedded in an exposed rock surface. Force data are encoded as a frequency-modulated audio signal and transmitted as an FM radio signal to a sufficient distance; the system measures forces in the range 0.1-10 N. The apparatus is simple to build, inexpensive, and can be scaled to fit a variety of applications. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Washington, Seattle, Wash. 98195, USA.

82:3833 Eisenman, E.A. and Max Alfert, 1982. A new

fixation procedure for preserving the ultrastme- ture of marine invertebrate tissues. Addition of 0.05% OsO 4 to a conventional glutaraldehyde fixative for the first 10 rain of fixation. J. Microsc., 125(1):117-120. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of California, Berkeley, Calif. 94720, USA.

82:3834 Lindholm, T., 1982. EDTA and oxalic add 1~0,~

mM concentration]: two useful agents for narco- tizing fragile and rapid microzooplankton. Hydro- biologia, 86(3):297-298. Inst. of Biol., Abo Akademi, SF-20500 Abo 50, Finland.

82:3835 Mills, E.L., Karin Pittman and Brent Munroe, 1982.

Effect of preservation on the weight of marine benthic invertebrates. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci., 39(1):221-224.

It is strongly recommended that wet and dry weight biomass determinations be made in fresh, unpre- served specimens, as all organisms studied showed complex and varying responses to preservatives. Water losses and gains in preserved specimens were stabilized after a month, enabling precise (but not accurate) measurements of preserved wet weight. Dept. of Oceanogr., Dalhousie Univ., Halifax, N.S. B3H 4Jl, Canada. (fir)

82:3836 Sviderskaya, G.E., A.V. Voino-Yasenetskii, L.A.

Polyakova and A.V. Bursian, 1981. Reoarding

486 E. Biological Oceanography O LR (1982) 29 (8)

technique for investigation of movements of sea animals. Biologiya mor., Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1981(4):82-85. (In Russian, English abstract.)

82:3837 van der Veer, J., 1982. Simple and reliable methods

for the fixation, mounting and staining of small and delicate marine plankton for light microscopic identification. Mar. Biol~ 66(1):9-14.

A satisfactory fixative contained 4% acrolein, 4% glutaraldehyde and 2% tannic acid in demineralized water and was added 1:1 to the cell suspension. Mounting in euparal prior to staining is suggested. Fuchsin acid was suitable for flagella and cell shape discernment; Delafield haematoxylin was best for internal details, while fuchsin base stain was recommended when searching for flageUar hairs. Dept. of Syst. Bot., Univ. of Groningen, P.O. Box 14, 9750 AA Haren (Gr.), Netherlands. (ahm)

82:3838 Weinberg, Steven, 1981. A comparison of coral reef

survey methods. BUdr. Dierk. (Contr. Zool.), 51(2):199-218.

Criteria used to evaluate each method were: number of species observed, relative coverage and population densities. Linear or planar point-intercept methods 'should be discarded.' Scoring only mod- erately well were the random-point method, the point-centered quarter method and the line transect (the most popular method). Estimation of dominant species was accomplished successfully by in-situ drawn maps of quadrats, photographic records of reef sections (considered impractical) and counting of individual colonies and estimating 'relative coverage per species within 1 m 2 quadrats.' The last method appears the most versatile, practical and reliable. Includes 2 maps as loose inserts. Inst. of Taxon. Zool., Univ. of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 20125, 1000 HC Amsterdam, Netherlands. (ahm)

FA0. Area s tudies , surveys (baselines, ecology, etc.)

82:3839 Aid, Fatiha, Gis~le Gaumer and F.L. Samson-

Kechacha, 1981. Phosphorus and nitrogen roles in the algal-growth-potential limitation of the waters of Algiers Bay. C. r. hebd. S~anc. Acad. Sci., Paris, (III)293(8):435-437. (In French, English abstract.) Centre de rech. ocean, et des POches, Jet6e Nord, Amiraut~, B.P. no. 90, Alger-Bourse, Alg~rie.

82:3840 Dye, A.H., A. McLachlan and T. Wooldridge, 1981.

[South Mrica: ecology of sandy beaches.] S. Afr. J. Zooi., 16(4):200-231; 3 papers.

Selected exposed sandy beaches along the immense stretch of South African coastline from Cape Agulhas to northern Natal were surveyed for physical (profile, particle size, moisture, Eh, car- bonate) and biological (meio- and macrofaunal abundance, composition, biomass, distribution) parameters. Along Transkei's SE coast the subtropical fauna was gradually replaced by the cooler-water temperate fauna typical of the Cape coast; molluscs ascended to dominance over crustaceans. Together, these 3 papers provide baseline data for a little- studied area. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Transkei, Private Bag X5092, Umtata, Transkei. (slr)

82:3841 Ruiz, Enrique and Lylian Giampaoli, 1981. Studies

on the distribution of the coastal flora and fauna of Cochnigue Cove, Concepei6n Bay, Chile. Boln Soc. Biol. Concepci6n, 52:145-166. (In Spanish, English abstract.)

E50. General biology, ecology, bioge- ography, etc.

82:3842 Breen, P.A., T.A. Carson, J.B. Foster and E.A.

Stewart, 1982. Changes in suhtidal community structure associated with British Columbia sea otter transplants. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 7(1):13- 20.

In an area where sea otters (Enhydra lutris) had been re-introduced in 1969-72, sea urchins (Stron~lo- centrotus franciscanus) and other grazers were scarce and kelps were present to 10 m depth. Abundant urchins limited kelps to shallow water outside the area where sea otters fed, enabling delineation of the otters' feeding range for the purposes of establishing an ecological reserve. Dept. of Fish. and Oceans, Nanaimo, B.C. V9R 5K6, Canada. (mjj)

82:3843 Tseitlin, V.B., 1981. Ecological efficiency and size

distribution of pelagic animals. Dokl. A kad. Nauk SSSR, 260(6):1510-1512. (In Russian.)

OLR (1982) 29 (8) E. Biological Oceanography 487

EB0. Plankton (also pr imary productivity, seston and detritus)

82:3844 Agius, C. and V. Jaccarini, 1982. The effects of

nitrate and phosphate enrlchments on the phytoplankton from Marsaxlokk Bay, Malta (central Mediterranean). Hydrobiologia, 87(1):89-96.

Although both nitrates and phosphates are scarce, phosphate is the primary limiting factor in phytoplankton growth. No seasonal effects on primary productivity were seen. Relative phytoplankton population composition did not change in any of the enrichment experiments; Skeletonema costatum and Chaetoceros spp. were dominant. Inst. of Aquacul- ture, Univ. of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland. (ahm)

82:3845 Ayal, Yoram and U.N. Safriel, 1982. r-curves and the

cost of the planktonic stage. Am. Naturalist, 119(3):391-401.

It is often impossible to calculate the intrinsic rate of increase of a population (r) of benthic invertebrates because survivorship probabilities of planktonic preadult stages are not known. An 'r-curve' function allows a range containing the true value of r to be determined for a given larval survivorship proba- bility, thus enabling comparisons of the capacity for increase of related species or of populations within species, and providing a 'tool for investigating the adaptive significance of planktonic larvae versus direct development.' Nature Res. Authority, 78 Yirmeyaha St., Jerusalem 94467, Israel. (m.ij)

82:3846 Dagg, M.J., J. Vidal, T.E. Whitledge, R.L. Iverson

and J.J. Goering, 1982. The feeding, respirntlon, and excretion of zooplankton in the Baring Sea during a spring bloom. Deep-Sea Res., 29(IA): 45-63.

Rates of ingestion, respiration and excretion were related to body size and food concentration for individual copepods. These relationships were then applied to the 'measured zooplankton populations' to estimate community grazing and excretion rates in coastal, mid-shelf and outer-shelf regions. Impacts on phytoplankton of grazing by total zooplankton and by large copepods are estimated. Dept. of Energy and Environ., Brookhaven Nat. Lab., Upton, NY 11973, USA. (mjj)

82:3847 Gallegos, C.L. and Trevor Platt, 1982. Phytoplankton

production and water motion In surface mixed layers. Deep-Sea Res, 29(IA):65-76.

An analog, incubator technique simulates the effect of vertical motions, either organized or turbulent, on phytoplankton photosynthesis. Experiments on natural assemblages of phytoplankton in the eastern Canadian Arctic support the view that, for these stations, vertical mixing has little quantitative effect on water column primary production. Bedford Inst. of Oceanog., Dartmouth, N.S. B2Y 4A2, Canada.

82:3848 Goldman, J.C., M.R. Dennett and C.B. Riley, 1981.

Marine phytoplankton photosynthesis and tran- sient ammonium availability. Mar. Biol. Letts, 2(6):323-331.

When steady state NH4-1imited continuous cultures maintained at various temperatures and growth rates were exposed to rapid NH4 pulses (enrichment), specific rates of '4C uptake remained unchanged. Short-term enrichment bioassays would thus be inconclusive indicators of nutrient limitation. Effects of pulsed NH4 additions in natural environments on photosynthesis and respiration are discussed. WHOI, Woods Hole, Mass. 02543, USA. (mjj)

82:3849 Jacques, Guy, 1981. Physiologiod approada to pri-

mary pe la~ productivity. Oceanis, 7(5):511-530. (In French, English abstract.)

Some of the techniques based on physiological responses of phytoplankton are discussed as they relate to N uptake (chemostat culture, enzyme activity, tracers), chlorophyll (fluorescence kinetics) and CO2 fixation (metabolic types, enzymes, ~2C/~3C ratios, photosynthetic products). Increased use of physiological approaches will aid understanding of interspecific competition and distinguish between 'new' and 'regenerated' production. Lab. Arago, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France. (sir)

82:3850 Lutsik, N.V., 1981. Seasonal changes in the content of

adenosine triphosphate, chlorophyll a and organic carbon in microseston of Vostok Bay, Sea of Japan. Biologiya mor., Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1981 (4):36-41. (In Russian, English abstract.)

Considerable increases in ATP, chla and POC correlated with the phytoplankton blooms in Janu- ary-February, August and October-November; minimal concentrations in all 3 components were observed in summer. Inst. of Mar. Biol., Far East Sci. Center, Acad. of Sci., Vladivostok 690022, USSR. (isz)

82:3851 Mills, C.E., 1981. Seasonal occurrence of planktonic

medusae and ctenophores in the San Juan

488 E. Biological Oceanography OLR (1982) 29 (8)

Archipelago (NE Pacific). Wasmann J. Biol., 39(1/2):6-29.

A detailed schedule of the annual occurrence of 61 species of ctenophores and medusae is presented as well as an annotated species list. Maximum medusae diversity is in late spring with a high summer biomass maintained by only a few species; few medusae are present from late autumn through early spring. Dept. of Biol., Univ. of Victoria, Victoria, B.C. V8W 2Y2, Canada. (ahm)

82:3852 Rat'kova, T.N., 1981. Size composition of phyto-

plankton in the Peru Current in March, 1978. Okeanologiia, 21(6): 1058-1066. (In Russian, Eng- lish abstract.)

82:3853 Rivkin, R.B., M.A. Voytek and H.H. Seliger, 1982.

Phytoplankton division rates in light-limited environments: two adaptations. Science, 215 (4536): 1123-1125.

Gonyaulax polyedra apparently maintains a storage pool of organic C allowing maximum cell division rates for up to two generation times during short- term exposure to suboptimal light intensities. If low light levels continue (as in subsurface transport) some photosynthetically fixed C is used to replenish stored C pools and cell division rates decrease. This mechanism maximizes the number of cells which can rapidly resume maximum division rates upon ad- vection into surface waters of higher light intensity. Dept. of Biol., Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, Md. 21218, USA. (mjj)

82:3854 Sergeev, V.N. and V.N. Ryabova, 1981. An analysis

of the seasonal succession of zooplankton in the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland [using finite Fourier series]. Sov. J. Ecol. (a translation of Ekologiya), 12(3):187-193. A.A. Zhdanov Le- ningrad State Univ., USSR.

82:3855 Tumantseva, N.I., 1981. Functional characten'stics of

microzooplankton and their variability in upwelling regions. Okeanologiia, 21(6): 1067-1072. (In Russian, English abstract.)

