Biological oceanography

292 OLR(1982)29(5)

More than 40 Atlantic and Indian Ocean deep-sea nodules were selectively leached to elucidate geo- chemical controls on Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ca, A1, Ti, Cr and Cd. Mineralogical variability was found more important than bulk chemical composition in element partitioning. Appl. Geochem. Res. Gr., Geology Dept., Imperial Coll., London S.W.7, UK. (isz)

D360. Books, collections (general) 82:2312

Dangeard, L., B. Deniaux and N. Le Notre, 1978. [Submarine geology.I Underwater landslides, organic sediments, manganese nodules, sediment-water interface. Oceanis, 4(6):613-659 + 3 plates; 5 papers. (In French, English abstracts.) Includes bottom photos.

82:2313 Hugonie, G. et al., 1981/82. [Geomorphology.I

Special issue. Revue G~ol. dynam. G~ogr. phys., 23(1):84pp; 6 papers. (French with some Eng- lish.)

This collection is largely devoted to the Quaternary geology of Italy, encompassing tectonics, orogenesis, uplift and morphogenesis. There is 1 paper on the 1978 Ferruzzano earthquake and its effects on southern Italy. (isz)

82:2314 Husebye, E.S. (ed.), 1979/81. Contribution of scat-

tering to the complexity of seismograms. Pro-

ceedings of the IASPEI Symposium, XVII IUGG General Assembly, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia, December 3-15, 1979. Special issue. Phys. Earth planet. Interiors, 26(4):233-291; 10 papers.

'Seismology has greatly benefited from the scattering concept...developed by a few pioneers....The gain has not been in striking discoveries of new disconti- nuities nor detailed structural knowledge,...but in- stead [has been through] stressing the importance of weak heterogeneities of relatively small dimensions in an otherwise simple Earth model.' The papers all apply the scattering concept to seismic recordings. Most deal with crust or mantle, a few with the core, and one with the Moon. (fcs)

82:2315 Untung, Mohamad, Osamu Matsubayashi, Seiya

Uyeda, T.L. Hock, T. Suntharalingam and Ph. Martin, 1980. [Asian geology and oil pollution.] Gravity surveys; Malaysian tin deposits and offshore heat flow; standardized format for Quaternary geological data; oil slick movements in the South China Sea. Tech. Bull. Comm. Coord. j t Prospect. Miner. Resour. Asian offshore Areas, 13:54pp; 5 papers.

D370. Miscellaneous

82:2316 Lerbs, Lothar, 1980. [Bibliography of the Central

Earth Physics Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the GDR: 1969-1978.] Ver~ff. Zentra- finst. Phys. Erde, 55:88pp. (In German, English abstract.) Includes ca. 1000 references.

E. BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

El0. Apparatus and methods

82:2317 Dall, P.C., 1981. A new grab for the sampling of

zoobenthos in the upper stony littoral zone. A rch. Hydrobiol., 92(3):396-405. Freshwater Biol. Lab., Univ. of Copenhagen, 51 Helsingorsgade, DK- 3400 Hillerod, Denmark.

82:2318 Gundersen, K., B. Eklund and E. Sahlsten, 1981.

Dynamics of primary production as measured by the ISIS in-situ technique. Kieler Meeresforseh., 5:41-48.

Use of the ISIS in-situ incubator during an autumn phytoplankton bloom in the Kattegat showed that

OLR (1982) 29 (5) E. Biological Oceanography 293

the combination of excess light energy and temperature (but not nutrient limitation) controlled production. Dept. of Mar. Microbiol., Gothenburg Univ., Gothenburg, Sweden. (ahm)

82:2319 Quammen, M.L., 1981. Use of exclosures in studies

of predation by shorebirds on intertidal mudflats. Auk, 98(4):812-817.

Shorebird predation effects on invertebrates were successfully separated from fish predation effects by the refined use of exclosure methodology. The exclosures were demonstrated to have no significant effects on the prey or substrate. Dept. of Biol., Univ. of California, Santa Barbara, Calif. 93106, USA. (ahm)

82:2320 Smith, S.V. and P. Kroopnick, 1981. Carbon-13

isotopic fractionation as a measure of aquatic metabolism. Nature, Lond., 294(5838):252-253.

Metabolically active aquatic communities generate variations in the chemical and isotopic compositions of the surrounding water. Experiments establish the isotopic fractionation of C by the metabolism of two common coral reef organisms; the fractionation coefficient obtained is also applicable to a reef community and may be used to estimate community metabolic rate. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of W.A., Nedlands, Western Australia.

E40. Area studies, surveys (baselines, ecology, etc.)

82:2321 de Wolf, P. et al., 1981. Biological research in the

Ems-Dollard Estuary. Some aspects of an estuarine ecosystem in a series of ten poster sum- maries. Kieler Meeresforsch., 5:278-283.

Aimed at quantitatively and qualitatively describing the estuary, predicting effects of human influences, and providing data for estuarine management, research covered turbidity influence on phytoplankton primary production, benthic diatom mobili- zation from tidal flats, mudflat diatom ecology, meiofaunal grazing, sediment C flux, macrobenthos composition and distribution, copepod population dynamics, pelagic fish feeding, and predator-prey biomass simulations. Nederlands Inst. voor Onder- zoek der Zee, Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands. (isz)

82:2322 Grantham, Brian, 1981. The Loch Eil [west Scotland]

Project: chlorophyll a and nutrients in the water

column of Loch Eii. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 55(2/3):283-297.

Loch Eil's main freshwater input is seaward of its mouth, giving it unusual hydrographic characteristics, Monthly measurements over 1~/2 years at 3 stations in Loch Eil and at 1 station in similar-sized Loch Creran showed a lower standing crop, greater light attenuation, and a deeper mixed layer in the former. Changes within Loch Eil seem linked to changes in rainfall, which affected circulation and water column stability. Dunstaffnage Mar. Res. Lab., Oban, Argyll, Scotland. (mwf)

82:2323 Kim, Jai Ha, Kil Soon Park and Yeung Joo Kang,

1981. Present situation of the chemical and microbiological quality of coastal waters around Jeju Island [Korea[. Bull. mar. Resour. Res. Inst., Jeju natn. Univ., Korea, 1981(5):17-32. (In Korean, English abstract.)

Three harbors were surveyed; two were polluted, one highly. Pigment content was highly variable, but always greater in the inner harbors, indicating sewage and run-off inputs. Mar. Resource Res. Inst., Jeju Natl. Univ., Seogwipo, Jejudo, Korea. (sir)

82:2324 Murina, G.-V. et al., 1981. Researches on the coast of

Somalia. [Sipuncula, Echiura, Grapsidae, Cal- cinns tropidomanus n.sp., Decapoda, Ocypodi- dae and Gecarcinidae.] Monitore zool. ital. (ltal. J. Zool.), (N.S.)Suppl. 14(2,6,10,12,14):108pp.

E50. General biology, ecology, bioge- ography, etc.

82:2325 Fedra, K., 1981. Pelagic foodweb analysis: hypothesis

testing by simulation. Kieler Meeresforsch., 5:240-258.

A series of hypotheses re energy flow and material cycling was formally tested by numerical simulation in models ranging from two to many compartments and species groups. A data set from the North Sea was used to simulate primary production, consumption, and remineralization driven by light, temperature, and advection/diffusion. A yearly cycle was simulated for each model; results were compared to test alternative hypotheses. Int. Inst. for Appl. Syst. Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria. (mwf)

82:2326 Hoppe, H.-G., 1981. Blue-green algae agglomeration

294 E. Biological Oceanography OLR (1982) 29 (5)

in surface water: a microbiotope of high bacterial activity. Kieler Meeresforsch., 5:291-303.

Production and excretion rates of Baltic Nodularia spumigena were estimated; incorporation by adher- ent colonizing bacteria of photosynthesized organic compounds released by the algae was studied. Fauna associated with Nodularia are described and Nodu- laria-based food chains are discussed. Inst. fur Meereskunde an der Univ. Kiel, FRG. (mjj)

82:2327 Newell, R.C. and M.I. Lucas, 1981. The quantitative

significance of dissolved and particulate organic matter released during fragmentation of kelp in coastal waters. Kieler Meeresforsch., 5:356-369.

Chemical composition and degradation rates of dissolved and particulate components of kelp debris were analyzed simultaneously with the rates of increase in numbers and biomass of microorganisms colonizing the debris. Primary photosynthate D- mannitol, sugars, and alginates were used in that order. With seasonal differences, annual production based solely on degradation of kelp was ~ 11.5 g m -3 and could rise to 18.1 g m -3 in summer. Inst. for Mar. Environ. Res., Plymouth, UK. (mwf)

82:2328 Prieur, D., 1981. Experimental studies of trophic

relationships between marine bacteria and bivalve molluscs. Kieler Meeresforsch., 5:376-383. Lab. de Zool., Fac. des Sci. et Tech., Brest, France.

E80. Plankton (also p r i m a r y product iv i ty , seston a n d detr i tus)

82:2329 Andronov, V. and J. Maigret, 1978/79. ]Composition

and distribution of zooplankton off Mauritania.] Bull. Cent. natn. Rech. oceanogr. Pdch., Maurit., 7/8:65-86. (In French.) URSS, 236 000 Kalinin- grad, Atlant-Niro, USSR.

82:2330 B~tmstedt, U., 1981. Seasonal energy requirements of

macrozooplankton from Kosterfjorden, western Sweden. Kieler Meeresforsch., 5:140-152.

' Index of population energy-flow,' the ratio between energy flow through a species and flow through the entire trophic level, was calculated using published data for 6 herbivorous/omnivorous and 7 carniv- orous species. Estimated grazing pressure by all 6 primary consumers was low compared to primary production, most of which may have gone directly to

the benthos. Seasonal and annual means of the zooplankters studied varied considerably with species. Tjarno Mar. Biol. Lab., Univ. of Goteborg, Stromstad, Sweden. (mwf)

82:2331 Bienfang, P.K., 1981. SETCOL: a technologically

simple and reliable method for measuring phytoplankton sinking rates. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci., 38(10): 1289-1294.

