Biological oceanography

292 OLR ( 1981 ) 28 (4)

E. BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

El0. Apparatus and methods

81:2000 Nair, K.K.C. and K. Anger, 1980. A closed seawater

flow-through siphon system for the cultivation and rearing of marine animals. Mahasagar, 13(2): 133-145. Regional Centre of National Institute of Oceanography, Cochin-682018, India.

81:2001 Wise, S.A. et al., 1980. Interlaboratory comparison of

determinations of trace level hydrocarbons in mussels. Analyt. Chem., 52(12):1828-1833.

Determinations from two sites are compared among eight laboratories. Values for total extractable hydrocarbons, total hydrocarbons in the gas chro- matographic elution range, and individual hydrocarbon compounds generally differed by less than a factor of four. Sample inhomogeneity, storage instability over a nine-month period, and analysis uncertainty contributed to an observed intra- laboratory precision of _ 40%. Results are discussed with regard to reliability and comparability of data currently generated in environmental monitoring programs. Organic Analytical Research Division, Center for Analytical Chemistry, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. 20234, USA.

E40. Area studies, surveys (baselines, ecology, etc.)

81:2002 Campbell, J.A. and D.H. Loring, 1980. Baseline

levels of heavy metals in the waters and sediments of Baffin Bay. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 11(9):257-261. Dept. of Oceanography, The University, Liver- pool, United Kingdom.

E50. General biology, ecology, biogeo- graphy, etc.

81:2003 Abrams, P.A., 1980. Resource partitioning and

interspecific competition in a tropical hermit crab community. Oecologia, 46(3):365-379.

Partitioning of the empty gastropod shell resource among a group of hermit crabs is examined using a model of empty shell population dynamics which

allows the calculation of 'competition ratios.' These ratios are much less than similar measures proposed by other authors for other communities, perhaps because earlier studies used inappropriate methods. Interspecific competition appears much more important than intraspecific competition among the hermit crabs. Pronounced habitat segregation among some of the species cannot be explained based upon physical tolerance levels, and remains an unsolved problem. Dept. of Ecology and Behavioral Biology, Univ. of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Minn. 55455, U.S.A. (mjj)

81:2004 Albright, L.J., J. Chocair, K. Masuda and M. Vald6s,

1980. In-situ degradation of the kelps Maerocystis integrifolia and Nereocystis luetkeana in British Columbia coastal waters. Naturaliste can., 107(1):3-10.

Bacteria, algae, fungi and protozoans quickly colo- nize decaying kelp, which degrades at rates of 2 to 3% per day in late summer to early fall. As the kelp degrades there is a decrease in crude fiber content, an increase in ash content, and a decrease in the C:N ratio, indicating improved nutritive quality as a food source for marine animals. Dept. of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser Univ., Burnaby, B.C. V5A 1S6, Canada. (mjj)

81:2005 Field, J.G., C.L. Griffiths, E.A. Linley, R.A. Carter

and P. Zoutendyk, 1980. Upwelling in a nearshore marine ecosystem and its biological implications. Estuar. coast, mar. Sci., I 1(2):133-150.

Offshore (summer) winds create upwelling conditions in which surface water moves offshore and mid-depth and bottom waters move inshore into a kelp bed; temperatures usually drop below 12°C, nutrient concentrations increase, phytoplankton and bacterial densities decrease, and the water may turn over up to seven times per day. Detritus from the kelp bed is rapidly exported. Onshore winds create downwelling conditions, with surface water of high phytoplankton density often being blown shoreward. Concentrations of suspended particulate organic matter are high (up to 5.5 mg/L dry wt). Zoology Dept., Univ. of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa. (mjj)

81:2006 Lindberg, W.J., 1980. Patterns of resource use within

a population of xanthid crabs occupying bryozoan colonies. Oecologia, 46(3):338-342.

OLR (198 I) 28 (4) E. Biological Oceanography 293

This paper tests predictions of patterns of resource use based on behavioral processes described in earlier papers. Adult crabs (Pilumnus sayi) compete for preferred heads of the bryozoan Schizoporella pungens, which protect the crabs from predation. Usually only one crab occupies a given head. The distribution of male and female crabs suggests that males may defend clumps of heads occupied by females. Dept. of Biological Science, Florida State Univ., Tallahassee, Fla. 32306, U.S.A. (mjj)

81:2007 Machado, M.M.Q., 1979. Energetic value in bivalve

molluscs. I. Interest as food for higher trophic levels. Publf~es Inst. Zool. Dr. Augusto Nobre, 150:20pp.