Role of microzooplankton in metabolism and production of planktonic communities in coastal and equatorial Peruvian upwellings is discussed. Char- acteristics considered include food requirements, metabolic losses and the relationship between microzooplankton production and consumption by other organisms. (ahm)

E90. Sargassum and symbionts (also sim- ilar communi t ies)

82:3856 Critchley, A. and S.L. Morrell, 1982. The first

occurrence of the brown alga Smgassum mutiem (Yendo) Fensholt in the Channel Islands. Biol. Conserv., 22(1):27-34. Dept. of Biol. Sci., Ports- mouth Polytech., Ferry Rd., Hayling Island, Hampshire POll 0DG, UK.

82:3857 Nienhuis, P.H., 1982. Attached Sargassum muticum

found in the southwest Netherlands. Aquat. Bot., 12(2):189-195. Delta Inst. for Hydrobiol. Res., 4401 EA Yerseke, Netherlands.

El00. Nekton (communit ies ; also fish, rep- tiles, m a m m a l s )

82:3858 Best, R.C., 1981. The tusk of the narwhal (Monodon

monoceros L.): interpretation of its function (Mammalia: Cetacea). Can. J. Zool., 59(12): 2386-2393.

This literature review supports a theory that the narwhal tusk serves as a secondary sex character of males for nonviolent assessment of hierarchical status on the basis of relative tusk size (evidently determined in frontal encounters with rival males). Inst. Nac. de Pesq. da Amazonia, C.P. 478, 69.000 Manaus, Am, Brasil.

82:3859 Costa, D.P., 1982. Energy, nitrogen, and electrolyte

flux and sea water drinking in the sea otter Enhyth'a lutris. Physiol. Zool., 55(1):35-44. Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., La Jolla, Calif. 92093, USA.

82:3860 Geraci, J.R. et al., 1982. Mass mortality of harbor

seals [along the New England coast between December 1979 and October 1980]: pneumonia associated with influenza A virus. Science, 215 (4536):1129-1131. Dept. of Pathology, Univ. of Guelph, Ont. N I G 2W1, Canada.

82:3861 Kooyman, G.L. and E.E. Sinnett, 1982. Pulmonary

shunts in harbor seals and sea lions during simulated dives to depth. Physiol. Zool., 55(1): 105-111. Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., La Jolla, Calif. 92093, USA.


82:3862 Liley, N.R., 1982. Chemical communication in fish.

(Review.) Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci., 39(1):22-35. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 2A9, Canada.

82:3863 Ljungblad, D.K., P.O. Thompson and S.E. Moore,

1982. Underwater sounds recorded from migrat- ing howhead whales, Balaena mysticetus, in 1979. J. acoust. Soc. Am., 71(2):477-482. Naval Ocean Systems Ctr., Code 5131, San Diego, Calif. 92152, USA.

82:3864 Mitchell, E.D. and R.R. Reeves, 1982. Factors

affecting abundance of howhead whales BMaena mysticetus in the eastern Arctic of North Amer- ica, 1915-1980. Biol. Conserv., 22(1):59-78.

Failure of the bowhead whale to recover from past overexploitation cannot be attributed to any one factor: e.g., ice entrapment, killer whale predation, habitat instability and persistent low-level hunting by natives. Concern over future environmental disturbances from industrial development in the Arctic plus the whale's present state prompt these authors to call for 'no bowhead hunting of any sort' especially since whaling is 'no longer part of the lnuit culture(s) in the eastern Arctic.' Arctic Biol. Station, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3R4, Canada. (ahm)

82:3865 Ronald, K. and J.L. Dougan, 1982. The ice lover:

biology of the harp seal (Phoca groenlandica). Science, 215(4535):928-933.

The 2.25-3 million harp seals are separated into 3 breeding stocks: White Sea, Greenland Sea and NW Atlantic. The life-cycle of these efficient divers starts with an on-ice birth (scene of the controversial exploitation of newborn 'white coats'), continues to in-water mating and on-ice molt, followed by migration--north to high Arctic summering grounds, south to autumnal breeding grounds. Future management and present understanding in relation to the 'technological invasion of the North' are considered. Coll. of Biol. Sci., Univ. of Guelph, Ontario NIG 2W1, Canada. (ahm)

82:3866 Ruckdeschel, Carol and G.R. Zug, 1982. Mortality of

sea turtles Caretta caretta in coastal waters of Georgia. Biol. Conserv., 22(1):5-9.

Mortality of loggerhead sea turtles on the beach at Cumberland Island increased from ~20 turtles in

1974 to 187 turtles in 1979. Mortality is greatest in the sub-adult and old juvenile segments of the population, suggesting that future recruitment into the breeding population may be reduced. Cumber- land Island, Georgia, USA.

82:3867 Sissenwine, M.P., 1981. An overview of some methods

of fish stock assessment. Fisheries, 6(6):31-35. NOAA, NMFS, NEFC, Woods Hole, Mass. 02543, USA.

82:3868 Smith, P.E. and R.W. Eppley, 1982. Primary pro-

duction and the anchovy population in the Southern California Bight: comparison of time series. Limnol. Oceanogr., 27(1):1-17.

Two new time series, anchovy biomass 1951-1979 and primary production 1920-1979, estimated from 1974-1979 data, are compared with existing time series for zooplankton and microplankton in an effort to understand the extent to which primary production and other environmental parameters control anchovy population size. Anchovy larval production but not anchovy biomass could be related to primary production and zooplankton biomass. NMFS, Southwest Fish. Center, La Jolla, Calif. 92038, USA. (mjj)

82:3869 Ware, D.M., 1982. Power and evolutionary fitness of

teleosts. (Overview.) Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci., 39(1):3-13. Dept. of Fish. and Oceans, Res. Serv. Br., Pacific Biol. Sta., Nanaimo, B.C. V9R 5K6, Canada.

Ell0. Bottom communities

82:3870 Association for the Research of Littoral Organisms

in Osaka Bay, 1981. Rocky shore macrobiota of southeastern Osaka Bay IJapani and its characteristics: results of a survey conducted in 1980. Bull. Osaka Mus. nat. Hist., 35:55-72. (In Japanese, English abstract.)

82:3871 Cherbadgi, I.I. and M.V. Propp, 1981. Comparative

characteristics of productivity indices of corals and periphyton from artificial and natural substrates. Biologiya mor., Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1981(4):31-35. (In Russian, English abstract.) Inst. of Mar. Biol., Far East Sci. Ctr., Acad. of Sci., Vladivostok 690022, USSR.


82:3872 Hockin, D.C., 1982. Further records of maiofauna

predation and implications for the community stability. Crustaceana, 42(1):106-108.

Work on an intertidal sand beach (Aberdeenshire, Scotland) has revealed previously unreported preda- t i on -by free-living amoebae (Amphileptidae and Enchelyidae) on Arenopontia subterranea (an harpacticoid copepod) and by the Staphyfinus ater beetle on Nematoda. Meiofaunal community instability, rather than due to climate, may be an inherent community property leading to patchiness and, paradoxically, to greater species persistence (Allen, 1975). Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Aberdeen, New- burgh, Ellon, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, UK. (ahm)

82:3873 Iizumi, H., A. Hattori and C.P. McRoy, 1982.

Ammonium regeneration and assimilation in eelgrass (Zostera marina) beds. Mar. Biol., 66(1):59-65.

A ~SN isotope dilution technique showed assimilation of NH 4 exceeded regeneration by several-fold in the water column, whereas in sediments regeneration (_< 150 nmol gl h-i) nearly always exceeded assimilation (_<77 nmol g-~ h -~) and met the N demands of eelgrass. Australian Inst. of Mar. Sci., P.M.B. No. 3, Townsville M.S.O., Qld. 4810, Aus- tralia. (mjj)

82:3874 Jackson, J.B.C. and J.E. Winston, 1982. Ecology of

cryptic coral reef communities. I. Distribution and abundance of major groups of encrnsting organisms. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol,, 57(2/3):135-147.

Sponges, cheilostome bryozoans, crustose algae and other algae occupy most of the space under folia- ceous reef corals at Rio Bueno, Jamaica. Sponges predominate away from coral edges on the older regions of coral undersides, are more abundant at -20 m than -10 m depth and are the 'best over- growth competitors for space.' The 3 other groups are more abundant near coral edges, a younger substratum available for colonization by poorer space competitors. Cheflostomes are most abundant at -10 m, while algal abundances are not depth- related. Abundance differences in terms of depth of all groups may be related just as much to predation as to space or food competition. Dept. of Ear. and Plan. Sci., Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, Md. 21218, USA. (ahm)

82:38"75 Jorgensen, N.O.G., T.H. Blackburn, Kai Henriksen

and Daniel Bay, 1981. The importance of

Pos/do~a oceanica and Cymodoeea ~ as contributors of free amino adds in watei" and sediment of seagrass beds [Corsica, Francel. Mar. Ecol. (P.S.Z.N. I), 2(2):97-112.

Concentrations and composition of dissolved free amino acids (DFAA) were determined; both sea- grasses and sediment released DFAA. Turnover of DVAA was estimated as 3.5% of seagrass photosynthetic carbon fixation, based on DFAA diel changes and changes resulting from experimentally manipulated L:D regimes. Inst. of Ecol. and Genetics, Univ. of Aarhus, Ny Munkegade, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. (mjj)

82:3876 Ott, J.A., 1981. Adaptive strategies at the ecosystem

level: examples from two benthic marine systems. Mar. Ecol. (P.S.Z.N. I), 2(2):113-158.

Adaptive strategies at the ecosystems level are examined using as examples community biomass and trophic energy transfers in a subtidal grazing- based community and in a detritus-based seagrass community. Adaptive advantages of stabilizing storages versus rapid turnover, and of grazing versus detrital food chains, are discussed. Ecosystem information processing is modelled; the survival value of 'imperfections' and the persistence of 'interspecific altruism' are discussed. Ecological ethics and the survival of mankind are considered. Includes 9 pages of references. Inst. of Zool., Univ. of Vienna, Wahringerstrasse 17/VI, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. (mjj)

82:3877 Pihl, Leif and Rutger Rosenberg, 1982. Production,

abundance, and biomass of mobile epibenthic marine fauna in shallow waters, western Sweden. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol, 57(2/3):273-301.

A new portable drop trap enabled accurate sampling of the dominant and mobile epifaunal species (2 crustaceans and 3 fishes). Production, abundance, biomass, and horizontal dispersion were determined; nearly 90% of the annual production occurred during the 4 month warm season. Inst. of Mar. Res., S-453 00 Lysekil, Sweden. (mjj)

82:3878 Sebens, K.P., 1982. The limits of indeterminnte

growth: an optimal size model applied to passive suspension feeders. Ecology, 63(1):209-222.

Capture of natural and marked prey by the passive suspension feeder (sessile predator) Anthopleura xanthogrammica, an intertidal sea anemone, was measured in the field; energetic costs were measured by starvation in aquaria. A general model is

OLR (I 982) 29 (8) E. Biological Oceanography 491

presented whose predictions of an increase in optimum body size with increasing habitat suitability (more prey or less stress) agree with field obser- vations. Relationship between energy allocated for growth and that allocated for reproduction, as influenced by body size, is examined. Mus. of Comp. Zool., Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass. 02138, USA. (mjj)

82:3879 Sheppard, C.R.C., 1982. Coral populations on reef

slopes and their major controls. Review. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 7(1):83-115.

Research findings on coral reef ecology published in the last 15 yr are reviewed with emphasis on controls of coral distributions. Subjects discussed include: (1) reef slope framework, type and aspect; (2) coral distributions down to 100 m; and (3) physical and biological factors influencing coral distributions including interspecific competition. Mechanisms by which environmental factors affect coral populations are emphasized. Includes 9 pages of references. Australian Inst. of Mar. Sci., P.M.B. No. 3, Towns- ville M.S.O., Q. 4810, Australia. (mjj)

82:3880 Taylor, P.R. and M.M. Littler, 1982. The roles of

compensatory mortality, physical disturbance, and substrate retention in the development and or- ganization of a sand-influenced, rocky-intertidal community. Ecology, 63(1): 135-146.