This highly versatile method uses settling columns initially containing a uniformly mixed population. Sinking rate calculation is based on the change in vertical cell distribution after a given time. Biomass index is optionally chosen; 'sinking rates and flux values for particulate C, N, P, Si, chlorophyll or pheopigment are obtained simply by assessment of the biomass variables in those terms.' Oceanic Inst., Waimanalo, Hawaii 96795, USA. (ahm)

82:2332 de Bovre, Francis and Daniel Delille, 1980. IOrigin

and importance of seston re the benthic community inhabiting terrigenous muds off Banyuls- sur-Mer, France.] Vie Milieu, 30(2):97-104. (In French, English abstract.) Lab. Arago, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.

82:2333 Edmondson, W.T., 1979. Problems of zooplankton

population dynamics. Memorie Ist. ital. Idrobiol., 37(Suppl.):l-11. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Wash., Seattle, Wash. 98195, USA.

82:2334 Eppley, R.W., S.G. Horrigan, J.A. Fuhrman, E.R.

Brooks, C.C. Price and K. Sellner, 1981. Origins of dissolved organic matter in southern California coastal waters: experiments on the role of zooplankton. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 6(2): 149-159.

Seawater samples with and without macrozooplankton were incubated with ~4CO2; the time course of ~4C incorporation into plankton and DOC was examined; concentrations of extracellular primary amines and dissolved saccharides were measured; and bacterial cell counts and the time course of 3H-thymidine incorporation were determined. Car- bon flows with and without zooplankton were compared; most of the flow of C from zooplankton to bacteria (3-10% of photosynthetic assimilation) was not labelled with ~4C. Scripps Inst. of Oceanog., La Jolla, Calif. 92093, USA. (mjj)

82:2335 Falk-Petersen, S. and C.C.E. Hopkins, 1980. [Zoo-

plankton sound scattering layers in a northern


Norway fjord.l Tromura, (Nat. Sci.)10:19pp. (In Norwegian.) Inst. for biol. og geologi, Univ. i Tromso, Postboks 790, 9001 Tromso, Norway.

82:2336 Falk-Petersen, S. and C.C.E. Hopkins, 1981. Zoo-

plankton sound scattering layers in north Nor- wegian fjords: interactions between fish and krill shoals in a winter situation in Ullsfjorden and Oksfjorden. Kieler Meeresforsch., 5:191-201.

Krill's ecological importance, well-known in polar seas, is poorly understood in boreal and arctic fjords. Studies with a pelagic capelin trawl, two echo- sounders, and a digital echo-integrator showed that krill migrated from the bottom at mid-day to the surface at night and constituted the dominant food item of fish caught in the trawls; fish seemed to congregate below rather than within krill shoals. Inst. of Biol. and Geol., Univ. of Tromso, Tromso, Norway. (mwf)

82:2337 Goldman, J.C., C.D. Taylor and P.M. Glibert, 1981.

Nonlinear time-course uptake of carbon and ammonium by marine phytoplankton. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser, 6(2):137-148.

Effects of temperature and nutrient depletion on the time course of photosynthetic 14C and 15NH 4 uptake by natural and cultured phytoplankton were investigated in laboratory and field studies. Metabolic state of confined plankton was evaluated based on compositional changes in subcellular components. Only time-course measurements can detect devia- tions from linearity in uptake response--a common occurrence which results in erroneous rate measurement data. WHOI, Woods Hole, Mass. 02543, USA. (mjj)

82:2338 Greve, W., 1981. Invertebrate predator control in a

coastal marine ecosystem: the significance of Beroe gracilis (Ctenophora). Kieler Meeresforsch., 5:211-217. Biol. Anstalt Helgoland, Helgoland, FRG.

82:2339 Hammer, K.D., U.H. Brockmann and G. Kattner,

1981. Release of dissolved free amino acids during a bloom of Thalassioslra rotul& Kieler Meeres- forsch., 5:101-109.

Diurnal changes in concentrations of dissolved free amino acids occurred during algal growth in plastic enclosures. During the bloom, the diatoms excreted amino acids high in N; post-bloom, amino acids high in C. Inst. fur Organ. Chem. und Biochem. der Univ. Hamburg, FRG. (isz)

82:2340 Hopkins, C.C.E., 1981. Ecological investigations on

the zooplankton community of Balsfjorden, north- era Norway: changes in zooplankton abundance and biomass in relation to phytoplankton and hydrography, March 1976-February 1977. Kieler Meeresforsch., 5:124-139. Inst. of Biol. and Geol., Univ. of Tromso, Tromso, Norway.

82:2341 Horstmann, U. and H.G. Hoppe, 1981. Competition

in the uptake of methylamine/ammonium by phytoplankton and bacteria. Kieler Meeresforsch., 5:110-116.

Tracer experiments give evidence of competitive NH4 + uptake by bacteria and phytoplankton in oligotrophic and mesotrophic Baltic waters. In eutrophic waters ammonium analogue uptake was low, especially for bacteria; decreasing light intensity increased uptake by bacteria compared to that by phytoplankton. Competing with phytoplankton for dissolved ammonia in oligotrophic waters, bacteria apparently do not play an important role in N remineralization. Inst. fur Meereskunde an der Univ. Kiel, FRG.

82:2342 Isouchi, Tsutom, 1981. Distribution of surface plank-

ton communities in Tateyama Bay [Japan] in June 1980. J. Tokyo Univ. Fish., 67(2):103-112. (In Japanese, English abstract.) Tokyo Univ. Fish, 5-7, Konan 4, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108, Japan.

82:2343 Kahru, M., 1981. Spatial variability of chlorophyll

concentrations in coastal waters of the Baltic Sea. Okeanologiia, 21(5):879-881. (In Russian, Eng- lish abstract.)

$2:2344 Kiefer, D.A. and J.N. Kremer, 1981. Origins of

vertical patterns of phytoplanktun and nutrients in the temperate, open ocean: a stratigraphie hypothesis. Deep-Sea Res., 28(10A):1087-1105.

Seasonal thermocline dynamics are hypothesized to control vertical distributions of phytoplankton and nutrients. As the mixed layer warms and shallows in the spring, the chlorophyll and nitrite maxima form due to stratification, remaining as relicts until winter mixing. A 1-D seasonal thermocline model is combined with a steady-state, nutrient- and light- limited phytoplankton growth model; predictions agree with observed Sargasso Sea phytoplankton and nutrient distributions. Dept. of Biol. Sci., Univ. of So. Calif., Los Angeles, Calif. 90007, USA. (mjj)


82:2345 Lenz, J., 1981. Phytoplankton standing stock and

primary production in the western Baltic. Kieler Meeresforsch., 5:29-40.

A review of 25 years of studies conducted at a permanent station in Kiel Bight emphasized the hydrographic effects of vertical stratification and advection on variations in phytoplankton population density and nutrient supply. Annual primary production of 150 g C m 2 seemed to be influenced most by total irradiation except in summer, when temperature was the determining factor. Inst. fur Meereskunde an der Univ. Kiel, FRG. (mwf)

82:2346 Marino, J. and M.J. Campos, 1981. [Influence of

tidal currents on the phytoplankton community of the Arosa Estuary, NW Spain.] Boln Inst. esp. Oceanogr., 6(2)(298):95-104. (In Spanish, English abstract.) Inst. Esp. de Ocean., Lab. de La Coruna, Apartado 130, Spain.

82:2347 Robichaux, D.M., A.C. Cohen, M.L. Reaka and

Dawn Allen, 1981. Experiments with zooplankton on coral reefs, or, will the real demersal plankton please come up? Mar. Ecol. (P.S.Z.N. l), 2(1):77-94.

Half of the emergence traps on the Thalassia bed were sealed to the substrate and half were not. Total plankton numbers collected did not differ between the two trap types, but unsealed traps collected significantly more cyclopoid copepods and sealed ones contained significantly more tanaids. It is estimated that up to 95% of emergent plankton previously reported are actually holoplanktonic and not emergent; thus reefs produce fewer meroplank- ters/substrate unit and contribute less to reef foodwebs than previously thought. Dept. of Paleo- botany, Smithsonian Inst., Washington, D.C. 20560, USA. (ahm)

82:2348 von Bodungen, B., K. von BrOckel, V. Smetacek and

B. Zeitzschel, 1981. Growth and sedimentation of the phytoplankton spring bloom in the Bornhoim Sea (Baltic Sea). Kieler Meeresforsch., 5:49-60.

A 10-day study showed bloom onset prior to thermal stratification; peak growth rates associated with calm, cloudless weather, followed by rapid sedimentation of part of the population (Skeletonema costatum sank 30-50 m/day); and gradual nutrient limitation with increasing entrenchment of the thermocline. The spring bloom in these waters represents a transition from light- to nutrient-limited

production. Inst. fur Meereskunde an der Univ. Kiel, FRG. (ahm)

82:2349 von BrOckel, K., 1981. The importance of nano-

plankton within the pelagic Antarctic ecosystem. Kieler Meeresforsch., 5:61-67.

At most of the 24 stations, the great mass of nanoplankton ~20 #m (p-flagellates, dinoflagellates and diatoms) supplied ~90% of the primary production. Nanoplankton and protozooplankton (also found at all stations) are important constituents of the krill diet; the latter is also an important krill food competitor. Inst. fur Meereskunde an der Univ. Kiel, FRG. (ahm)

82:2350 Williams, P.J. le B., 1981. Incorporation of micro-

heterotrophic processes into the classical para. digm of the planktonic food web. Kieler Meeres- forsch., 5:1-28.

The classical conceptual model of tightly closed marine food chains does not adequately deal with planktonic heterotrophs. At least half of the primary production may be lost as DOC (excretion; grazing losses) which passes through microheterotrophs before being mineralized. Zooplankton production may be exceeded by microbial production. Relative importance of the microbial complex in mineralization vs. recycling is discussed; its importance in water column activity is affirmed. Univ. of South- ampton, Southampton, UK. (mjj)

82:2351 Williams, W.T., J.S. Bunt, R.D. John and D.J. Abel,

1981. The community concept and the phytoplankton. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 6(2):115-121.

It is suggested more appropriate to regard phytoplankton distribution as entirely probabilistic, com- parable to a local situation in a tropical rain forest. The World Ocean would then be regarded as an essentially uniform environment inhabited by a single diverse population. The probability of en- countering any given species might then be very low but nowhere near zero. The thesis is examined mathematically; implications are discussed. Aust. Inst. of Mar. Sci., P.M.B. No. 3, Townsville, Qld. 4810, Australia.

El00. Nekton (communit ies; also fish, rep- tiles, mammals)

82:2352 Anderson, J.J., 1981. A stochastic model for the size

of fish schools. Fishery Bull. natn. mar. Fish.


Serv., U.S., 79(2):315-323. Fisheries Res. Inst., Univ. of Washington, Seattle, Wash. 98195, USA.

82:2353 Hui, C.A., 1981. Seawater consumption and water

flux in the common dolphin Deiphlnus delphls. Physiol. Zool., 54(4):430-440. Dept. of Biol., Univ. of Calif, Los Angeles, Calif. 90024, USA.

82:2354 Loughlin, T.R., J.A. Ames and J.E. Vandevere, 1981.

Annual reproduction, dependency period, and apparent gestation period in two Californian sea otters, Enhydra lutris. Fishery Bull. natn. mar. Fish. Serv., U.S., 79(2):347-349. NW and Alaska Fish. Center, NMFS, NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, Wash. 98115, USA.

82:2355 Majkowski, Jacek and K.G. Waiwood, 1981. A

procedure for evaluating the food biomass consumed by a fish population. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci., 38(10):1199-1208. CSIRO Mar. Lab., P.O. Box 21, Cronulla, NSW 2230, Australia.

82:2356 Pitcher, K.W., 1981. Prey of the steller sea lion,

Eumetopias jubatns, in the Gulf of Alaska. Fishery Bull. natn. mar. Fish. Serv., U.S., 79(3): 467-472.

Stomach content analyses (250) revealed a composition, by volume, of 95.7% fish, 4.2% cephalopods, and (0 .1% each of decapod crustaceans, gastropods and mammals. Most important prey was walleye pollock, followed by capelin and salmon (seasonal), octopus, squid, and Pacific herring. The 'nearly complete overlap' in diets of the harbor seal and sea lion is discussed. Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game, 333 Raspberry Rd., Anchorage, Alaska 99502, USA. (ahm)

82:2357 Tseitlin, V.B., 1981. Consumption of descending

detritus by pelagic animals. Okeanologiia, 21(5): 889-893. (In Russian, English abstract.)

El 10. Bottom communities

82:2358 Allendorff, P., 1981. Experiments to determine the

relevance of dissolved amino acids for the nutrition of marine benthic animals. Kieler Meeres- forsch., 5:557-565.

Effects of temperature and competition by microorganisms on amino acid uptake at low concentrations ( ( 5 #mol/L) in-vitro and in-situ by several macrobenthic species were investigated. Uptake capacities were high enough to be energetically significant, especially for molluscs and polychaetes. Inst. fur Meereskunde an der Univ. Kiel, FRG. (mjj)

82:2359 Lubchenco, Jane and S.D. Gaines, 1981. A unified

approach to marine plant-herbivore interactions. I. Populations and communities. A. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 12:405-437.

The direct effect of herbivore foraging is a function of the probabilities that (1) a herbivore will encounter a plant and (2) that the herbivore will eat it, probabilities that are complex functions of herbivore, plant, and environmental characteristics. This conceptualization of field study results provides a framework to aid discussion of how foraging effects are altered by density, species, or kinds of herbivores, of what the indirect effects are on plant fitness, and of what the coevolutionary relationships are between an alga and its herbivore. Includes 156 references. Dept. of Zool., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, Oreg. 97331, USA. (mwf)

82:2360 Nelson, W.G., 1981. The role of predation by decapod

crustaceans in seagrass ecosystems. Kieler Meeresforsch., 5:529-536.

Laboratory and field data showed a negative exponential relationship between the 'total density of decapod crustaceans present' and the 'density of many of the seagrass-associated macrobenthos' indicating a regulatory role in community structure for these intermediate trophic levels. These and other results strongly suggest that 'a considerably less linear view of seagrass ecosystems is required.' Inst. of Mar. Biol., Blomsterdalen, Norway. (ahm)

82:2361 Nicholls, D.J., C.R. Tubbs and F.N. Haynes, 1981.

The effect of green algal mats on intertidal macrobenthic communities and their predators. Kieler Meeresforsch., 5:511-520.

Sewage-caused eutrophication has led to the growth of extensive algal mats over former open mudlands on Britain's south coast. Mat presence reduces infaunal biomass and diversity, but a great increase in numbers and biomass of epibenthos produces a total biomass almost twice that of open mudlands. These algal areas are avoided by the waders and wildfowl despite ample prey. Dept. of Biol. Sci., Portsmouth Polytech., Portsmouth, UK.


82:2362 Rex, M.A., 1981. Community structure in the deep-

sea benthos. A. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 12:331-353.

The three best-known aspects of community structure in the deep-sea benthos are reviewed. ( l) Depth gradients of species diversity: a parabolic pattern shows a maximum at mid-to-lower bathyal regions. (2) Spatial dispersion: deep-sea benthos is patchy, but less so than shallow water fauna. (3) Faunal replacement with depth: a pronounced change in faunal composition occurs at the shelf-slope transition. Rates of species replacement are related to dispersal of larvae, trophic position, and degree of mobility, but the causes of replacement are poorly understood. Includes 124 references. Dept. of Biol., Univ. of Mass., Boston, Mass. 02125, USA. (mwf)

82:2363 Seed, Raymond and R.J. O'Connor, 1981. Com-

munity organization in marine algal epifannas. A. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 12:49-74.

The main determinants of diversity and competition within frond faunas associated with several British intertidal macroalgae are (1) seasonal increase in frond surface available for colonization and (2) larval selectivity of acceptable environments. Ex- amination of paradigms of community structure showed that diversity is high in communities on hard surfaces (rocky shores and cryptic reefs) because of repeated disturbance or because of stabilizing negative feedback, but algal epifaunas are diverse because the alga constantly renews its frond surface. Competition is organized as a linear hierarchy in rocky shore systems, as a network in cryptic reefs, and has features of both in algal epifaunas. Includes 97 references. Dept. of Zooi., Univ. College of North Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK. (mwf)

82:2364 Theede, H., 1981. Studies on the role of benthic

animals of the western Baltic in the flow of energy and organic material. Kieler Meeresforsch., 5:434-444.

A review of benthic studies by the Institut fur Meereskunde and the Joint Research Programme 'Interaction Sea-Sea Bottom' of Kiel University covers competition, trophic relations, environmental influences on macrozoobenthos distribution, and the influence of primary production sedimentation on benthic activity. Inst. fur Meereskunde an der Univ. Kiel, FRG. (ahm)

82:2365 Thistle, David, 1981. Natural physical disturbances

and eommtluities of marine soft bottoms. Review. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 6(2):223-228.

Literature to date reveals that natural disturbances create patches and species exploit them. Patches represent absence of competitors and released resources. Response time to a disturbed patch varies from hours to months, so among patches not disturbed simultaneously, a mosaic of recolonization states occurs. 'Species that become unusually abundant early in recolonization seem to be responding to resources, but it is not clear whether the mere relaxation of competition for background resources is important. ' Dept. of Oceanog., Florida State Univ., Tallahassee, Fla. 32306, USA. (mwf)

82:2366 Tunnicliffe, Verena, 1981. High species diversity and

abundance of the epibenthic community in an oxygen-deficient basin. Nature, Lond., 294 (5839):354-356.

Fauna attached to the steep sides of a 220-m deep fjord in British Columbia maintain high diversity and abundance despite annual exposure to sustained low oxygen ( < 1.0 mL/L). Physiological, behavioral and evolutionary implications of tolerance to anoxia are discussed. Ocean Ecology, Inst. of Ocean Sci., P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, BC, Canada. (mjj)

El20. Estuarine and marsh communities

82:2367 Kemp, W.M. and W.R. Boynton, 1981. External and

internal factors regulating metabolic rates of an estuarine benthic community. Oecologia, 51 (1): 19-27.

Organic carbon fluxes and stocks of a soft-sediment macrofaunal community measured at 2 depths over an annual cycle in mesohaline Chesapeake Bay suggested that (1) food availability ultimately limited benthic metabolism although nektonic predation periodically controlled it and (2) interactions among component groups probably accounted for a large part of community metabolism. Questions for fur- ther scrutiny were raised on trophic relationships, seasonality of nektonic/benthic interactions, and the general balance between predation and resource availability. Horn Point Environ. Lab., Box 775, Cambridge, Md. 21613, USA. (mwf)

82:2368 Summers, J.K. and H.N. McKellar Jr., 1981. A

sensitivity analysis of an ecosystem model of estuarine carbon flow. Ecol. Model., 13(4):283- 301.

Intrasystem C flow and estuarine-oceanic C exchange for the North Inlet estuary (South Carolina)


are examined using a '19-compartment real-time deterministic simulation model.' Sensitivity analysis is used to examine the relative importance of various parameters (e.g., production, respiration, biomass, POM concentration, etc.) in controlling annual exchange of POM, DOM and nekton and annual system net productivity. Martin Marietta Environ. Center, 1450 South Rolling Rd., Baltimore, Md. 21227, USA. (mjj)

El40. Birds

82:2369 Ainley, D.G. and S.S. Jacobs, 1981. Sea-bird affin-

ities for ocean and ice boundaries in the Antarctic. Deep-Sea Res., 28(10A): 1173-1185.