Importance of the anemone Anthopleura elegantis- sima, the sand tube worm Phragmatopoma californica and macroalgae in determining community structure and development was investigated by field obser- vations and manipulative experiments in an intertidal area of San Nicolas Island, California. An interplay of species' tolerances to stress (desiccation and thermal effects of exposure to air) and physical disturbance (sand inundation), as well as competitive abilities and life history strategies, were found to be responsible for observed patterns. Dept. of Ecol. and Evol. Biol., Univ. of California, Irvine, Calif. 92717, USA. (mjj)

82:3881 Tribble, G.W., 1981. Reef-based herbivores and the

distribution of two seagrass~ (Syr/ngod/um fl//- fotme and Tba/ass/a testud/num) in the San Bias Islands (western Caribbean). Mar. Biol., 65(3): 277-281.

Zonation of manatee grass (S. filiforme) and turtle grass (T. testudinum) appears to have resulted in part from selective grazing by fish during the day and by sea urchins during the night. Unresolved aspects of

the zonation are discussed; possible causes are proposed. 4074 Puu Eleele PI., Honolulu, Hawaii 96816, USA. (smf)

82:3882 Wharton, W.G. and K.H. Mann, 1981. Relationship

between destructive grazing by the sea urchin, Stnmgylocentmms droebac/ffens/s, and the abundance of American lobster, Homarus amer/canus, on the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci., 38(11):1339-1349.

This paper draws attention to deteriorating conditions of the lobster-producing system of Atlantic Nova Scotia. The sea urchins' major structuring effect on the algal communities is documented; lobsters are discussed as possible key predators but also as targets for positive feedback in the system (i.e., loss of macroalgae leads to still further declines in lobster populations). It is suggested that management personnel consider and investigate relationships among lobsters, other predators, sea urchins and kelp. Dept. of Biol., Dalhousie Univ., Halifax, N.S. B3H 4Jl, Canada. (smf)

El20. Estuarine and marsh communities

82:3883 Jordan, T.E. and Ivan Valiela, 1982. A nitrogen

budget of the ribbed mussel, Geukensia demissa, and its significance in nitrogen flow in a New England salt marsh. Limnol. Oceanogr., 27(1):75- 90.

Mussels filtered 1.8 times the particulate N flushed annually, absorbing about half; 55% was subse- quently excreted as NH 4, more than that excreted by any other organism. Gamete release, growth and byssal thread production accounted for the re- maining 21%, 20% and 4%, respectively, of the mussel N budget. Chesapeake Bay Center for Environ. Studies, Smithsonian Inst., Edgewater, Md. 21037, USA. (mjj)

82:3884 King, R.J., 1981. The free-living Hormos~ bank~ii

(Turner) Decaisne associated with mangroves in temperate eastern Australia. Botanica mar., 24(11):569-576.

Morphology of H. banksii is described; features are compared with those of Northern Hemisphere salt marsh fucoids. Unattached plants on the open mud surface are subject to tidal influence; biomass fluctuates markedly, achieving a maximum in summer. Productivity is estimated at ~0 .4 kg m -2 y r ~.


Sch. of Botany, Univ. of NSW, Box 1 Kensington, 2033 Australia. (smf)

82:3885 Marinucci, A.C., 1982. Trophic importance of

Spartina aitemitlora production and decomposition to the marsh-estuarine ecosystem. (Re- view.) Biol. Conserv., 22(1):35-58.

Processes of production and decomposition of S. alterniflora are summarized and interrelated in this review paper. Data on above- and below-ground production, decomposition half-lives, marsh-estuarine exchanges, trophic energy transfers (including SO4 reduction), and the nutritive value of Spartina detritus are presented. The major value of Spartina marshes to adjacent estuaries appears to be as a nursery and refuge for estuarine species rather than as a nutrient or carbon source. Ecosystems Center, MBL, Woods Hole, Mass. 02543, USA. (mjj)

82:3886 van Es, F.B., 1982. Community metabolism of

intertidal flats in the Ems-Doilard Estuary [Wad- den Seal. Mar. Biol., 66(1):95-108.

Community respiration exceeded primary production by 40% at 4 of 6 stations. Temperature explained 50% and viable bacteria an additional 20% of the variation in community respiration as analyzed by stepwise multiple regression. Most sediment organic C appeared refractory with the main C flux (from CO 2 to producers to consumers and back to CO2) occurring within a month. Dept. of Micro- biology, State Univ. of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN Haren, Netherlands. (mjj)

82:3887 White, D.A. and J.M. Trapani, 1982. Factors

influencing disappearance of Spartina Mterniflora from litterbags. Ecology, 63(1):242-245.

Influence of tides and month of placement of the litterbags on the decomposition and disappearance of Spartina litter was investigated in a Louisiana salt marsh. Dept. of Biol., Tulane Univ., New Orleans, La. 70118, USA. (mjj)

El30. Fouling and boring organisms and communities

82:3888 Chalmer, P.N., 1982. Settlement patterns of species

in a marine fouling community and some mechanisms of succession. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 58(1):73-85.

The 2 earliest settlers on asbestos plates (Garden Island, Western Australia) were Balanus and Spiror- bis. They both immediately occupied a substantial area as they settled continuously and abundantly. Anomia, Ostrea and entrusting Bryozoa settled later, discontinuously, not abundantly and occupied relatively less area when small, thus creating a delay between their settling and growing large enough to occupy more area. Mytilus settled discontinuously but abundantly and was able to persist indefinitely. Therefore, succession was influenced both by community age and by 'temporal variations in abundance and continuity of settlement of each species.' LeProvost, Semeniuk & Chalmer, 384 Rokeby Rd., Subiaco, W. Australia 6008. (ahm)

82:3889 Field, Bryan, 1982. Structural analysis of fouling

community development in the Damariscotta River Estuary, Maine. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 57(1):25-33. EG&G, Environmental Consult- ants, 300 Bear Hill Rd., Waltham, Mass. 02154, USA.

El40. Birds

82:3890 Jouventin, P., G. De Monicault and J.M. Blosseville,

1981. IDance of the albatross, Phoebetr/a tusca.i Behaviour, 78(1/2):43-80. (In French, English abstract.)

Data from 5 yr of parallel ecological and ethological studies of the very complex nuptial display of the sooty albatross were computer analyzed. Results demonstrate that vocabulary is sexed, a dialogue does occur, and language levels progress as the partners 'get better acquainted.' A biological function for the dance and its components is suggested. Lab. d'Ornithologie et Mammal, Mus. Natl. d'His- toire Nat., Paris, France. (ahm)

82:3891 Randall, R.M., B.M. Randall and D. Baird, 1981.

Speed of movement of jackass penguins over long distances and their possible use of ocean currents. S. Afr. J. Sci., 77(9):420-421.

The shortest time (11 days) for released penguins to travel the 890 km from Robben Island to St. Croix Island equates to an average speed of 80.9 kin/day (3.37 kin/h) which may have been influenced by favorable currents at the t ime--up to 23 km/day. Estimation of potential foraging ranges is discussed. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Port Elizabeth, P.O. Box 1600, Port Elizabeth 6000, South Africa. (ahm)


El50 . Microbiology (communities, processes; also bacteria, fungi, yeasts, viruses, etc.)

82:3892 AI-Mossawi, M.A.J., M. Kadri, A. Salem and M.

Salama, 1982. Incidence of antibiotic resistant fecal collforms in the coastal waters of Kuwait. Wat. Air Soil Pollut., 17(2): 141-149.

The numerous antibiotic-resistant fecal coliforms isolated from I l coastal sites' water samples provided strong evidence of sewage contamination; 93% of the isolates were resistant to more than one antibiotic. The potential problem presented by transference of this resistance to other pathogenic species is discussed. Environ. Sci. Dept., Kuwait Inst. for Scientific Res., P.O. Box 24885, Kuwait. (sir)

82:3893 Amon, J.P. and Soon-pin Yei, 1982. The effect of

salinity on the growth of two marine fungi in mixed culture. Mycologia, 74(1): 117-122.

Phlyctochytrium sp. grew better at low to intermediate salinities while Thraustochytrium striatum grew better at intermediate to hypersaline conditions. Results in single species and two-member cultures help to explain the salinity-related distributions of these fungi in the natural environment. Dept. of Biol. Sci., Wright State Univ., Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA. (mjj)

82:3894 Attree-Pietri, Ch., E.A. Gutierrez-Galindo and P.

Stromboni, 1982. [Distribution between seawater and sediment of a poilu virus in an experimental system.] Chemosphere, 11(2):219-224. (In French, English abstract.) INSERM, avenue Jean Lorrain, 06300 Nice, France.

82:3895 Aubert, M., M. Gauthier, J. Aubert and P. Bernard,

1980/81. [Information systems of marine microbiota: their role in biological oceanographic equilibrium.] Revue int. Oc~anogr. M~d., 60/61: 231pp. (In French.)

This four-part work discusses: (1) the function of chemical messengers ('telemediators') in mediating inter- and intraspecific interactions among verte- brates, invertebrates and microorganisms, (2) the role of these 'tele-messengers' in marine biological equilibria (bacterial self-purification, productivity and eutrophication, factors limiting primary production), (3) chemical-messenger regulation of microbial interactions (antibiotics, vitamins, phyto-

hormones, toxins, etc.) and (4) the effects of chemical pollutants on the signals (antibiotics of Asterionella japonica and marine bacteria, and bacterial chemotaxis, etc.) Includes 22 pages of references. CERBOM, Inst. Nat. Salute et Rech. Med., France. (mjj)

82:3896 Chrzanowski, T.H., L.H. Stevenson and J.D. Spur-

tier, 1982. Seasonal variability and transport of suspended microfungi in a southeastern IU.S.] salt marsh. Appl. environ. Microbiol., 43(2):392- 396.

In each season, microfungi concentrations fluctuated out of phase with both neap and spring tides; mean concentrations did not vary appreciably throughout the year. Fungi were exported from the marsh during the majority of the tidal cycles studied. Microfungi may serve as indicators of water mass movements. Dept. of Biol., Univ. of Texas, Arlington, Tex. 76019, USA.

82:3897 Cuhel, R.L., C.D. Taylor and H.W. Jannasch, 1982.

Assimilatory sulfur metabolism in marine microorganisms: sulfur metabolism, protein synthesis, and growth of Alteromonas luteo-violaceus and Pseudomonas ludodurans during perturbed batch growth. Appl. environ. Microbiol., 43(1 ): 151-159.

Protein synthesis and incorporation of SO 4 into residue protein were blocked by the protein synthesis inhibitor, chloramphenicol. The S content of P. halodurans protein (1.09% by weight) was not affected by chloramphenicol treatment, nutritional stress or growth substrates. Variation in SO 4 incorporation into residue protein was low (C.V. ca. 15°/o). Therefore, SO 4 assimilation and incorporation are accurate measures of de novo protein synthesis. Variability of cellular C, N, S and protein contents is discussed relative to bacterial growth measurements in natural environments. NOAA, AOML, Miami, Fla. 33149, USA. (mjj)

82:3898 Dahle, A.B. and Morten Laake, 1982. Diversity

dynamics of marine bacteria studied by immuno- fluorescent staining on membrane filters. Appl. environ. Microbiol., 43(1): 169-176.

Growth of Aeromonas sp., Chromobacterium cf. lividum, Vibrio sp., and 2 Pseudomonas spp. was stimulated by high values for net primary production, chlorophyll a, and DOC; a diversity index based on specific and total counts can be calculated. The staining procedure is very specific and practical for field use. Laake: Inst. of Pharmacology and


Toxicology, Veterinary Coll. of Norway, PB 8146 Dep., Oslo 1, Norway.

82:3899 Hines, M.E. and J.D. Buck, 1982. Distribution of

methanogenic and sulfate-reducing bacteria in near-shore marine sediments. Appl. environ. Microbiol., 43(2):447-453.