Birds concentrated above the subsurface Antarctic Slope Front, near ice, and near the Ross Sea continental slope. Plankton accumulations may occur because of 'convergence between easterly and westerly currents near the shelf break,' and life cycles of some sea-bird prey may be adapted to the upwelling deep water and sinking shelf water. The importance of cryographic and hydrographic features in sea-bird distributions is indicated by the 'order-of-magnitude changes' in avian abundances over 'relatively small distances.' Point Reyes Bird Obs., Stinson Beach, Calif. 94970, USA. (ahm)

82:2370 Thompson, D.H., 1981. Feeding chases in the Ad61ie

penguin. Antarct. Res. Ser., Am. geophys. Un., 30[Terrestrial Biol., 3(6)]:105-122. 3513 Lucia Crest, Madison, Wise. 53705, USA.

El50. Microbiology (communities, processes; also bacteria, fungi, yeasts, viruses, etc.)

82:2371 Azam, F. and R.E. Hodson, 1981. Muitiphasic

kinetics for D-glucose uptake by assemblages of natural marine bacteria. Mar. Eeol.-Prog. Ser., 6(2) :213-222.

D-glucose uptake kinetics were non-linear over a 10 -9 M to 10- 3 M concentration range; Vma x and (K, + S,) increased gradually as glucose concentration increased. Simple diffusion into algae or bacteria could not explain these results. Implications for cycling of dissolved organic matter are discussed. Scripps Inst. of Oceanog., La Jolla, Calif. 92093, USA. (mjj)

82:2372 Billy, C~cile, 1980. [Metabolism of some aerobic

calcifying bacteria.I I. Aragonite production in seawater. Vie Milieu, 30(2):165-169. (In French, English abstract.) Geol. Sed. et Micropal., 4, place Jussieu, Paris, France.

82:2373 BOlter, M., 1981. DOC-turnover and microbial bio-

mass production [in Kiel Fjord]. Kieler Meeres- forsch., 5:304-310. Sonderforschungsbereich 95 an der Univ. Kiel, FRG.

82:2374 Booth, Tom, 1981. Lignicolous and zoosporic fungi in

marine environments of Hudson Bay. Can. J. Bot., 59(10):1867-1881. Dept. of Bot., Univ. of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man. R3T 2N2, Canada.

82:2375 Chr6st, R.J., 1981. The composition and bacterial

utilization of DOC released by phytoplankton. Kieler Meeresforsch., 5:325-332.

High primary production rate and DOC release were observed. Low molecular weight ( (500) products, the fraction with MW 10,000-30,000, and compounds with MW ~ 3 × 105 dominated. Bacteria utilized a significant portion; bacterial role in the transformation of DOC released by algae is discussed. Dept. of Environ. Microbiol., Univ. of Warsaw, Poland.

82:2376 Fukami, Kimio, Usio Simidu and Nobuo Taga,

1981. Fluctuation of the communities of heterotrophic bacteria during the decomposition pro- cess of phytoplankton. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 55(2/3): 171-184.

Plate counts of bacteria and concentration of POC were monitored during decomposition of Chlorella sp. and Skeletonema costatum in the laboratory. Bacteria attached to POC changed from an initial community of Pseudomonas-Alcaligenes (high decomposing ability) to Acinetobacter-Moraxella (low decomposing ability) as decomposition proceeded. Ocean Res. Inst., Univ. of Tokyo, Nakano, Tokyo 164, Japan. (mjj)

82:2377 Iturriaga, R., 1981. Phytoplankton photoassimilated

extracellular products: heterotrophic utilization in the marine environment. Kieler Meeresforsch., 5:318-324.

Photoassimilated extracellular algal products are an important input of DOC in aquatic ecosystems;


experiments show that they are assimilated and respired with high efficiency. Heterotrophic bacteria seem to play an active role in regulating and transforming phytoplankton extracellular products into particulate matter in the photic zone. Dept. of Biol. Sci., Univ. of So. Calif., Los Angeles, Calif., USA.

82:2378 Karl, D.M., 1981. Simultaneous rates of ribonucleic

acid and deoxyribonucleic acid syntheses for estimating growth and cell division of aquatic microbial communities. Appl. environ. Microbiol., 42(5):802-810.

Described is a method for measuring rates of RNA and DNA synthesis based upon the uptake of exogenous [3H] adenine; cultures and natural assemblages were used. D N A / R N A rate ratios ranged 3.3-31.8% and are proposed as an index for estimating microbial production. Dept. of Oceanog., Univ. of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA. (mjj)

82:2379 Kearns, E.A. and C.E. Folsome, 1981. Measurement

of biological activity in materially closed microbial ecosystems. Bio Syst., 14(2):205-209.

Each sealed flask containing sand, water and sediment from shallow coral reefs tended to seek its own unique P-oxygen (14-30%), and 02 consumption; production still continued in an 8-yr-old flask. P-oxygen may be a useful stability indicator; positive feedback controls may govern 02 concentrations. Dept. of Microbiol., Univ. of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA. (mjj)

82:2380 Linley, E.A.S. and R.C. Newell, 1981. Microhetero-

trophic communities associated with the degradation of kelp debris. Kieler Meeresforsch., 5:345-355.

Decomposition of kelp debris was associated with a clear succession of microorganisms: bacterial cocci and rods; grazing flagellates and ciliates; amoebae and choanoflagellates in later stages. Numbers, biomass and grazing rates were estimated. Detritus recycling rates optimized bacterial biomass production and, thus, utilization of detritus by consumers. Inst. for Mar. Environ. Res., Plymouth, UK. (mjj)

82:2381 Morita, R.Y., R. Iturriaga and V.A. Gallardo, 1981.

Thloploca: methylotroph and significance in the food chain. Kieler Meeresforsch., 5:384-389.

Methane is the energy and C source for Thioploca, an abundant benthic food resource for higher organisms off Chile-Peru. Taxonomic and evolutionary position of this enigmatic organism should be re-assessed. Dept. of Microbiol., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, Oreg., USA. (mjj)

82:2382 Newell, R.C., M.I. Lucas and E.A.S. Linley, 1981.

Rate of degradation and efficiency of conversion of phytoplankton debris by marine micro-organisms. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 6(2):123-136.

A succession of bacterial cocci and rods followed by grazing flagellates colonized incubated phytoplankton debris. Bacterial biomass was determined, enabling estimation of 'carbon conversion efficiency' which was only 9.8% during initial colonization. DOC was utilized much faster than POC. Within 3 days as much as 30.8% of whole phytoplankton debris was mineralized, with 11 days required for mineralization of the more refractory POC. Inst. for Mar. Envir. Res., Prospect Place, Plymouth PLI 3DH, UK. (mjj)

82:2383 Peele, E.R. and R.R. Colwell, 1981. Application of a

direct microscopic method for enumeration of substrate-responsive marine bacteria. Can. J. Microbiol., 27(10): 1071-1075.

Seawater samples were incubated with various substrates and examined for enlarged (substrate responsive) cells by epifluorescence microscopy. Highest direct counts were obtained with yeast extract or tryptone and lowest counts with simple C or N sources. Dept. of Microbiol., Univ. of Georgia, Athens, Ga. 30602, USA. (mjj)

82:2384 Ramotar, Karamchand and M.A. Pickard, 1981.

AMP metabolism by the marine bacterium Vibrio (Beneckea) natriegens:, purification and properties of adenylate kinase. Can. J. Microbiol., 27(10):1053-1059. Pickard: Dept. of Microbiol., Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta. T6G 2E9, Canada.

82:2385 Rheinheimer, G., 1981. Investigations on the role of

bacteria in the food web of the western Baltic. Kieler Meeresforsch., 5:284-290.

In Kiel Bight, 15-30% of yearly phytoplankton production is transferred to bacterial C and ~60% sinks to the bottom; during sinking, remineralization occurs, being strongly affected by temperature. In the sediments, ~50% of primary production (mostly


microphytobenthic) is transferred to bacterial biomass. Inst. fur Meereskunde an der Univ. Kiel, FRG. (mwf)

82:2386 Schneider, J., 1981. Ecological comparison of lower

aquatic fungi (Tlu'austochytrinm sp.) from the sea and inland brine pools. Botanica mar., 24(9):475- 483. (In German, English abstract.)

Differences between the cultured isolates of T. pachydermum (3 marine and 4 inland) were apparent only if salinity and temperature of the medium were altered simultaneously. Fungi developed in seawater solutions with a salinity range of 6 ~ 0 ppt S with no 'clear relation to their origin.' Zoospore activity curves had a steeper inclination at lower salinity concentrations. Inst. fur Meereskunde an der Univ. Kiel, Dusternbrooker Weg 20, D-2300 Kiel, FRG. (ahm)

82:2387 Szwerinski, H., 1981. Investigations on nitrification in

water and sediment of the Kiel Bight (Baltic Sea). Kieler Meeresforsch., 5:396-407.

Chemoautotrophic nitrification is shown the most important source of nitrate in the bight's brackish water. The main nitrification potential is localized in the sediment. Inst. fur Meereskunde an der Univ. Kiel, FRG.

82:2388 Ulken, A., 1981. On the role of phycomycetes in the

food web of different mangrove swamps with brackish waters and waters of high salinity. Kieler Meereaforsch., 5:425-428. Inst. fur Meeresfor- schung Bremerhaven, Bremerhaven, FRG.

82:2389 Velimirov. B., J.A. Ott and R. Novak, 1981.

Microorganisms on macrophyte debris: biode- gradation and its implication in the food web. Kieler Meeresforsch., 5:333-344.

Formation and fate of detrital particles from Posidonia oceanica leaves in the Gulf of Naples were studied. Soluble carbohydrates and bacterial den- sities were measured. C and N contents and 02 uptake rates were determined and related to particle size; importance to consumers is discussed. Zool. Inst. der Univ. Wien, Abt. fur Meeresbiol. Vienna, Austria. (mjj)

82:2390 Wainwright, M. and Valerie Sherbrock-Cox, 1981.

Factors influencing alginate degradation by the marine fungi: Dendryphiella salina and D. arenm'/a. Botanica mar., 24(9):489-491.

The ability to degrade alginate (seaweed reserve product), previously known only for D. salina, was demonstrated for D. arenaria, but not for two other species. Effects of temperature, salts and pH on alginate degradation were investigated. Dept. of Microbiol., Univ. of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK. (mjj)

El80. Biochemistry

82:2391 Wrench, J.J. and N.C. Campbell, 1981. Protein

bound selenium in some marine organisms. Chemosphere, 10(10): 1155-1161.

Total Se levels and the fraction associated with protein were determined in several marine organisms by gas-liquid chromatography. A large Se fraction in all organisms was associated with protein. Bedford Inst. of Oceanog., P.O. Box 1006, Dartmouth, N.S. B2Y 4A2, Canada.

E 2 2 0 . I n v e r t e b r a t e s (except E230-Crus - tacea, and E240-Protozoa)

82:2392 Ditadi, A.S.F., 1981. The phylum Sipuncula. Syn-

opsis, general biology, collecting methods, han- dling, rearing, conservation, and simplified dichotomic keys. Ci~ncia Cult., S Paulo, 33(5): 641-648. (In Portuguese, English abstract.) Inst. de Biociencias, Univ. de Sao Paulo, Brazil.

82:2393 Gulliksen, Bjorn, 1978. Aseidian species recorded in

Finnmark and Troms, northern Norway, in 1976. Tromura, (Nat. Sci.)l:l 8pp. Marinebiol. Station, Univ. of Tromso, P.O. Box 2550, N-9001 Tromso, Norway.

82:2394 Knowlton, Nancy, J.C. Lang, M.C. Rooney and

Patricia Clifford, 1981. Evidence for delayed mortality in hurricane-damaged Jamaican stag- horn corals. Nature, Lond., 294(5838):251-252.

A cropora cervicornis is particularly vulnerable to hurricanes. Agents of post-hurricane mortality are assumed to be high wave energy and salinity changes, factors which soon diminish. Substantial delayed tissue and colony death on a Jamaican reef damaged by Hurricane Allen (August 1980) was over one order of magnitude more severe than that caused by immediate effects of the storm. Elimi- nation of ~98% of the original survivors suggests

302 E. Biological Oceanography OLR (I 982) 29 (5)

complex responses to catastrophes (involving disease and predation), which may explain widely variable rates of reef recovery previously reported. Dept. of Biol., Yale Univ., P.O. Box 6666, New Haven, Conn. 0651 l, USA.

82:2395 Maciolek, N.J., 1981. Spionidae (Annelida: Poly-

chaeta) from the Galapagos Rift geothermal vents. Proc. biol. Sac. Wash., 94(3):826-837.

Described are: Xandaros acanthodes n.gen, n.sp., Laubieriellus grasslei n.gen, n.sp., and Prionospio (Minuspio) sandersi n.sp. The first Pacific record for A urospio dibranchiata (previously found in the Atlantic) is noted. Battelle's New England Mar. Res. Lab., P.O. Drawer AH, Duxbury, Mass. 02332, USA. (ahm)

82:2396 Porter, J.W., J.D. Woodley, G.J. Smith, J.E. Neigel,

J.F. Battey and D.G. Dallmeyer, 1981. Popu- lation trends among Jamaican reef corals. Nature, Land., 294(5838):249-250.

When Hurricane Allen struck the reefs of Discovery Bay, Jamaica, 6 August 1980, heaviest mortality in shallow water was among the commonest, compet- itively superior species. Photographic quadrats monitored since 1976 demonstrated that before the storm shallow water mortality was mostly due to competition through overgrowth and that recruitment was insufficient to offset this competition. At deeper stations, not disturbed by Allen, colony loss was slower and recruitment occurred at commensurate rates, probably retarding competitive exclusion. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Georgia, Athens, Ga. 30602, USA. (mwf)

82:2397 Rhoads, D.C., R.A. Lutz, E.C. Revelas and R.M.

Cerrato, 1981. [Gahipagos spreading center hy- drothermal field mussel and vesicomyid clam growth rates.] Science, 214(4523):909-913; 2 papers.

82:2398 Southward, A.J. and E.C. Southward, 1981. Dis-

solved organic matter and nutrition of the Pogo- nophora: a reassessment based on recent studies of their morphology and biology. Kieler Meeres- forsch., 5:445-453. Mar. Biol. Assoc. of the U.K., Plymouth, UK.

82:2399 Szmant-Froelich, Alina, 1981. Coral nutrition: com-

parison of the fate of ~4C from ingested labeled brine shrimp and from the uptake of NaHI4CO3

by its zooxanthellae. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 55(2/3): 133-144.

Symbiotic and nonsymbiotic colonies of Astrangia danae were fed 14C-labelled Artemia at different feeding frequencies, or were incubated with NaHI4CO3. The better nourished the corals, the greater was the proportion of assimilated label stored in the lipid fraction and the less was the amount used for immediate metabolism. Dept. of Oceanogr., Florida State Univ., Tallahassee, Fla. 32306, USA. (mjj)

E230. Crustacea

82:2400 Abele, L.G., 1981. Sesarma gorei, new species, from

Peru, with a key to the eastern Pacific species of Sesarma (Crnstacea, Decapoda, Grapsidae). J. crustacean Biol,, 1(3):433-440. Dept. of Biol. Sci., Florida State Univ., Tallahassee, Fla. 32306, USA.

82:2401 Anger, Klaus, R.R. Dawirs, Vera Anger and J.D.

Costlow, 1981. Effects of early starvation periods on zoeal development of brachyuran crabs. Biol. Bull. mar. biol. Lab., Woods Hole, 161(2):199- 212.

General (rather than species-specific) brachyuran responses to starvation during the first zoeal stage were studied using larvae of five crab species. 'Temporary lack of prey may be as important as physical factors' in larval survival. Biol. Anstalt Helgoland, Meeresstation, 2192 Helgoland, FRG. (mjj)

82:2402 Arnaud, Jean, Michel Brunet and Jacques Mazza,

1981. [Nutrition of pelagic copepods.] Annls Univ. Provence, Biol. Ecol. M~dit., 8(2):87-97. (In French, English abstract.)

Feeding experiments, structural and ultrastructural studies, and histo- and cytochemical tests were brought to bear on questions of copepod food uptake, alimentation and digestion. Lab. de Biol., Univ. de Provence, Centre Marseille-Saint Charles, France. (isz)

82:2403 Botsford, L.W. (comment) and R. McKelvey (reply),

1981. Comment on cycles in the northern Cali- fornia Dungeness crab population. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci., 38(10):1295-1297.


82:2404 Brun, Bernard, Guy Brun and Antoine Champeau,

1981. [Population genetics of Gammarus insensi- bilis Stock (Crustacea, Amphipoda): biometric differentiation of the littoral Mediterranean.[ Annls Univ. Provence, Biol. Ecol. M~dit., 8(2):75- 85. (In French, English abstract.) Genetique Ecol., Univ. de Provence, Centre de Saint- Jerome, 13397 Marseille Cedex 13, France.

82:2405 Cahoon, L.B., 1981. Reproductive response of Acartia

tonsa to variations in food ration and quality. Deep-Sea Res., 28(10A):1215-1221. Zoology Dept., Duke Univ., Durham, N.C. 27706, USA.

82:2406 Coineau, Nicole, 1981. [Population dynamics of an

interstitial isopod Angeliera phreaticola (Isopoda, Asellota, Microparasellidae) from the western Mediterranean.] Bijdr. Dierk. (Contr. Zool.), 51(1):20-30. (In French, English abstract.) Lab. Arago, F-66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.

82:2407 Corey, S., 1981. Distribution of certain Arctic and

Subarctic Cumacea in Canadian waters. Can. J. Zool., 59(9): 1726-1733.

Eleven cumacean species are recorded from collections made 1947-1962 in the Canadian Arctic and Subarctic. Platyaspis typica is recorded for the first time from Canadian waters. Species distributions are discussed and compared with previous findings. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Guelph, Guelph, Ont. N1G 2W1, Canada.

82:2408 Fry, Brian, 1981. Natural stable carbon isotope tag

traces Texas shrimp migrations. Fishery Bull. natn. mar. Fish. Serv., U.S., 79(2):337-345.

Four shrimp feeding grounds displayed distinctly different stable isotope ratios (~3C:~2C), allowing shrimp movements and relative commercial importance of the separate habitats to be assessed. Effects of sex and seasonal changes on shrimp ~3C?zC ratios are discussed. Harbor Branch Inst., RR 1, Box 196-A, Fort Pierce, Fla. 33450, USA. (mjj)

82:2409 Haefner, P.A. Jr., 1981. Morpbometry, reproductive

biology, and diet of Acanthocarpus alexandri Stimpson, 1871 (Decapoda, Brachyura) in the Middle Atlantic Bight. J. crustacean Biol., 1(3): 348-357. Dept. of Biol., Rochester Inst. of Tech., Rochester, N.Y. 14623, USA.

82:2410 Hazlett, B.A., 1981. The behavioral ecology of hermit

crabs. A. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 12:1-22. Includes 123 references. Div. of Biol. Sci., Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich. 48109, USA.

82:2411 Holthuis, L.B., 1981. Description of three new species

of shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea) from Pacific islands. Discias musicus, Marianas Is- lands; Periclimenes bayeri, Marshall Islands; Pontonia hurii, Marshall and Tuamotu islands. Proc. biol. Soc. Wash., 94(3):787-800. Rijks- museum van Natuurlijke Historie, Postbus 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.

82:2412 Just, Jean, 1980. Abyssal and deep bathyal Mala-

costraca (Crustacea) from the Polar Sea. Vidensk. Meddr dansk naturh. Foren., 142:161-177.

All malacostracans reported from depths ~2000 m in the Polar Sea were surveyed; the deep-water fauna yielded 50 species. While 73% of these species are considered endemic to the Arctic, actual Polar Sea endemism is undetermined; however, 22 of the reported species are known thus far only from the Polar Sea. Between 2700-3000 m, a change from bathyal slope and rise fauna to abyssal plain fauna is indicated. Zool. Mus., Univ. 15, DK-2100 Copen- hagen 121, Denmark. (ahm)

82:2413 Kahan, D., 1981. Effect of some ecological factors on

the growth of the copepod Schizopera elatensis - - a potential food organism for hatcheries. Kieler Meeresforsch., 5:544-553. Dept. of Zoology, Hebrew Univ. of Jerusalem, Israel.