Both bacterial groups were detected off eastern Connecticut and in Long Island Sound. Three distributional patterns were observed; distributions of abundant methanogenic and sulfate-reducing bacteria were mutually exclusive. Methanogenic enrichments yielded all genera of methanogens except Methanosarcina, with the methanobacteria predominating. Jackson Estuarine Lab., Univ. of New Hampshire, Durham, N.H. 03824, USA.

82:3900 Joint, I.R. and A.J. Pomroy, 1982. Aspects of

microbial heterotrophic production in a highly turbid estuary. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 58(1):33- 46.

~4C glucose uptake by microbial populations was studied in the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel; suspended solids ranged between ( 5 mg/L and >800 mg/L. Heterotrophic potential, V m, correlated with turbidity and POC, but there was no correlation between microbial biomass and turbidity or Vm; Vm ranged 0.9 x 10 ~ to 288 × 10 ~ #g C L -~ h -~ and turnover time ( 2 to >100 h. There may be a threshold of glucose concentration below which there is no uptake. NERC, Inst. for Mar. Environ. Res., Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth, PLI 3DH, UK.

82:3901 Karl, D.M., 1982. The Oceanography Report. Mi-

crobial transformations of organic matter at oceanic interfaces: a review and prospectus. Eas, 63(5): 138-140.

Microbial biomass and activity tend to be elevated at physical and chemical discontinuities, but little is known about microbial activity at these interfaces. Problems hindering study are discussed and methods for estimating microbial biomass, metabolic activity and growth rates are enumerated. Present knowledge of the microbiology of 4 important oceanic discontinuities-the dissolved 02 minimum zone, oxic- anoxic interfaces, coastal oceanic fronts, and suspended particulates--is reviewed. Dept. of Oceanogr., Univ. of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii. (mjj)

82:3902 Kirchman, David and Ralph Mitchell, 1982. Con-

trlbution of particle-bound bacteria to total

microheterotrophic activity in five ponds and two marshes. Appl. environ. Microbiol., 43 (1): 200-209.

Although the number of particle-bound bacteria was low ((10%), these bacteria incorporated a large proportion (>40%) of labelled glucose and gluta- mate; uptake per cell was significantly higher for epibacteria than for unattached bacteria in all systems. Particle-bound bacteria were more important in sediment-laden waters not flushed regularly by tides. Div. of Appl. Sci., Harvard Univ., Cam- bridge, Mass. 02138, USA.

82:3903 Krempin, D.W. and C.W. Sullivan, 1981. The

seasonal abundance, vertical distribution, and relative microbial biomass of chroococcoid cyano- bacteria at a station in southern California coastal waters. Can. J. Microbiol., 27(12):1341-1344.

Standing stock of autofluorescent chroococcoids paralleled seasonal plankton trends. Low winter levels increased through the summer to peak in early fall. Greatest number of autofluorescent cells was within the top 30 m of the photic zone. Bacterio- plankton averaged 5%, autofluorescent cells 1%, and phytoplankton 94% of the total microbial (0.2- 203#m) biomass. Sullivan: Dept. of Biol. Sci., Univ. of So. California, Los Angeles, Calif. 90007, USA.

82:3904 Lindley, E.A.S. and J.G. Field, 1982. The nature and

ecological significance of bacterial aggregation in a nearshore upwemng ecosystem. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci., 14(1):1-11.

Bacterial standing crop fluctuated from 24-420 mg dry weight m 3. Up to 34% of bacterial biomass was associated with aggregates, as attached bacteria were larger than free living forms (95% by number). Six aggregate types were recognized; hypotheses on their mode of formation are discussed in relation to environmental factors. Inst. for Mar. Environ. Res., Prospect Place, Plymouth PLI 3DH, UK.

82:3905 Paerl, H.W. and S.M. Merkel, 1982. Differential

phosphorus assimilation in attached vs. unattached microorganisms. Arch. Hydrobiol., 93(2): 125-134. Inst, of Mar. Sci., Univ. of North Carolina, Morehead City, N.C. 28557, USA.

82:3906 Schindler, JiPi and Zden6k Schindler, 1982. Numer-

ical identification of bacteria with a hand-held calculator as an alternative to code books. J. clin. Microbiol., 15(2):332-334.

The Hewlett-Packard HP 41C hand-held calculator


can be used for numerical identification of bacteria. Dimensions of the identification matrix are limited to ~30 by 22; however, many groups of clinically important bacteria can be accommodated. Hand- held calculators and additional tests can help solve identification problems in profiles not contained in code books. Dept. of Med. Microbiol. and Im- munol., Charles Univ., Prague, Czechoslovakia 12800.

82:3907 Stuart, V., R.C. Newell and M.I. Lucas, 1982.

Conversion of kelp debris and faecal material from the mussel Au/acomya ater by marine micro-organisms. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 7(1):47- 57.

The dominant kelp bed suspension-feeding bivalve A. ater may obtain as much as 50% of its C requirement from kelp debris, based on laboratory feeding experiments. Only 10-15% of the C in unprocessed kelp debris and mussel faecal material is converted into bacterial C; the remainder is mineralized within 33 d at 10°C. Thus bacteria appear to be of limited trophic significance as a C source in coastal waters. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa. (mjj)

82:3908 Sugahara, Isao, Koichiro Hayashi, Toshio Kimura,

Akihiko Matsuoka, Chikara Jinno and Shige- kazu Yamanaka, 1981. Studies on marine bacteria producing lyric enzymes. V. Culture conditions. VI. Effects of inorganic salts on release of lytic enzymes. Bull. Fac. Fish. Mie Univ., 8:49-71; 2 papers. Faculty of Fish., Mie Univ., Japan.

82:3909 Syzdek, L.D., 1982. Concentration of Serrat/a in the

surface microlayer. Limnol. Oceanogr., 27(1): 172-177.

Controlled removal of floating Nuclepore filters permitted comparisons of concentrations in various thicknesses of the microlayer from 8-100 #m. Serratia became enriched in the microlayer by a factor >4 during dilution and vortex mixing. Enriched concentrations were found only in the upper 20 /~m (reaching enrichment factors >15 within 1 h); EF values > 120 were obtained from the upper 10/~m of suspensions aged undisturbed for 18 h. Rates of increase of EF were greater for un- cleaned water surfaces than for cleaned surfaces, indicating a relationship between microlayer concentration and surface films. Atmos. Sci. Res. Center, SUNY, Albany, NY 12222, USA.

82:3910 Vrijmoed, L.L.P., I.J. Hodgkiss and L.B. Thrower,

1982. Factors affecfln~ the distribution of ligulcO- lolls marine fungi in Hong Kong. Hydrobiologia, 87(2): 143-160.

At 5 test sites (varying from estuarine to oceanic and from polluted to non-polluted) over an 18-month period, 51 species of fungi were recorded, of which only 28 were either obligate or facultative forms. Neither the general distribution nor that of the more frequent species could be solely accounted for by salinity differences; low pH or the presence of abundant inocula may be important. Dept. of Bot., Univ. of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.

82:3911 Williams, H.N., W.A. Failder Jr. and D.E. Shay,

1982. Seasonal distribution of bdeliovibrios at the mouth of the Patuxent River in the Chesapeake Bay. Can. J. Microbiol., 28(1): 111-116. Dept. of Microbiol., Univ. of Maryland Dental Sch., Baltimore, Md. 21201, USA.

82:3912 Winfrey, M.R., D.G. Marty, A.J.M. Bianchi and

D.M. Ward, 1981. Vertical distribution of sulfate reduction, methane production, and bacteria in marine sediments. Geomicrobiol. J., 2(4):341-362.

Porewater chemistry and numbers and activity of methane-producing bacteria (MPB) and sulfate- reducing bacteria (SRB) were examined in 4 cores of shallow, subtidal marine sediment collected off Brittany, France. Sulfate concentrations and rates of sulfate reduction were highest at the surface and decreased sharply with depth; rates of methano- genesis were highest where sulfate concentrations were low. Numbers of MPB were 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than numbers of SRB; both groups decreased in numbers only slightly with depth. Ward: Dept. of Microbiol., Montana State Univ., Bozeman, Mont., USA. (mjj)

El80. Biochemistry

82:3913 Fenical, William, 1982. Natural products chemislry in

the marine environment. Science, 215(4535):923- 928.

Compounds, termed secondary metabolites, with no apparent function in cellular processes are now thought to serve as defensive adaptations which enhance survival in the marine environment. Bio- synthetic activities of marine and terrestrial plants and animals are contrasted by the presentation of


several examples of unique marine metabolism (involvement of halogens in terpene biosynthesis, Br-containing acetogenins, etc.). Scripps Inst. of Oceanog., La Jolleh Calif. 92093, USA. (mjj)

E220. Invertebrates (except E230-Crus- tacea, and E240-Protozoa)

82:3914 Cutler, E.B. and N.J. Cutler, 1980. Slpunoala from

southern Brazil [indudln~ 2 n.spp.]. Bolm Inst. oceanogr, S Paulo, 29(1): 1-8. Biol. Dept., Utica Coll. of Syracuse Univ., Utica, N.Y. 13502, USA.

82:3915 Ferguson, J.C., 1982. A comparative study of the net

metabolic benefits derived from the uptake and release Of free amino acids by marine Inverte- brates. Biol. Bull. mar. biol. Lab., Woods Hole, 162(1): 1-17.

Amino acid uptake by arthropods was negligible, but all of the other animals examined (21 species, 7 phyla) took up enough amino acids to support at least 3-10% of their metabolism. More sustenance may be provided by amino acid uptake than by ingested food for the sand dollar and brittlestar. Energy needs of superficial structures may be provided for by amino acid uptake in most marine invertebrates. Dept. of Biol., Eckerd Coll., Box 12560, St. Petersburg, Fla. 33733, USA. (mjj)

82:3916 Pearre, S. Jr., 1982. Feeding by Chaetognatim: aspects

of inter- and intra-spedflc predation. Mar. Ecol.- Prog. Ser., 7(1):33-45.

Predation on chaetognaths by their own or other species increases with size of the predator; it is also affected by abundance, although less clearly. Pro- portion of chaetognaths in the diet increases expo- nentially with predator size and at a rate greater than that predicted by a random feeding model. The cost-benefit ratio heavily favors selection of chae- tognath- over copepod-sized particles by large chaetognaths; overall food-gathering efficiency is approximately constant over a wide range of chae- tognath sizes. Dept. of Oceanog., Dalhousie Univ., Halifax, N.S. B3H 4Jl, Canada.

82:3917 Wright, R.T., R.B. Coffin, C.P. Ersing and Daniel

Pearson, 1982. Field and laboratory measurements of bivalve filtration of natural marine bacterioplankton. Limnol. Oceanogr~ 27( 1 ):91-98.

Natural bacterio- and phytoplankton clearance by Mytilus edulis, Geukensia demissa, and Mya arenaria was measured in the laboratory: only Geukensia efficiently cleared bacteria. Field measurements across a Mytilus bed showed substantial phytoplankton removal but no effect on bacterial concentrations. Geukensia's ability to filter bacteria appears a key adaptation to a food resource deriving largely from salt marsh primary production. Dept. of Biol., Gordon College, Wenham, Mass. 01984, USA.

E230. Crustacea

82:3918 Abele, L.G., K.L. Heck Jr., D.S. Simberloff and G.J.

Vermeij, 1981. Bingengraphy of crab claw size: assumptions and a null hypothesis. Syst. Zool., 30(4):406-424.

Earlier hypotheses on patterns in claw strength of brachyuran crabs that prey on molluscs are not supported by further analysis of the data. The ratio of chela height or thickness to carapace breadth is not a good measure of claw strength; body size affects the ratio more strongly than does geographic origin. The authors were 'unable to reject the null hypotheses that there are no relationships between relative claw size and geographic region, number of co-occurring congeners, and total number of brachyuran species.' Dept. of Biol. Sci., Florida State Univ., Tallahassee, Fla. 32306, USA. (mii)

82:3919 Acheson, J.M. and Robert Reidman, 1982. Biolog-

ical and economic effects of increasing the minimum legal size of American lobster in Maine. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 111(1):1-12. Dept. of Anthropology, Univ. of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA.

82:3920 Berenboim, B.I., 1981. Feeding of the shrimp Pan-

da/us borea//s in the Barents Sea. Biologiya mor., Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1981(5):28-32. (In Russian, English abstract.) Polar Res. Inst. of Mar. Fish. and Oceanogr., Murmansk 183763, USSR.

82:3921 Brodsky, K.A., 1981. Changes in species composition

of copepods and cladocerans of Possiet and Amur bays (Sea of Japan) in connection with temperature fluctuations of many years. Biologiya mot., Akad. Nauk SSSB, 1981(5):21-27. (In Russian, English abstract.) Zool. Inst., Acad. of Sci., Leningrad 199164, USSR.


82:3922 Browne, R.A., 1982. The costs of reproduction in

brine shrimp. Ecology, 63(1):43-47.

Control, unmated and delayed mating pairs of brine shrimp were kept on low or high feeding regimes. As long as food supplies were ample, length of the reproductive period had no effect on female lifespan. When mating was delayed by 20 or 40 days after maturity, larger and more closely spaced broods were born such that these females produced the same total numbers of offspring as did the controls. Biol. Dept., Wake Forest Univ., Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA. (m.ij)

82:3923 Bruce, A.J., 1982. Notes on some Indo-Pacific

Pontoniinae. XXXIX. Isopontonia platycheles gen.nov., sp.nov., from the Chesterfield Islands, New Caledonia (Decapoda, Caridea). Crus- taceana, 42(1):54-64. The Darwin Mus., P.O. Box 4646, Darwin, N.T. 5794, Australia.

82:3924 Bruce, N.L., 1982. Species of Argat/mna Stebbing,

1905 Clsopoda, Corallanldae) new to Australia, with descriptions of two new species [A. rosUata n.sp., A. crenulata n.sp.]. Crustaceana, 42(1):12- 25. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld. 4067, Australia.

82:3925 Burkill, P.H. and T.F. Kendall, 1982. Production of

the copelmd Eurytemora Mffn/s in the Bristol Channel, Mar. EcoL-Prog. Ser., 7(1):21-31.

Developmental rates and production of E. affinis were determined in-situ with simple incubation chambers. Comparison with laboratory-obtained rates indicates caution should be exercised when extrapolating experimental results to the field. In the Bristol Channel, food and predation pressures may affect production more than estuarine flushing or salinity. Inst. for Mar. Environ. Res., Prospect Place, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK. (ahm)

82:3926 Gaudy, R., J.P. Guerin and M. Moraitou-Aposto-

lopoulou, 1982. Effect of temperatm'e and salinity on the population dy~mdcs of T/she/aCet/m-/ae Hnmes (Copepoda: ~ ) fed on two different diets. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol, 57(2/3): 257-271. Lab. d'Hydrobiol, mar., Faculte des Sci. de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France.

82:3927 Hayashi, Ken-Ichi and Seiichi Tsumura, 1981.

Revision of Japanese Luciferinae (l)ecal~la, Penaeidlae, Sergestidae). Bull. japan. Soc. scient. Fish, 47(11):1437-1441. Shimonoseki Univ. of Fish., Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi 759-65, Japan.

82:3928 Holthuis, L.B., A.J. Edwards and H.R. Lubbock,

1980. The decapod and stomatopod Crastacea of St. Paul's Rocks [Mid-Atiantic Ridge near the Equator]. Zoologische Meded., Leiden, 56(3):27- 51. Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, Netherlands.

82:3929 Jones, D.A., 1982. New isopods of the genus/aanoe/ra

(Corallanidae) from the Indian Ocean region. [L. glabra n.sp., L. anasicula n.sp.] Crustaceana, 42(1):65-75. Includes a key to the genus. Mar. Sci. Lab., Menai Bridge, Anglesey, Gwynedd, N. Wales, UK.

82:3930 Kuttyamma, V.J., 1980. Studies on the prawns and

the prawn larvae of the Kayamkulam Lake and Cochin Backwaters [SW India]. Bull. Dep. mar. Sci. Univ. Cochin, 11(1):1-38. Dept. of Mar. Sci., Univ. of Cochin, Cochin-16, India.

82:3931 Lewinsohn, C., 1982. IAn/od~ reO~ces n.sp. (De-

capocla, Anomura) from the Red Sea.] Crus- taceana, 42(1):76-82. (In German, English abstract.) Zool. Inst. der Univ., Tel-Aviv, Israel.

82:3932 Lindley, J.A., 1982. Population dynamics and pro-

duction of euphansiids, m . Meg~ycffpbam~ norreg/ca and Nycffp/umes couch/in the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea. Mar. Biol, 66(1):37-46.

Continuous Plankton Recorder samples from 10 m depth over 2 yr gave information on seasonal changes in size, abundance and population structure of the 2 species. M. notvegica lived just over 2 yr; adults spawned during spring or summer. N. couchi, however, spawned over a long breeding season, producing cohorts with overlapping size ranges. Maturity of N. couchi may be attained in ~ 1 yr; life span may be just over 1 yr. Production estimates are given along with cautions for interpretation. NERC, Inst. for Mar. Environ. Res., Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PLI 3DH, Devon, UK. (ahm)


82:3933 Marcus, N.H., 1982. [/atbidoce~ aesffva (Copepoda:

Calanolda).] Reversibility of subitaneous and diapause egg production; photoperiodic and temperature regulation of diapause. Biol. Bull. mar. biol. Lab., Woods Hole, 162(1):39-52; 2 papers.

These 2 papers document the switching of production from subitaneous to diapause eggs in response to decreasing photoperiod during the fall (Vineyard Sound, Massachusetts); temperature can modify the effect. Implications for Labidocera reproductive capacity are discussed. WHOI, Woods Hole, Mass. 02543, USA. (isz)

82:3934 Mauro, N.A. and C.P. Mangum, 1982. The role of

the blood in the temperature dependance of oxidative metahoHsm in decapod crustaceans. I. Intraspecific responses to seasonal differences in temperature. II. Interspecific adaptations to latitudinal changes. J. expl Zool, 219(2):179- 195; 2 papers. Dept. of Biol., Hartwick Coll., Onconta, NY 13820, USA.

82:3935 Mickel, T.J. and J.J. Childress, 1982. Effects of

pressure and temperature on the EKG and heart rate of the hydrothermal vent crab Bythograea thermydron (Brachyura). Biol. Bull. mar. biol. Lab., Woods Hole, 162(1):70-82. Childress: Mar. Sci. Inst., Univ. of Calif., Santa Barbara, Calif. 93106, USA.

82:3936 Mielke, Wolfgang, 1982. [Paralaophonte pamm~nsis

n.sp. from west Panama; Copepoda, Harpacti- coida, Laophontidae.] Crustaceana, 42(1): 1-11. Zool. Inst. der Univ., D-34 GOttingen, FRG.

82:3937 Montagna, P.A., 1982. Morphological adaptation in

the deep-sea benthic harpacticoid copepod family Cervinlldae. Crustaceana, 42(1):37-43.

The 4 closely allied species studied showed the predicted (Por, 1964) lengthening and narrowing of most morphological features with increasing depth; deepest species possessed the most extreme features characteristic of Por's 'epipelic way of life.' Obser- vations on habitat preference, sedimentary environment and food 'suggest that speciation is the result of the sources and patterns of food distribution in the deep-sea environment.' Dept. of Biol., Univ. of South Carolina, Columbia, S.C. 29208, USA. (ahm)

82:3938 MuniUa, Tom,is and Andrts De Haro, 1981. An

electmphoretical and immmlologleal study of Pycnogoulda, with phylngenetic considerations. Bijdr. Dierk. (Contr. Zool.), 51(2): 191-198. Dept. de Zool., Univ. Auton., Barcelona, Spain.

82:3939 PaffenhOfer, G.-A. (comment), M.J. Dagg and T.J.

Cowles (reply), 1982. Grazing by copepeds in the Peru Upwelling. Deep-Sea Res., 29(1A): 145-147.

82:3940 Pantoustier, G. and G. Prunus, 1981. Quantitative

features of commensul relationships between two isopods, Jaera ~ and Sphaemma serratm, in field populations along the coasts of Tunisia. Bull. Soc. zool. Fr~ 106(4):467-481. (In French, English abstract.) Lab. de Zool., Universite, 14032, Caen-Cedex, France.

82:3941 Paul, R.K.G., 1982. Abundance, breeding and growth

of Cslllnectes arclJatl/s Ordway and CMlinectes toxotes Ordway (Decapoda, Brachyura, Por- tunidae) in a lagoon system on the Mexican Pacific coast. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci., 14(1):13- 26. Dept. of Mar. Biol., Univ. of Liverpool, Port Erin, Isle of Man, UK.

82:3942 Pauly, Daniel, 1982. A method to estimate the

stock-recruitment relationship of shrimps. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 111(1):13-20.

Recruit numbers and parental biomass of shrimp stocks can be derived, given a series of catch- per-effort data and estimates of a few ancillary variables. In the Gulf of Thailand, shrimp recruitment decreased with decreasing egg production, but increased with decreasing total (mainly fish) standing stock. Net result of these counteracting effects was an overall increase in shrimp recruitment, attributable to a greatly reduced prerecruit mortality. Int. Center for Living Aquatic Res. Mgmt., MCC P.O. Box 1501, Makati, Metro Manila, Philippines.

82:3943 Ramamurthy, S., G.G. Annigeri and N.S. Kurup,

1978. Resource assessment of the penaeid prawn Metapunaens dobson/(Miers) along the Manga- lore coast [west Indlal. Indian J. Fish, 25(1/2): 52-66. Central Mar. Fish. Res. Inst. Centre, Mangalore, India.


82:3944 Schultz, G.A., 1982. Species of Protallocoxoidea and

Stenetrioidea (lsopoda, Asellota) from the Ant- arctic and Southern seas. Antarct. Res. Ser., Am. geophys. Un, 32[Biol. of the Antarct. seas, 10(2)]:17-62. Hampton, NJ 08827, USA.

82:3945 Schultz, G.A., 1982. Arcturidae from the Antarctic

and Southern seas (Isopoda, Valvifera). I. [In- cludes 6 n.genera, 2 n.spp.] Antarct. Res. Ser., Am. geophys. Un., 32[Biol. of the Antarct. seas, 10(3)]:63-94. Hampton, NJ 08827, USA.

82:3946 Sekiguchi, Hideo, 1981. Distribution of larvae of

Pinn/xa rathbun/ Sakal (Decapoda: Pinnotheri- dae) in Ise Bay and its neighboring coastal waters, central Japan. II. Larval aggregations, with notes on their dispersal properties. Bull. Fac. Fish. Mie Univ., 8:19-29. Faculty of Fish., Mie Univ., Japan.

82:3947 Shelton, R.G.J. and H.D. Dooley, 1982. New records

of the geryonid crab, Geryon Mlinis Milne Edwards & Bonvier, and other deep water Brach- yura from the northeast Atlantic. Crustaceana, 42(!): 108-110. Mar. Lab., P.O. Box 101, Victoria Rd., Aberdeen AB9 8DB, UK.

55-83. Faculty of Applied Biol. Sci., Hiroshima Univ., Fukuyama 720, Japan.

82:3950 Vannini, Marco, 1982. Notes on Somalian species of

the genus Hylmeolpus (Decapoda, Brachyusa, Xanthidae) with the description of a new species [H. guinotae n.sp.]. Crustaeeana, 42(1):101-105. Ist. di Zool. dell'Univ., Florence, Italy.

82:3951 Willems, K.A., 1981. Boreopont/a heipi n.gen., n.sp.:

an interstitial harpacticoid (Copepoda) from the Southern Bight of the North Sea. Biologisch Jaarb. Dodonaea, 49:200-209. Inst. voor Dierk., Rijksunive. Gent, Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.

82:3952 Youngbluth, M.J., 1982. Utilization of a fecal mass as

food by the pelagic mysis larva of the penaeid shrimp Solenocera atlantidls, Mar. Biol., 66(1): 47-51. Harbor Branch Foundation, RR 1, Box 196, Fort Pierce, Fla. 33450, USA.