82:2414 Kensley, Brian, 1981. Curassanthura halma, a new

genus and species of interstitial isopod from Curagao, West Indies (Crustacea: Isopoda: Paranthuridae). Amsterdam expeditions to the West Indian Islands, Report 10. Bijdr. Dierk. (Contr. Zool.), 51(1):131-134. Dept. of Invert. Zool., Smithsonian Inst., Washington, D.C. 20560, USA.

82:2415 Kensley, Brian, 1981. On the zoogeography of

southern Africa decapod Crustacea, with a dis- tributional checklist of the species. Smithson. Contr. Zool., 338:64pp.

Decapod crustacean research in southern Africa is reviewed; terrestrial, freshwater, pelagic, and benthic decapods are discussed. Atlantic, Indo-Pacific, and


endemic components of the benthic fauna are considered; related to neighboring islands, sea- mounts, and shoals; and compared with other Southern Hemisphere faunas. A checklist for ~700 species, with vertical and geographical distribution information, is provided. Dept. of Invert. Zool., National Mus. of Nat. Hist., Smithsonian Inst., Washington, DC 20560, USA.

82:2416 Kornicker, L.S., 1981. Angulorostrum, a new genus of

myodocopid Ostracoda (Philomedidae: Pseudo- philomedinae). Smithson. Contr. Zool., 340:20pp.

A new genus, Angulorostrum, is proposed, and 3 new species (A. monothrix, A. costatum, A. segonzaci) from the Atlantic continental slope at depths of 210 to 1007 m off Brazil, North and South Carolina, Portugal, and Spain are described. Keys to Pseudo- philomedinae and Angulorostrum are included. Dept. of Invert. Zool., National Mus. of Nat. Hist., Smithsonian Inst., Washington, DC 20560, USA.

82:2417 Liu, Ruiyu and Shaowu Wang, 1980. Five new

species of the genus Acanthomysis (Crustacea Mysidacea) from the South China Sea. Ocean- ologia Limnol. sin., 11(4):320-334. (In Chinese, English summary.) Inst. of Oceanology, Acad. Sinica, People's Republic of China.

82:2418 Lutjeharms, J.R.E. and A.E.F. Heydorn, 1981.

Letter. Recruitment of rock lobsters on Vema Seamount from the islands of Tristan da Cunha. Deep-Sea Res., 28(10A):p.1237. Nat. Res. Inst. for Oceanol., CSIR, P.O. Box 320, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa.

82:2419 Manning, R.B. and C.W. Hart Jr., 1981. Gonodae-

tylus lightbonml, a new stomatopod crustacean from Bermuda. Proc. biol. Soc. Wash., 94(3):708- 712. Dept. of Invert. Zool., Smithsonian Inst., Washington, DC 20560, USA.

82:2420 Meadows, P.S. and A.A. Ruagh, 1981. Multifactorial

analysis of behavioural responses of the amphipod Corophium volutator to temperature-salinity combinations. Mar. EcoL-Prog. Ser., 6(2):183- 190. Dept. of Zoology, Univ. of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland.

82:2421 Mielke, Wolfgang, 1981. [Interstitial fauna of the

Galapagos.I XXVIII. Laophontinae (Laophonti-

dae), Ancorabolidae (Harpacticoida). Mikro- fauna Meeresbodens, 84:106pp. (In German, English abstract.) Zool. Inst. und Museum der Univ. Gottingen, FRG.

82:2422 Mielke, Wolfgang, 1981. [Interstitial Ectinosomatidae

(Copepoda) of Panama.] Mikrofauna Meeres- bodens, 85:45pp. (In German, English summary.) Zool. Inst. und Museum der Univ. Gottingen, FRG.

82:2423 P6rez Farfante, Isabel and B.B. Boothe Jr., 1981.

Sieyonia martini, a new rock shrimp (Decapeda: Penaeoidea) from the American Pacific. J. crustacean Biol., 1(3):424-432. NMFS Syst. Lab., Natl. Museum of Nat. Hist., Washington, D.C. 20560, USA.

82:2424 Persson, L.-E., 1981. Long-term changes in popu-

lation density of Diastylis rathkei, Krsyer (Cumacea) in different depths in Han6 Bay, southern Baltic. Kieler Meeresforsch., 5:521-528. Dept. of Amimal Ecology, Univ. of Lund, Lund, Sweden.

82:2425 Razouls, C. and B. Casanova, 1979/80. [Crustacean

biology: pelagic ecosystems, euphausiids.] Sem- inar extracts. Oceanis, 5(1): 1-32; 2 papers. (In French, English abstracts.)

82:2426 Reaka, M.L. and R.B. Manning, 1981. The behavior

of stomatopod Crustacea, and its relationship to rates of evolution. J. crustacean Biol., 1(3):309- 327.

Behavior patterns of mantis shrimps in the east Pacific and east and west Atlantic are documented. The hypothesis that lineages with more complex patterns of competition and reproduction evolve more rapidly than those with simple behavior is tested. Effects of body size and larval dispersal potential 'strongly overshadow' behavioral complexity effects. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Maryland, College Park, Md. 20742, USA. (mjj)

82:2427 Somerton, D.A., 1981. Contribution to the life history

of the deep-sea king crab, Lithodes conesl, in the Gulf of Alaska. Fishery Bull. natn. mar. Fish. Serv., U.S., 79(2):259-269.

Compared with the shelf-dwelling Paralithodes species, L. couesi displays adaptations apparently for

OLR (I 982) 29 (5) E. Biological Oceanography 305

life in deeper water on the continental slope, including elongated legs, red color, inflated bran- chial chambers, asynchronous spawning, and large eggs. Fecundity increases asymptotically with car- apace length; 50% maturity is reached at 91.4 mm for males and at 80.2 mm for females. Center for Quant. Sci. in Forestry, Fish. and Wildlife, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, Wash. 98195, USA.

82:2428 Soyer, Jacques, 1980. [Life history of an harpacticoid

copepod from subtidal muds of Banyuls-sur-Mer: Cletodes pusillus (Sars).] Vie Milieu, 30(1):35-44. (In French, English abstract.) Lab. Arago, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.

82:2429 Wilson, G.D. and R.R. Hessler, 1981. A revision of

the genus Eurycope (lsopoda, Asellota) with descriptions of three new genera [Disconectes, Tytthocope, Belonectes]. J. crustacean Biol., 1(3):401-423. Scripps Inst. of Oceanog., La Jolla, Calif. 92093, USA.

82:2430 Yager, Jill, 1981. Remipedia, a new class of Cmstaeea

from a marine cave in the Bahamas. Speleo- nectidae new ram., Speleonectes lucayensis n.gen., n.sp. J. crustacean Biol., 1(3):328-333. P.O. Box F-931, Freeport, Bahamas.

E 2 6 0 , Macrophytes (algae, grasses, etc.)

82:2431 Mathieson, A.C., T.A. Norton and M. Neushul,

1981. The taxonomic implications of genetic and environmentally induced variations in seaweed morphology. (Review.)Bot. Rev., 47(3):313-347.

Discussed are techniques used in examining the causes and significance of phenotypic plasticity: culture studies, field studies (observation and trans- plantation), statistical analysis, and genetic affinities (electrophoresis, quantitative genetic evaluations and hybridization studies). The value of biochemical versus morphological characters in delimiting species is discussed. Jackson Estuarine Lab., Univ. of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA. (mjj)

82:2432 Mefiez, E.G. and A.C. Mathieson, 1981. The marine

algae of Tunisia. Smithson. Contr. mar. Sci., 10:59pp. Smithsonian Oceanog. Sorting Center, Smithsonian Inst., Washington, DC 20560, USA.

E270. Microphytes (coccolithophores, diatoms, flagellates, etc.)

82:2433 Anderson, J.T., J.C. Roff and J. Gerrath, 1981. The

diatoms and dinoflagellates of Hudson Bay. Can. J. Bot., 59(10):1793-1810.

Species composition, abundance and distribution were determined for 130 samples scattered over the entire bay, taken at 3 m depth. Of the collection, 24 of the 59 diatom species and 33 of the 45 dinoflagellate species were not previously recorded from the bay. Phytoplankton standing crop and diversity index were found surprisingly high in certain areas. Dept. of Fish. and Oceans, P.O. Box 5667, St. John's, Nfld., A1C 5X1, Canada. (hbf)

82:2434 Barber, H.G. and E.Y. Haworth, 1981. A guide to the

morphology of the diatom frustule. (With a key to the British freshwater genera.) Scient. Pubis Freshwat. biol. Ass., 44:ll2pp. Includes 144 drawings and a list of Latin and German words used in diatom terminology.

82:2435 Ben-Amotz, Ami and Mordhay Avron, 1981. Glyc-

erol and fl-carotene metabolism in the halo- tolerant alga Dunaliella: a model system for biosolar energy conversion. Trends biochem. Sci., 6(11):297-299.

Dunaliella can grow in media containing 0.1 to > 5 M NaC1. Osmoregulation is accomplished by synthesis of internal glycerol in concentrations as high as 7 M (56% glycerol), plus large amounts of fl-carotene and a material containing 70% protein. Thus, Dunaliella is a model organism for conversion of solar energy to useful chemical products. Israel Oceanogr. and Limnol. Res., Tel-Shikmona, P.O.B. 8030, Haifa, Israel. (mjj)

82:2436 Chretiennot-Dinet, M.-J., 1977. [Nanoflagellates:

systematics and ecology.] Oceanis, 3(2):29-67. (In French.) Station mar. d'Endoume, rue de la Batterie des Lions, 13007 Marseille, France.

82:2437 Dunlap, J.C. and J.W. Hastings, 1981. The biological

clock in Gonyaulax controls luciferase activity by regulating turnover. J. biol. Chem., 256(20): 10,509-10,518.

Higher molecular weight unproteolyzed luciferase was extracted and purified from both day and night phase cells of the bioluminescent marine dinoflag-


ellate G. polyedra; physicochemical, enzymatic and immunological properties of the two preparations were compared. The 5- to 10-fold greater activity of night extracts appears due to different amounts of the enzyme, suggesting that the circadian rhythm of luciferase activity is determined by rates of luciferase synthesis or degradation. Biol. Lab., Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass. 02138, USA. (mjj)

82:2438 Kimor, B., 1981. The role of phagotrophic dino-

flagellates in marine ecosystems. Kieler Meeres- forsch., 5:164-173.

Remnants of prey in cytoplasm inclusions were taken as evidence of phagocytosis which was shown to be quite prevalent in non-thecate dinoflagellates studied in fresh samples taken off southern Cali- fornia over a one-year period. These presumed obligate phagotrophs were fragile, disintegrating easily in preserved samples; consequently, their role as grazers has often been overlooked. They may be especially important in oceanic waters. Israel Oceanogr. and Limnol. Res., Tel-Shikmona, Haifa, Israel. (mwf)

82:2439 Taguchi, Satoru, 1981. Seasonal studies of the

dinoflagellate Ceratlum Iongipes (Bailey) Gran in the Bedford Basin, [east] Canada. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 55(2/3):115-131.

Vertical profiles of optical attenuance identified a layer where C. longipes was dominant, providing the opportunity to study the phytoplankter for 3 weeks under natural conditions. C:N ratio by weight was 8; C:chl a, 84 _+ 16; and growth rate, 0.56 dou- blings/day. Even though chemical properties were quite different from those of diatoms, maximum quantum yield, light-saturated photosynthesis and index of dark respiration were similar to those of diatoms. Hawaii Inst. of Mar. Biol., P.O. Box 1346, Coconut Island, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744, USA. (mwf)

1-7. Univ. Ulm, Abt. Analyt. Chemie, D-7900 Ulm, FRG.

82:2441 Born, E.W., I. Kraul and T. Kristensen, 1981.

Mercury, DDT and PCB in the Atlantic walrus ( Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) from the Thule District, North Greenland. Arctic, 34(3):255-260. Zool. Mus., DK-2100 Copenhagen V, Denmark.

82:2442 Breteler, R.J., J.M. Teal and I. Valiela, 1981.

Retention and fate of experimentally added mercury in a Massachusetts salt marsh treated with sewage sludge. Mar. environ. Res., 5(3):211- 225.

Hg added in sewage sludge was lost from tall Spartina alterniflora wetlands (half-life 4___ 1 yr) due to physical removal processes, but was completely retained in higher marsh locations where the Hg remained associated with sludge components. A simple, rapid and precise method is presented for extracting and analyzing Hg in peaty sediments, plants and animal tissues. Battelle New Eng. Mar. Res. Lab., 397 Washington St., P.O. Drawer AM, Duxbury, Mass. 02332, USA. (mjj)

82:2443 Busdosh, M., 1981. Long-term effects of the water

soluble fraction of Prudhoe Bay crude oil on survival, movement and food search success of the Arctic amphipod Boeckosimus (= Onisimus) affinis. Mar. environ. Res., 5(3):167-180.

For 6 of the 16 weeks of observation, constantly- exposed B. affinis experienced mortality correlated with solution strength; after 6 weeks, animals in all solutions showed similar mortality. One-time exposure resulted in 15-20% (primarily initial) mortality. Generally lessened movement and feeding efficiency were observed in both groups; the latter group showed recovery within ~ 2 weeks. Wood- ward-Clyde Consultants, 3489 Kurtz St., San Diego, Calif. 92110, USA. (slr)

E300. Effects of pollution (also uptake, trace accumulat ions, etc.; see also C210- Chemical pollution, and F250-Was te dis- posal)

82:2440 Ballschmiter, K. et al., 1981. Studies of the global

baseline pollution. V. Monitoring the baseline pollution of the Sub-Antarctic by penguins [via eggs] as bioindicators. Z. analyt. Chem., 309(1):

82:2444 Coull, B.C., G.R.F. Hicks and J.B.J. Wells, 1981.

Nematode/copepod ratios for monitoring pollution: a rebuttal. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 12(11):378- 381.

It is feared that this ratio might be employed as a 'quick and easy method' (an over-generalization) for pollution assessment by those not versed in the complexities of marine meiobenthic assemblages~ hence the discrepancies and deficiencies in Raffaelli and Mason's 1981 paper are thoroughly discussed.

OLR (I 982) 29 (5) E. Biological Oceanography 307

Dept. of Biol., Univ. of South Carolina, Columbia, S.C. 29208, USA. (ahm)

82:2445 de Billy, F. and M.O. Soyer, 1980. Toxic effects of

the defoliant 2-4-5 T and subsequent cellular recovery in a free-living marine dinoflagellate Prorocentrum micans E. Vie Milieu, 30(1):45-54. (In French, English abstract.) Lab. Arago, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.

82:2446 Eagle, G.A., 1981. Study of sublethal effects of trace

metals on marine organisms: the need for some standardisation. Mar. environ. Res., 5(3): 181-194.

A table illustrates the diversity in studies of the effects of sublethal concentrations of selected trace metals on marine organisms. Some suggestions for achieving standardisation are offered. Nat. Res. Inst. for Oceanology, Univ. of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, South Africa.

82:2447 Griffiths, R.P., B.A. CaldweU, W.A. Broich and R.Y.

Morita, 1981. Long-term effects of crude oil on uptake and respiration of glucose and glutamate in Arctic and subarctic marine sediments. Appl. environ. Microbiol., 42(5):792-801.

Exposure to weathered or unweathered crude oil decreased glucose and glutamate uptake rates, bacterial concentrations and total adenylate concentrations and increased percent of substrate respired. Biosynthetic mechanisms were affected. Sch. of Oceanogr., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, Oreg. 97331, USA. (mjj)

82:2448 Hillaby, B.A., 1981. The effects of coal dust on

ventilation and oxygen consumption in the Dun- geness crab, Cancer magister. Can. tech. Rept Fish. aquat. Sci., 1033:18pp.

As a coal port operates near Roberts Bank (Fraser River Estuary), which supports a substantial commercial fishery for C. magister, experimental crabs were tested in respirometers containing substrates of coal dust mixed with sand; results were compared with controls on sand substrates. Trace amounts of coal were deposited on experimental crab lamellae, but oxygen consumption and gill ventilation were not significantly different from those of controls over an exposure period of 21 days. Habitat Mgmt. Div., Dept. of Fish. and Oceans, Vancouver, BC, V6E 2P1 Canada. (mwf)

82:2449 Hornung, Hava, D. Raviv and B.S. Krumgalz, 1981.

The occurrence of mercury in marine algae and some gastropod molluscs of the Mediterranean shoreline of Israel. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 12(11): 387-390. Israel Oceanogr. & Limnol. ges., P.O. Box 8030, Haifa, Israel.

82:2450 Khalansky, M., J.C. Amiard and J. Picard, 1978.

Marine ecology and coastal development. Ther- mal and nuclear power plants, radioactive pollutants, and benthic perturbations due to development of urban and industrial centers in western Provence, France. Ocean&, 4(3):152- 251; 3 papers. (In French, English abstracts.)

82:2451 Kuiper, Jan, 1981. Fate and effects of cadmium in

marine plankton communities in experimental enclosures. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 6(2):161-174.

Cadmium chloride was added to North Sea coastal plankton communities enclosed in plastic bags. Single doses of 5 or 50/Lg Cd/L slightly increased phytoplankton concentrations. Inhibition of Pleuro- brachia pileus growth at 1 and 5 /xg Cd/L caused increased copepod numbers; similar Cd levels are found locally in polluted waters, possibly already influencing the ecosystem. Div. of Tech. for Society TNO, P.O. Box 57, 1780 AB Den Helder, Nether- lands. (ahm)

82:2452 Malins, D.C. and H.O. Hodgins, 1981. Petroleum

and marine fishes: a review of uptake, disposition, and effects. Environ. Sci. Technol., 15(11): 1272- 1280. Northwest and Alaska Fisheries Center, Environ. Conserv. Div., Seattle, Wash. 98112, USA.

82:2453 Martoja, Roger and J.-P. Berry, 1980. Identification

of tiemannite as a probable product of the demethylation of mercury by selenium in ceta- ceans. A complement to the scheme of the biological cycle of mercury. Vie Milieu, 30(1):7- 10. Lab. d'Histophys, fond. et app., Univ. P. et M. Curie, 12 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France.

82:2454 Ordzie, C.J. and G.C. Garofalo, 1981. Lethal and

sublethal effects of short term acute doses of Kuwait crude oil and a dispersant Corexit 9527 on bay scallops, Argopecten irradians (Lamarck) and two predators at different temperatures. Mar. environ. Res., 5(3): 195-210.


Ability of scallops to recognize predators was impaired by sublethal concentrations of dispersant and oil-dispersant mixtures. Starfish (Asteriasforbesi) feeding response was impaired by dispersant, but oyster drills (Urosalpinx cinerea) were unaffected as they withdrew into their shells upon exposure to toxicants. Seasonal and temperature effects, and inadequacy of the 'indicator species' concept are discussed. Dept. of Plant Path. and Ent., Univ. of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA. (mjj)

82:2455 Pettit, T.N., G.S. Grant and G.C. Whittow, 1981.

Ingestion of plastics by Laysan albatross. Auk, 98(4):839-841.

Ingested plastic can be regurgitated with food to chicks (and swallowed), apparently does not pass through the digestive system, may release toxins and pollutants while in the stomach, and in quantity may prove harmful. Plastics are often found associated with food items (floating on the water surface) and may be consumed at the same time; some birds regurgitate 'castings' of plastic, squid beaks and bones. Dept. of Physiol., Univ. of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA. (ahm)

82:2456 Raffaelli, D., 1981. Monitoring with meiofauna: a

reply to Coull, Hicks and Wells (1981) and additional data. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 12(11):381- 382.