82:3953 Zimmer-Faust, R.K. and J.F. Case, 1982. Organiza-

tion of food search in the kelp crab, Pagettia producta (Randall). J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 57(2/3):237-255. Dept. of Biol., Univ. of Calif., Santa Barbara, Calif. 93106, USA.

82:3948 Solignac, Michel, 1981. Isolating mechanisms and

modalities of speciation in the daera albiIrons species complex (Crnstacea, Isopoda). Syst. Zool., 30(4):387-405.

This complex comprises 5 closely-related intertidal species whose females are morphologically indis- tinguishable; examination of male secondary sexual characters is required for identification. Several species may occur together, only partially isolated by ecological preferences; however, hybrids are scarce with fitness only ~0.15. Sexual isolation is due primarily to 'female reactivity'; temporal, mechan- ical and gametic isolating mechanisms are absent. 'A geographical mode of speciation with establishment of sexual isolation and hybrid breakdown during geographic isolation is likely.' Lab. de Biol. et Genet. Evol., CNRS, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France. (sir)

82:3949 Uye, Shin-ichi, 1982. Population dynamics and

production of Aearaa claus/ Giesbrecht (Colm- poda: Calanoida) in inlet waters [Onagawa Bay, northeast Japan]. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol, 57(1):

E250. Foraminifera, Radiolaria, Tintin- nida, e tc . (see also D-SUBMARINE GEOL- OGY AND GEOPHYSICS)

82:3954 Antony, A., 1980. Interstitial Foraminifera of the

sandy beaches of the southwest coast of Indin. Bull. Dep. mar. Sci. Univ. Cochin, 11(1):103-132.

Regular sampling of 8 localities over 2 years revealed 17 live foram species; Ammonia beccarii was the dominant species. Maximum numbers of forams in all seasons were at the low water level; high population numbers existed pre-monsoon, low numbers during the monsoon. Salinity appears to control interstitial distribution and abundance of forams. Small (<0.5 mm) and medium (~0.5 ram) forms occurred in fine sands, larger forms (>1 mm) in medium sands. Dept. of Mar. Sci., Univ. of Cochin, Cochin 682 016, India. (ahm)

82:3955 Arnold, Z.M., 1982. p s a m ~ sd~p/ora n.gen.,

n.sp., a lmlygenomic Californian glcoamm|nid


[from Monterey Bay]. J.foram. Res, 12(1):72-78. Dept. and Museum of Paleontology, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif. 94720, USA.

82:3956 Brtnnimann, Paul and Dimas Dias-Brito, 1982. New

Lituolacea (Protista, Foraminiferida) from shallow waters of the Brazilian shelf. [Sepetibaella sepetibaensis, n.gen., n.sp., and Ammobaculoides troelseni, n.sp.] J. foram. Res., 12(1):13-23. Includes 35 micrographs. Lab. de Paleontologie, Univ. de Geneve, 13 rue des Maraichers, Geneva, Switzerland.

82:3957 Buzas, M.A., 1982. Regulation of foraminfferal

densities by predation in the Indian River, Florida. J. foram. Res., 12(1):66-71.

Experiments over 4 yr using screened cages with sterile sand or sieved sediment (macrofauna re- moved) showed foraminiferal densities consistently higher inside the cages than in an outside control area. Substituting screenless cages significantly lowered densities inside, 'demonstrating and recon- firming' the important role of predators in regulating foram densities. Dept. of Paleobiol., Smithsonian Inst., Washington, DC 20560, USA. (ahm)

82:3958 Culver, S.J. and M.A. Buzas, 1981. Distribution of

Recent benthic Foraminifera in the Gulf of Mexico. Volume I. Smithson. Contr. mar. Sci., 8:411pp.

Distributional data on Gulf of Mexico benthic forams gleaned from 77 papers published since 1918 were manipulated to produce catalogs of synony- mized and unsynonymized species names and 296 maps; the catalogs comprise ~400 pages and the maps appear in Vol. 2. Distributions of species and species groups are discussed. Natl. Mus. of Nat. Hist., Smithsonian Inst:, Washington, D.C. 20560, USA. (isz)

82:3959 Rogers, G.F., J.C. Roff and D.H. Lynn, 1981.

Tintimflds of Chesterfield Inlet, Northwest Ter- ritories ICanadai. Can. J. Zool, 59(12):2360- 2364. Dept. of Zool., College of Biol. Sei., Univ. of Guelph, Ont., N I G 2Wl, Canada.

82:3960 Thomas, F.C. and C.T. Schafer, 1982. Distribution

and transport of some common foraminfferal species in the Minas Basin, eastern Canada. J. forarn. Res, 12(1):24-38.

Total population distribution of forams in this Bay of Fundy embayment is affected by the tidally dominated environment. Noted from results: (1) 3 foram associations exist related to indigenous and allochthonous element mixing via suspended and/or bed load transport, (2) robust species appear bed- load transported while more fragile forms may be transported in suspension above the bottom, (3) test transport from the Bay of Fundy to the Minas Basin is indicated, and (4) 'relatively warm summer bottom water temperature in nearshore and intertidal environments' is indicated by the presence of Ammonia beccarii and Elphidium margaritaceum. Bedford Inst. of Oceanog., Dartmouth, N.S., B2Y 4A2, Canada. (ahm)

E 2 6 0 . Macrophytes (algae, grasses, etc.)

82:3961 Coppejans, E., 1981. Marine vegetation of Corsica,

Mediterranean Sea. IV. Algal flora including 45 new taxa. Biologisch Jaarb. Dodonaea, 49:76-97. (In French, English abstract.) Rijksuniv. Gent, Lab. voor Morfol. Syst. en Ecol. van de Plant, K.L. Ledeganckstraat, 35, B-9000 Gent, Bel- gium.

82:3962 Gerard, V.A., 1982. Growth and utilization of internal

nitrogen reserves by the giant kelp MKroeysas pyrifem in a low-nitrogen environment. Mar. Biol., 66(1):27-35. Calif. Inst. of Tech., 101 Dahlia St., Corona del Mar, Calif. 92625, USA.

82:3963 Marinucci, A.C., 1982. Carbon and nitrogen fluxes

daring aecompesition of Sparrow a / ~ in a flow-through percolator. Biol. Bull. mar. biol. Lab, Woods Hole, 162(1):53-69. Ecosystems Ctr., Mar. Biol. Lab., Woods Hole, Mass. 02543, USA.

82:3964 Rublee, P.A. and M.R. Roman, 1982. I)ecompesltim

of turtiegrass ( ~ testmffnum KonilO in flowing seawater tanks and Ilnerbep: compea. tional changes and comparison with natural particulate matter. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol~ 58(1):47-58. Chesapeake Bay Center for Envi- ron. Stud., Smithsonian Inst., P.O. Box 28, Edgewater, Md. 21037, USA.


E270. Microphytes (coccolithophores, diatoms, flagellates, etc.)

82:3965 Alldredge, A.L. and M.W. Silver, 1982. Abundance

and production rates of floating diatom mats (RIdmasolenla cas~canei and R. lmbricata var. shrnbso/e0 in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Mar. Biol., 66(1):83-88.

While these free-floating mats have an average production rate of 4.0 pg C colony -t h -t, more than 103 times higher than that of the surrounding water, they contribute only ~1% of the total primary production. Most of the phytoplankton biomass within the mats is comprised of these two species of Rhizosolenia. Intracellular bacteria in the mats may have a role in nitrogen fixation. Quantitative densities of the mats are reported. Mar. Sci. Inst., Univ. of Calif., Santa Barbara, Calif. 93106, USA. (ahm)

82:3966 Battarbee, R.W. and M.J. Kneen, 1982. The use of

electronically counted microspheres in absolute diatom analysis. Limnol. Oceanogr., 27(1):184- 188.

Known quantities of polystyrene or glass microspheres can be added to sediment samples and their concentration in suspensions rapidly calculated with an electronic particle counter. Test results are compared with results from other techniques. Univ. College London, Gower St., London WCIE 6BT, UK.

82:3967 Ben-Amotz, Ami, Ilene Sussman and Mordhay

Avron, 1982. Glycerol production by Dunalieila. Experientia, 38(1):49-52.

Dunaliella slap. and Asteromonas gracilis can tolerate a wide range of salinities due to the osmoregulatory production and degradation of glycerol. The biochemistry of glycerol metabolism is examined; experimental measurements of glycerol and algal yields are described. Israel Oceanog. and Limnol. Res., Tel Shikmona, Haifa, Israel. (mjj)

82:3968 Cairns, John Jr., S.P. Almeida and Hitoshi Fujii,

1982. Automated identification of diatoms. Bio- science, 32(2):98-102.

The basic operational unit in instrumentation for rapid automated identification of diatoms in an environmental quality control system is a micro- optical processor, using input from an interference contrast microscope coherently illuminated by a

helium-neon or argon laser. Some options and problems are discussed. Dept. of Biol., Virginia Polytech. Inst., Blacksburg, Va. 24061, USA.

82:3969 Li, W.K.W. and Ian Morris, 1982. Temperature

adaptation in P/meodaaylum aicomutum Bohlin: photosynthetic rate compensation and capacity. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 58(2/3):135-150.

P. tricornutum grown in nutrient-sufficient turbi- dostats exhibited two forms of temperature adaptation: partial compensation in photosynthetic rate and changes in maximum photosynthetic ability. These photosynthetic changes were associated with changes in ribulose-l,5-biphosphate activity. Bed- ford Inst. of Oceanog., Dartmouth, N.S., Canada. (mii)

82:3970 Sikes, C.S. and K.M. Wilbur, 1982. Functions of

coccolith formation. LimnoL Oceanogr., 270): 18-26.

Possible functions of coccolith formation (retention of crystalline CaCO 3 at the cell surface) are examined, including 'supplementation of the CO 2 supply for photosynthesis, regulation of transmembrane potential, protection against predation,' functioning as a cell wall, and increasing tolerance to low salinity. Dept. Biol. Sci., Univ. South Alabama, Mobile, Ala. 36688, USA. (mjj)

82:3971 Wheeler, A.E., R.A. Zingaro and Kurt Irgolic, 1982.

The effect of selenate, selenite, and sulfate on the growth of six unicellular marine algae. Y. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 57(2/3):181-194. Dept. of Chem., Texas A&M Univ., College Station, Tex. 77843, USA.

E300. Effects of pollution (also uptake, trace accumulations, etc.; see also C210- Chemical pollution, and F250-Waste dis- posal)

82:3972 Belyaeva, A.N. and N.V, Bobyleva, 1981. Alkanes of

plankton and bottom sediments from the Baltic Sea. Okeanologiia, 21(6): 1006-1012. (In Russian, English abstract.)

Alkane composition and concentration in Gulf of Riga plankton and Daugava River-Gotland Basin sediments are reported. Although the plankton show a gas chromatographic unresolved complex mixture


(n---C15--C17) indicative of partial petroleum contamination, the sediments yielded n-alkanes (CtT, C23- C3~) of mixed biogenic origin and contained prac- tically no petroleum hydrocarbons. (bwt)

82:3973 Bourne, W.R.P., 1982. Birds at North Sea oil and gas

installations. Research review. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 13(1):5-6.

Great public concern several years ago over bird kills at North Sea gas flares appears largely un- founded. Few landbirds reach the oilfields 'except as the result of drift by offshore winds'; it is likely that oil installations serve as 'landmarks' enabling birds to rest while waiting for inclement weather to clear. (smf)

82:3974 Bourne, W.R.P. and M.J. Imber, 1982. Plastic pellets

collected by a prion IPachyptSal on Gough Island, central South Atlantic Ocean. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 13(1):20-21. Dept. of Zool., Aberdeen Univ., Tillydrone Ave., Aberdeen AB9 2TN, UK.

82:3975 Buikema, A.L. Jr., B.R. Niederlehner and J. Cairns

Jr., 1982. Biological monitoring. IV. Toxicity testing. (Review.) Wat. Res., 16(3):239-262. Includes ca. 175 references. Dept. of Biol., Virginia Polytech. Inst., Blacksburg, Va. 24061, USA.

82:3976 Cantelmo, A.C., R.J. Lazell and L.H. Mantel, 1981.

The effects of benzene on molting and limb regeneration in juvenile Ca/fiuectes sapidns Rath. bun. Mar. Biol. Letts, 2(6):333-343. Sch. of Theoretical and Appl. Sci., Ramapo College, 505 Ramapo Valley Rd., Mahwah, N.J. 07430, USA.

82:3977 Cherry, D.S. and John Cairns Jr., 1982. Biological

monitoring. V. Preference and avoidance studies. (Review.) Wat. Res, 16(3):263-301. Includes ca. 270 references. Biol. Dept., Virginia Polytech. Inst., Blacksburg, Va. 24061, USA.

~2:3978 Connors, P.G. and K.G. Smith, 1982. Oceanic plastic

particle pollution: suspected [detrimental] effect on fat deposition in red phalaropes. Mar. Pollut. Bull, 13(1):18-20. Bodega Mar. Lab., Univ. of California, Berkeley, Bodega Bay, Calif. 94923, USA.

82:3979 Crecelius, E.A. et al., 1982. Copper bioavallability to

marine bivalves and shrimp: relationship to cupric ion activity. Mar. environ. Res, 6(1):13-26.

Sediments and organic ligands in aged seawater reduced bioavailability of Cu to shrimp and suspension-feeding clams. Deposit-feeding clams ac- cumulate considerable Cu from Cu-amended sediment. ASV measurement of ionic and weakly complexed Cu is preferred to conventional measurements of total Cu for predicting bioavailable Cu. Use of excised clam gills in trace metal bioassays is tested. Battelle, Pacific Northwest Lab., Washington Harbor Rd., Sequim, Wash. 98382, USA. (mjj)

82:3980 Domotor, S.L., K. Mountford and C.F. D'Elia, 1982.

Autoradiographic detection of species-specific thermal stress effects on natural phytoplankton assemblages. Mar. environ. Res., 6(1):2%35.

When a mixture of Phaeodactylum and Pseudoiso- chrysis was subjected to thermal stresses, both species responded negatively with Phaeodac(ylum appearing more sensitive. Whole community measures of stress (~4C uptake and DCMU-fluorescence) showed alterations in the photosynthetic response of the mixtures with increasing AT, but did not sort out species-specific differences. Species-specific entrain- ment effects were observed at an estuarine power plant but not by field DCMU-fluorescence measurements of stress. Chesapeake Biol. Lab., Solo- mons, Md. 20688, USA.

82:3981 Ellenton, J.A. and D.J. Hallett, 1981. Mutagenicity

and chemical analysis of aliphatic and aromatic fractions of Prudhoe Bay crude oil and fuel oil no. 2. J. Toxicol. environ. Hlth, 8(5/6):959-972.

Some chemically analyzed oil fractions were muta- genie, based on (1) Salmonella/mammalian micro- some assays, and (2) sister chromatid exchanges and chromosome aberrations in ovary cells of Chinese hamsters. Wildlife Toxicol. Div., Natl. Wildlife Res. Centre, Dept. of the Environ., Ottawa, Ont., KIA OE7, Canada. (mjj)

82:3982 Erasmus, T. and A.F. De Villiers, 1982. Ore dust

pollmiou n d body temperatures of Intertidal nimlflLs. Mar. Pollut. Bull~ 13(1):30-32. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Port Elizabeth, P.O. Box 1600, Port Elizabeth 6000, South Africa.


82:3983 Farrington, J.W., A.C. Davis, N.M. Frew and K.S.

Rabin, 1982. No. 2 fuel oil compounds in Mytilus edulis. Retention and release after an oil spill. Mar. Biol., 66(1): 15-26. Dept. of Chem., WHOI, Woods Hole, Mass. 02543, USA.

82:3984 Fimreite, Norvald, E.M. Brevik and Reidun Torp,

1982. Mercury and organochlorines in eggs from a Norwegian gannet [Morus bassanus] colony. Bull. environ. Contamin. Toxicol., 28(1):58-60. Telemark Coll., 3800 Bo, Norway.

82:3985 Foght, J.M. and D.W.S. Westlake, 1982. Effect of the

dispersant Corexit 9527 on the microbial degradation of Prudhoe Bay oil. Can. J. Microbiol., 28(1):117-122.

A marine oil-degrading population grown at 8°C showed selective sensitivity in utilizing Prudhoe Bay oil compounds in the presence of Corexit 9527. Response was dependent on nitrogen and phosphate levels of the medium and on dispersant concentration. Corexit 9527 had less effect on degradation of the aromatic fraction and may indeed be stimulatory in the case of select compounds. Development and testing of dispersants containing N and phosphate are recommended. Dept. of Microbiol., Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., T6G 2E9, Canada.

82:3986 Gulka, Gary, C.M. Gulka and Norimitsu Watabe,

1982. Histopathologicai effects of difiubenzuron on the cirripede crustacean, Balanus eburneus. Archs environ. Contamin. Toxicol., 11(1):11-16. Dept. of Aquacult. Sci. and Pathology, Univ. of Rhode Island, Kingston, R.I. 02881, USA.

82:3987 Hamanaka, Tsuneyasu, Tetsuro Itoo and Seikichi

Mishima, 1982. Age-related ehan~ and distribution of cadmium and zinc concentrations in the Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubata) from the coast of Hokkaldo, Japan. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 13(2):57-61. Res. Inst. of N. Pacific Fish., Hokkaido Univ., Hakodate, Hokkaido 041, Japan.

82:3988 Hamanaka, Tsuneyasu and Tokimi Tsujita, 1981.

Cadmium and zinc concentrations in zooplankton in the sulmrctic region of the North Pacific. J. oceanogr. Soc. Japan, 37(4):160-172.

Cd concentration in euphausiids (1.16/~g/g dry wt) was significantly lower than that in copepods (6.63

/~g/g) and amphipods (8.28 /~g/g); such differences are considered in relation to feeding and physiological characteristics. Pollution may effect the significantly higher Cd and Zn concentrations in coastal euphausiids off Japan as compared to those from the northern North Pacific and the Bering Sea. Res. Inst. of North Pacific Fish., Hokkaido Univ., Hakodate, Hokkaido 041, Japan. (ahm)

82:3989 Lacaze, J.-CI., 1981. Marked molecules in marine

ecotoxicology: new pathways in the field of petroleum pollution. Oceanis, 7(5):531-555. (In French, English abstract.) Inst. Oceanogr., 195, rue Saint-Jacques, 75005 Paris, France.

82:3990 LizArraga-Partida, M.L., H. Rodriguez-Santiago and

J.M. Romero-Jarero, 1982. Effects of the Ixtec I blowout on heterotrophic bacteria [were small]. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 13(2):67-70. Univ. Nac. Auton. de Mexico, Inst. de Cienc. del Mar y Limnol. AP 70-305, Mexico 20, D.F., Mexico.

82:3991 Maedgen, J.L., C.S. Hacker, G.D. Schroder and

F.W. Weir, 1982. Bioaccumulation of lead and cadmium in the Royal tern and Sandwich tern. Archs environ. Contamin. Toxicol., 11(1):99-102. Hacker: Univ. of Texas, Sch. of Pub. Health, Houston, Tex. 77025, USA.

82:3992 Maurer, Don, R.T. Keck, J.C. Tinsman and W.A.

Leathern, 1981. Vertical migration and mortality of benthos in dredged material. II. Crustacea. Mar. environ. Res., 5(4):301-317.

Effect of burial on survival of Neopanope sayi and Parahaustorius longimerus (burrowing crustaceans) was studied in the laboratory with simulated dredged material. In general, mortalities increased with increases in burial depth, time, and exotic sediment type (appreciable amounts of silt-clay); temperature affected both vertical migration and mortalities. Univ. of Delaware, College of Mar. Studies, Lewes, Del. 19958, USA. (smf)

82:3993 Michaels, R.A., R.G. Rowland and C.F. Wurster,

1982. Polychlorinated biphenyls 0PCB) inhibit photosynthesis per cell in the marine diatom Tlmlassiosira pseudomma. Environ. Pollut., (A)27(1):9-14.

At sampling times of 1, 6, 12, 24 and 48h after inoculation, PCB at 50 ppb reduced 14C uptake per viable cell of the diatom by at least 32, 75, 72, 50 and


66%, respectively; inhibition was caused both by reduced photosynthesis per cell and by fewer viable cells in treated cultures. Enviro Control, Inc., One Central Plaza, 11300 Rockville Pike, Rockville, Md. 20852, USA.

82:3994 Mileikovsky, S.A., 1981. A review of Soviet inves-

tigations of the anthropogenic influence on natural communities of marine and estuarine zooplankton and neuston. Biologiya mor., Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1981(4):3-11. (In Russian, English abstract.) Inst. of Oceanol., Acad. of Sci., Moscow, USSR.

82:3995 Miramand, P., P. Germain and H. Camus, 1982.

Uptake of americium and plutonium from con- taminated sediments by three benthic species: Arenicola marina, Corophium volutator and Scrobicularia plan& Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 7(1): 59-65.

After 14 d of exposure, activities of both radio- nuclides in the organisms relative to those in the sediment (cpm g~ wet weight), termed the transfer factor, were 0.1 for C. volutator (amphipod), 0.01 for S. plana (bivalve), and 0.002 for A. marina (poly- chaete); transfer factors for seawater were 780 (Pu) and 1000 (Am) in C. volutator and much lower in S. plana and A. marina. Comm. a l'Energie Atom. B.P. 270, F-50107 Cherbourg, France. (mjj)

82:3996 Moore, M.N., 1982. Lysosomes and environmental

stress. Research review. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 13(2):42-43.

Some of the possible effects of lysosomal accumulation of xenobiotics on the physiology and reproduction of marine invertebrates are briefly reviewed. (m j j)

82:3997 Moraitou-Apostolopoulou, M. and G. Verriopoulos,

1982. Individual and combined toxicity of three heavy metals, Cu, Cd and Cr, for the marine copepod Tisbe holothurine. Hydrobiologia, 87(1): 83-87.

Cu proved to be the most, and Cr the least, toxic; Cd showed an intermediate toxicity. An obvious syner- gism was observed in all 3 combinations with 2 metals; mortality was higher than expected on a purely additive basis. Mixture of the 3 metals presented higher toxicity than that of the individual metals, but lower than that of all 2-metal mixtures. Zool. Lab., Univ. of Athens, Greece.

82:3998 Morris, R.J., M.E. Dawson and A.P.M. Lockwood,

1982. The identification of some lipopbilic con- taminants [hydrocarbons, a plasticizer and sili- cone compounds] in the gill neutral Upids of Gummarns oMebenl. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 13(1):13- 18. Inst. of Oceanic Sci., Wormley, Godalming, Surrey, UK.

82:3999 Mrozek, Edward Jr., E.D. Seneca and L.L. Hobbs,

1982. Polychlorinated bipbenyl uptake and translation by Spart/na MterMfiora Loisel. Wat. Air Soil Pollut., 17(1):3-15.

Spartina accumulated ~4C applied to sand and organic mud soils as ~4C-PCB's, confirmed by finding PCB's in stem and root extracts; thus, the grass may be involved in the initial mobilization of chlorinated hydrocarbons in estuarine food webs. Dept. of Botany, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, N.C. 27650, USA. (mjj)

$2:4000 Payne, J.F. and L.L. Fancey, 1982. Effect of long

term exposure to petroleum on mixed function oxygenases in fish: further support for use of the enzyme system in biological monitoring. Chem- osphere, 11(2):207-213. Dept. of Fish. and Oceans, P.O. Box 5667, St. John's, Nfld. AIC 5X1, Canada.

82:4001 Popham, J.D. and J.M. D'Auria, 1982. A new

sentinel organism for vanadium and titanium [Eudistylia vancouveri, feather duster tube worms]. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 13(1):25-27. Dept. of Chem., Simon Fraser Univ., Burnaby, B.C. V5A 1S6, Canada.