Fears of uncritical application of the technique are shared, although there is doubt that 'any but the most naive statutory monitoring body' would use the ratio in its 'original form.' Criticisms of text and data are answered. 'Ratios from clean sites, even taking into account [the factors raised by C, H & W] never approached those of polluted sites.' Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK. (fcs)

82:2457 Ray, S., D.W. McLeese and L.E. Burridge, 1981.

Cadmium in tissues of lobsters captured near a lead smelter. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 12(11):383-386. Dept. of Fish. and Oceans, Biol. Sta., St. Andrews, NB E0G 2X0, Canada.

82:2458 Sanukida, Satoshi, Hiroko Okamoto and Muneo

Hitomi, 1981. Behavior of the indicator species of marine bottom pollution [Inland Sea of Japan]. Bull. japan. Soc. scient. Fish., 47(7):863-869. (In Japanese, English abstract.)

A one-year study related seasonal changes in species abundance to environmental bottom conditions in

offshore and coastal areas of central and south Harima-Nada. As dissolved oxygen values decreased (temperature increased) in the bottom layer, macrobenthic species and numbers declined. Indicator species Theora lubrica and Paraprionospio pinnata decreased during this stagnation; the former became extinct while the latter was the only species to make a quick recovery afterward. Dept. Biol., Kobe Univ., Kobe 657, Japan. (ahm)

82:2459 Schei, Ben, H.C. Eilertsen, Stig Falk-Petersen, Bjorn

Gulliksen and J.P. Taasen, 1979. IMarine biological investigations in Van Mijenfjord, Spits- bergen, after the 1978 oil seepage from the Svea coalmine.] Tromura, (Nat. Sci.)2:50pp. (In Nor- wegian, English summary.)

82:2460 Southward, A.J,, 1981. Life on an oily wave. Nature,

Lond., 294(5838):215-216.

Summarized are the discussions and conclusions derived at an October 1981 meeting at the Royal Society concerning long-term effects of chronic oil pollution. In spite of much disagreement as to ecological impact, it was felt that emphasis on the detection of effects should be reduced and monitoring efforts increased. Mar. Biol. Assoc., Ply- mouth, UK. (bwt)

82:2461 Soyer, M.-O. and Paul Prevot, 1981. Ultrastructural

damage by cadmium in a marine dinoflagellate, Prorocentrum micans. J. Protozool., 28(3):308- 313. Dept. de Biol. Cellulaire, LA 117, Univ. P. et M. Curie, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.

82:2462 Zitko, V., 1981. Contaminants in lobsters from an

experimental cultural facility. Can. tech. Rept Fish. aquat. Sci., 1027:19pp. Dept. of Fish. and Oceans., Biol. Sta., St. Andrews, NB E0G 2X0 Canada.

E340. Aquaculture (commercial)

82:2463 Arnoult, J. et al., 1978/79/80. [Aquariology: aquar-

ium techniques; Rotifera in mariculture; algae as food for microinvertehrates; and fish capture, transport and acclimatization.] Meeting 15-16 December 1978. Oceanis, 5(3):361-435; 8 papers. (In French, English abstracts.)


E370. Theoretical biology and ecology

82:2464 Horwood, J.W. and J.G. Shepherd, 1981. The

sensitivity of age-structured populations to environmental variability. Mathl Biosci., 57(1/2):59- 82.

An age-structured model is used to examine the sensitivity of populations to environmentally induced variations in population size ('noise'), specif- ically considering the (1) appropriateness of discrete- vs. continuous-time models, (2) need to include age-structure, (3) way in which 'noise' is introduced, and (4) validity of using 'return time' as a measure of sensitivity to 'noise.' North Sea herring are examined as a specific case. Min. of Agric. Fish. and Food, Dir. of Fish. Res., Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK. (mjj)

82:2465 Patten, B.C. and E.P. Odum, 1981. The cybernetic

nature of ecosystems. Am. Naturalist, 118(6): 886-895.

'Cybernetic systems are systems with feedback.' Patten and Odum discuss feedback control in ecosystems, and take issue with Engelberg and Boyarsky's (1979) assertion that ecosystems are not cybernetic. The real issue is seen as how to think about ecosystems, rather than whether or not they are cybernetic. 'Perceived harmony of the biosphere' is considered the result of cybernetic interactions between living organisms and the environment. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Georgia, Athens, Ga. 30602, USA. (mij)

vitamins and phytoplankton; ecological role of growth inhibitors; fluorescent matter--the role of pterins and flavins.] Seminar 7 January 1976. Oceanis, 2(7):252-332; 4 papers. (In French.)

82:2468 Rheinheimer, Gerhard, Hans Fltlgel, Jargen Lenz

and Bernt Zeitzschel (eds.), 1980/81. Lower organisms and their role in the food web. Proceedings of the 15th European Marine Biology Symposium, Kiel, September 29-Octo- ber 3, 1980. Special volume. Kieler Meeresforsch., 5:588pp; 67 papers.

Papers presented are grouped under three headings: (1) primary producers and zooplankton in marine ecosystems, (2) bacteria and fungi in the food web (microbial production, decomposition, DOC uptake, food source for zooplankton and molluscs), and (3) pelagic and benthic animals in the food web (numerous individual species and their roles as predators and grazers are considered). (mjj)

E410. Miscellaneous

82:2469 Koyama, Kinue, Tamao Noguchi, Yoichi Ueda and

Kanehisa Hashimoto, 1981. Occurrence of neosaxitoxin and other paralytic shellfish poisons in toxic crabs belonging to the family Xanthidae. Bull.japan. Soc. scient. Fish., 47(7):p.965. Fac. of Agric., Univ. of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan.

E400. Books, collections (general)

82:2466 de Bernardi, Riccardo (ed.), 1979. Biological and

mathematical aspects in population dynamics. Proceedings of a symposium, Pallanza, Italy, 1979. Memorie Ist. ital. Idrobiol., 37(Suppl.): 242pp; 19 papers. (English with some Italian.)

Discussions covered population dynamics in biomass exploitation; cladoceran competition and community structure; estimating eel mortality; cell growth dynamics; Volterra equations; zooplankton population dynamics; and non-linear, deterministic, and single-species population models. A 'foundation for ecological theory' is presented. (isz)

82:2467 Fontaine, Mauriee, Michel Fiala, Daniel Bonin and

Andr6 Momzikoff, 1976. [Ectocrines in seawater;

82:2470 Parker, R.R., 1981. A note on the so-called 'soluble

fluorescence' of chlorophyll a in natural waters. Deep-Sea Res., 28(10A): 1231-1235.

In-vivo chlorophyll a fluorescence of filtered water from a seawater pool and a tidal stream was examined. A glass fiber filter with nominal particle retention size of l/~m passed intact units capable of photosynthesis as did cellulose membrane filters (>1.2 /~m). Unresponsive 'soluble fluorescence' passed by smaller filters was between 2.5 and 15% of the maximized fluorescence of the unfiltered sample. CSIRO, P.O. Box 21, Cronulla, NSW 2230, Austra- lia.

82:2471 Yasumoto, Takeshi, Yasukatsu Oshima and Tetsumi

Konta, 1981. Analysis of paralytic shellfish toxins of xanthid crabs in Okinawa. Bull. japan. Soc. scient. Fish., 47(7):957-959.

310 OLR (1982) 29 (5)

Three species of xanthid crabs on the coral reef showed high toxin levels--180 to 590 MU/g. Zosimus aeneus and Atergatis floridus had multiple toxins, with neosaxitoxin dominating; Platypodia granulosa contained only saxitoxin; local marine

snails presumed to have the same diet had multiple toxins, including a new one (coded TST) not found in any of the crabs. As local bivalves had no toxins, it appears that the causative organism is benthic rather than planktonic. Fac. of Agric., Tohoku Univ., Tsutsumi-dori, Sendal, Miyagi 980, Japan. (ahm)

F. GENERAL

F10. Apparatus, methods, mathematics (multidisciplinary)

82:2472 Bosserman, R.W. and Frank Harary, 1981. Dem-

iarcs, creaons and genons. J. theor. Biol., 92(3): 241-254.

A graph comprises vertices and edges, and an edge can be 'atomized,' first into arcs (directed edges) and then into male and female demiarcs. Similarly a vertex can be atomized into a receiving side called a creaon and a transmitting side called a genon. Such a graph theory nicely corresponds in component parts with systems theory. Thus the depiction of systems, especially hierarchical systems, is facili- tated; examples of such depictions drawn from ecology are presented. Systems Sci. Inst., Univ. of Louisville, Ky. 40292, USA. (fcs)

82:2473 Downing, J.P. Jr., 1981. Particle counter for sediment

transport studies. J. Hydraul. Div., Am. Soc. cir. Engrs, 107(HYll):1455-1465. Dept. of Ocean- ography, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, Wash. 98198, USA.

F40. Area studies, surveys (multidisciplinary)

82:2475 Rama Raju, D.V. et al., 1981. Papers on the

Andaman Sea. Indian J. mar. Sci., 10(3):209-307; 23 papers.

Oceanographic and biological studies resulting from 1979-80 cruises are presented. Physical, chemical and hydrographic findings are described along with the productivity and biochemistry, distributions and compositions of various marine taxa. (hbf)

F70. Atlases, bibliographies, etc.

82:2476 Bernikov, R6mir, 1978/79. [Bibliography on the

waters off Mauritania and neighboring countries.] Bull. Cent. natn. Reck. oceanogr. P~ck., Maurit., 7/8:33-50. (In French.) The 136 titles (mostly published post-1975) are categorized under general oceanography, currents, circulation, tides, physics and chemistry of seawater, sediments and suspensions, regional oceanography, hydrology, and applied oceanography.

82:2474 Grau, S., M. Crepon, P.-Y. Deschamps, A. Fontanel,

A. Roussel and M. VioUier, 1978. [Remote sensing in oceanography. 2. Oil spills, chlorophyll.] Oceanis, 4(7):I-XLII, 663-708; 4 papers. (In French, English abstracts.)

F130. Institutions and services

82:2477 Holt, Benjamin, 1981. Availability of Seasat synthetic

aperture radar imagery. Remote Sens. Environ., 11(5):413-417.

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