82:4002 Shulyakovsky, Yu.A., 1981. Experimental estimate of

the influence of oil products on phytoplankton photosynthesis of the Korshsky Gulf IU.S.S.R.] and Baltic Sea. Okeanologiia, 21(6): 1098-1103. (In Russian, English abstract.)

82:4003 Sleeter, T.D. and J.N. Butler, 1982. Petroleum

hydrocarbons in zooplankton faecal pellets from the Sargasso Sea. Mar. Pollut. Bull~ 13(2):54-56.

Based on hexane-extractable hydrocarbons in zooplankton and their faecal pellets, estimated removal rate of hydrocarbons from surface waters by 'grazing' was 16--46/tg/m for a 4 h period (8-23 nag m -2 yr-t). When compared to the annual input due to petroleum discharge in the currents feeding the


Sargasso Sea (18-70 mg m -2 yrl), zooplankton appear important in short-term removal of petroleum residues from open ocean surface waters. Bermuda Biol. Sta., St. Georges' West 1-15, Ber- muda.

82:4004 Smith, G.A., J.S. Nickels, R.J. Bobbie, N.L. Rich-

ards and D.C. White, 1982. Effects of oil and gas well-drilling fluids on the biomass and community structure of microbiota that colonize sands in running seawater. Archs environ. Contamin. ToM- col., l 1(1):17-23.

Well-drilling fluid and various additives (barite, clay, Aldacide ®, Surflo ®, and Dowicide ®) significantly affected the biomass, community structure, and lipid and fatty acid compositions of bacteria and micro- eukaryotes colonizing marine sands. These effects occurred both when fluids were layered on the surface or mixed with the sand, and exceeded effects caused by merely screening out light. White: Dept. of Biolog. Sci., Florida State Univ., Tallahassee, Fla. 32306, USA. (mjj)

82:4005 Steinhagen-Schneider, Gisela, 1981. Fucns vesicu-

losus as a bioaecumulator of heavy metals: influence of temperature, salinity, and metal combinations on metal incorporation. Ber. Inst. Meeresk. Christian-Albrechts-Univ., 93:55pp. (In German, English summary.)

Cd and Pb net uptake rates showed significant positive correlations with temperature, negative correlations with salinity. Cd accumulation increased with Pb and Zn in the medium while Pb incorporation decreased in the presence of Cd and/or Zn. Seasonal variations are discussed. F. vesiculosus appears a useful 'content indicator for heavy metals in monitoring programs.' Inst. fur Meeresk. Abt. Meeresbotanik, Dusternbrookerweg 20, 2300 Kiel, FRG. (ahm)

82:4006 Walker, D.I. and R.F.G. Ormond, 1982. Coral death

from sewage and phosphate pollution at Aqaba, Red Sea. Mar. Pollut. Bull, 13(1):21-25.

Sewage discharge and phosphate-dust spillage are responsible for a coral death rate 4-5 times that in a control area. Exact cause(s) of this localized mortality is not immediately evident but may be related to stress in the form of reduced light intensity, calcification inhibition by excess phosphate and increased sediment load. Increased nutrient concentrations may stimulate algal growth which then may greatly augment the sediment load on the corals

via sediment trapping by the algae. Biol. Dept., Univ. of York, York, YO1 5DD, UK. (ahm)

E340. Aquaculture (commercial)

82:4007 Goldman, J.C., Yossef Azov, C.B. Riley and M.R.

Dennett, 1982. The effect of pH in intensive microalgal cultures. I. Biomass regulation. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 57(1):1-13.

Two freshwater algal species grew at pH levels up to 10.6; the marine alga Phaeodactylum tricornutum was tolerant up to pH 10.3, but the marine alga Dunaliella tertiolecta ceased growth at pH 9.3. Inorganic C levels were not limiting. Upper pH limits appeared regulated by metabolic control and lower limits by alkalinity production associated with NO 3 uptake. WHOI, Woods Hole, Mass. 02543, USA. (mjj)

82:4008 Goldman, J.C., C.B. Riley and M.R. Dennett, 1982.

The effect of pH in intensive microalgal cultures. II. Species competition. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol, 57(1):15-24.

The ability of Phaeodactylum tricornutum to domi- nate intensive marine algal cultures at pH levels > 10 is due to its unique tolerance of alkaline conditions rather than to chemical interactions between com- peting species. WHOI, Woods Hole, Mass. 02543, USA. (mjj)

82:4009 Hynes, J.D., E.H. Brown Jr., J.H. Helle, N. Ryman

and D.A. Webster, 1981. Guidelines for the culture of fish stocks for resource management. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci~ 38(12):1867-1876.

Literature on genetic and environmentally induced changes in captive fish stocks is reviewed; methods for determining such changes as well as distin- guishing between types of changes are included. The importance of maintaining genetic variability in the management of fish populations is stressed; rec- ommendations are offered. Fish. Branch, Min. of Natural Resources, Toronto, Ont. M7A IW3, Can- ada. (ahm)

82:4010 Lam, T.J., 1982. Applications of endocrinology to fish

culture. (Review.) Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci~ 39(1):111-137. Includes 6 pages of references. Dept. of Zool., National Univ. of Singapore, Singapore.


E370. Theoretical biology and ecology

82:4011 Abrams, P.A. and T.D. Allison, 1982. Complexity,

stability, and functional response. Am. Naturalist, 119(2):240-249.

Nunney (1980) argued that food web stability will increase with complexity if consumers have 'stabilizing functional responses.' Abrams and Allison disagree, claiming Nunney's model unrealistic and his arguments flawed, and suggest that the opposite relationship between complexity and stability holds. Two examples are given. Present knowledge of real food web structures, population growth functions, and functional response parameters is deemed too limited to permit determination of the effect of stabilizing functional responses of consumers on stability. Dept. of Ecol., Univ. of Minn., Minne- apolis, Minn. 55455, USA. (mii)

82:4012 Glasser, J.W., 1982. A theory of trophic strategies: the

evolution of faoaltative specialists. Am. Natural- ist, 119(2):250-262. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Georgia, Athens, Ga. 30602, USA.

82:4013 Glasser, J.W., 1982. On the causes of temporal

ehan~ iU communities: modification of the biotic environment. Am. Naturalist, 119(3):375-390.

Modification of the biotic environment (interactions among resident and immigrant species) is proposed as a mechanism for causing temporal sequences in species abundances, complementing the conventional view based on modification of the abiotic environment. This notion is supported by patterns common among plants and animals in very diverse habitats; examples are presented. Predation is seen as an important factor influencing community structure. Limitations and problems in the theory and in the experimental design of community ecological studies are discussed. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Georgia, Athens, Ga. 30602, USA. (mjj)

or 'particle' encompassing all the 'interrelations associated with each natural entity,' and having the status of a unit of evolution. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA. 30602, USA. (mjj)

82:4015 Shukla, V.P. and J.B. Shulda, 1982. Multispecles food

webs with diffusion. J. mathl Biol., 13(3):339-344. Dept. of Math., Indian Inst. of Tech., Kanpur 208016, India.

E400. Books, collections (general)

82:4016 Ceccaldi, H.-J., G. Jacques, J.-C. Lacaze and P.

Mayzaud, 1980/81. Use of some physiological parameters in oceanography and marine biology. I. Seminar 25 November 1980. Oceanis, 7(5): 489-568; 4 papers. (In French, English ab- stracts.)

Biochemical and physiological techniques as applied to pelagic primary production, ecotoxicology and petroleum pollution are discussed. (isz)

82:4017 Gatto, M. and S. Rinaldi (eds.), 1980/82. Ecology,

renewable resourees and optimal control. Meet- ing, Milan, summer 1980. Special issue. Ecol. Model., 14(3/4): 151-300; 9 papers.

Ranging in content 'from multispecies management to the analysis of conflicts among exploiters, from spatial effects to ecological catastrophes, from management under uncertainty to periodic har- vesting,' these papers reflect ongoing efforts to increase economic and biological realism in (nec- essarily complex) ecological models. Contributions of mathematics and systems analysis to this research area are acknowledged. (slr)

82:4014 Patten, B.C., 1982. Environs: relativistic elementary

particles for ecology. Am. Naturalist, 119(2): 179- 219.

Since the time of Darwin organisms have been studied apart from their environments, with organisms receiving much detailed attention and the environment relegated to a 'fuzzy generality.' To restore study of the original unified organism- environment whole, the author develops the concept of the 'environ,' an extended niche seen as an object

E410. Miscellaneous

$2:4018 Wickler, Wolfgang and Uta Seibt, 1981. Monogamy

in Crustacea and Man. J. comp. Ethol. (Z. Tierpsychol.), 57(3/4):215-234.

Social system monogamy is here differentiated from mating system monogamy in which exclusive mono- gamic reproduction occurs in contrast to the pos- sibility of the former's permanent male-female pairs'

OLR(1982)29(8) 507

synchronous gamete release into the environment and resulting unpredictable cross-fertilizations. Fur- ther differentiation of types and trends in monogamy is presented with corresponding illustrations from the Crnstacea. It is argued that cross-systematic

comparisons should not be dismissed; 'evolutionary convergences, ...[not] homologies, in social systems and behavior help understanding of factors relevant to selection.' Max.Planck-Inst. fur Verhaltensphysio- logie, Seewiesen, FRG. (sir)

F. GENERAL

F10. Apparatus, methods, mathematics (multidisciplinary)

82:4019 Abelson, P.H. and Mary Dorfman (eds.), 1982.

Computers and electronics. Science, 215(4534): 749-873; 21 papers.

Science has devoted most of this issue to computers --their impact to date, and their likely future. Separate sections are devoted to (1) history, over- views and trends; (2) graphics and software--in- chiding the UNIX operating system; (3) research and medicine--covering instrumentation and the universities' role; (4) business and industry--office automation, process and manufacturing control, U.S.-Japanese competition; (5) communications --networks, satellites and individual services; and (6) information management--documentation research, database management and optical disc technology. (fcs)

82:4020 Ambrose, R.B. Jr. and S.E. Roesch, 1982. Dynamic

Estuary Model performance. J. environ. Engng Div., Am. Soc. cir. Engrs, 108(EE1):51-71.

The EPA's DEM was applied to the Delaware and Potomac estuaries. Predictions were best under steady-flow and well-mixed far-field conditions. DEM could assess water quality under various wastewater management alternatives; however, model response to large waste load changes was inadequate. Athens Environ. Res. Lab., Off. of Res. and Dev., EPA, Athens, Ga. 30613, USA. (sir)

82:4021 Davison, W., C. Woof and D.R. Turner, 1982.

l-l~dling and melmurement techniques for mmxle interstitial waters. Nature, Lond., 295(5850):582- 583.

A new method measures Fe(II), Mn(II) and sulphide ions in interstitial waters of cored anoxic sediments. Rapid filtration directly into a polarographic vessel permits extraction of interstitial water and measurement of all 3 components ~5 rain after sub- sampling. The non-destructive polarography is able to assess the extent of contamination by oxygen and to study subsequent reactions in interstitial water. Freshwater Biol. Assoc., Windermere Lab., Amble- side, Cumbria LA22 OLP, UK.

82:4022 Enke, C.G., 1982. Computers in scientific instru-

mentation. Science, 215(4534):785-791.

'In the beginning (30 years ago)' computers were sometimes attached to instruments, typically to control a single function. This was followed by an absorption phase in which the computer might control several functions, including, e.g., automatic calibration. The third phase---transformation-- introduced instrumental techniques absolutely inca- pable of functioning without data processors, e.g., 3-D tomography. Yet software now represents 80% of the cost of computer-based technology, and science does not often have the economic base to support sophisticated software development origi- nating 'outside.' Computer, electronic, and instrumentation science must be part of every science student's curriculum. Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, Mich. 48824, USA. (fcs)

82:4023 Fletcher, W.K. and D. Polson, 1982. A shmple de~iee

for sampling shallow waters. Limnol. Oceanogr., 27(I): 188-190.

A simple polypropylene sampling head allows use of any type of bottle for sampling shallow waters. Opening and closing the bottle at sampling depth avoid some potential contamination problems. Dept. of Geol. Sci., Univ. of Br. Columbia, Van- couver V6T 2B4, Canada.

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