Anodonta cygnea (freshwater) had a higher caloric content (4.71 cal/mg) and protein content (35.51%) than either Mytilus galloprovincialis (marine) or Unio litoralis (freshwater) collected in northern Portugal, but differences were small. Caloric content of all species decreased as dry weight increased. Faculty of Sciences, Univ. of Porto, Portugal. (mjj)

81:2008 Myers, J.P., S.L. Williams and F.A. Pitelka, 1980. An

experimental analysis of prey availability tor sanderlings (Ayes: Scolopacidae) feeding on sandy beach crustaceans. Can. J. Zool., 58(9): 1564-1574. Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of Cal- ifornia, Berkeley, Calif. 94720, U.S.A.

E80. Plankton (also pr imary productivity, seston and detritus)

81:2009 Achuthankutty, C.T., M. Madhupratap, V.R. Nair,

S.R.S. Nair and T.S.S. Rao, 1980. Zooplankton biomass and composition in the western Bay of Bengal during late SW Monsoon. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9(2):201-206.

Copepoda were predominant except in the south where pelagic tunicates reduced their number to only 19% of total zooplankton. Decapod larvae occurred in fairly large numbers in coastal and neritic regions of the southwestern Bay of Behgal; chaetognaths, ostracods, amphipods, euphausiids, fish eggs and larvae, polychaetes, cladocerans, planktonic molluscs, etc. were less abundant. Upwelling in the south may account for rich zooplankton populations. National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India.

81:2010 Binet, D., 1979. Estimation of zooplankton production

on the Ivorian continental shelf. Doc. scien:. Cent. Rech. oc~anogr., Abidjan, 10(1):81-97. (In French, English abstract.)

Assuming that 'time of generation and time of renewal of the biomass of the population are the same,' production ranged from 17.9-103 mg C m 2day~ and from 48.2-278 mg dry wt m 2day~ Estimates were based on several years of data for 12 copepod species. Centre Orstom - B.P. A5 - Noumea Cedex, New Caledonia. (izs)

81:2011 Copping, A.E. and C.J. Lorenzen, 1980. Carbon

budget of a marine phytoplankton-herbivore system with carbon-14 as a tracer. Limnol. Oceanogr., 25(5):873-882.

~4C-labeled monospecific cultures and natural populations of phytoplankton were fed to adult female and stage V Calanus pacificus. Over a 48 h period, 45% of the available phytoplankton carbon was incorporated by the copepods, 27% appeared as dissolved organic carbon (DOC), 24% as dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), and 3 to 4% was in fecal pellets. The 14C specific activity remained constant in the phytoplankton compartment and increased with time in the copepods to equal that in the phytoplankton, but remained low in the DOC, DIC, and fecal pellets. Dept. of Oceanography, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, Wash. 98195, U.S.A. (mjj)

81:2012 Deason, E.E., 1980. Potential effect 01 phytoplankton

colony breakage on the calculation of zooplankton filtration rates. Mar. Biol., 57(4):279-286.

Breakage of chains of Skeletonema costatum by grazing Acartia hudsonica (= A. clausi) can cause either an over- or under-estimation of zooplankton filtration and ingestion rates. Factors including particle size distribution, colony size, copepod concentration, and actual filtration rates affect the magnitude of the error. Breakage may not be detected in grazing experiments unless a net production of particles results. Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, R. I. 02881, U.S.A. (mjj)

81:2013 E1-Hehyawi, M.L.E. and E.M. Hamid, 1977. The

distribution, abundance and some ecological aspects of the ichthyoplankton in S.E. Mediter- ranean waters. Bull. Inst. Oceanogr. Fish., Arab Repub. Egypt, 7(1):91-116.

Regional variations in abundance and distribution of fish eggs and larvae were observed during

294 E. Biological Oceanography OLR ( 1981 ) 28 (4)

February and August. Pelagic fish eggs were most abundant in the uppermost 0°5 cm of water. Ichthyoplankton appeared in 10-70% of the samples. Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Alexan- dria, Arab Republic of Egypt. (dme)

81:2014 Evans, G.T. and F.J.R. Taylor, 1980. Phytoplankton

accumulation in Langmuir cells. Limnol. Oceanogr., 25(5):840-845.

Various assumptions concerning phytoplankton distribution in Langmuir circulations are examined. Details of water movement appear to be relatively unimportant compared to details of phytoplankton movement: Stommel's analysis of a very simple model is easily extended to more realistic descriptions of Langmuir circulation if plankton velocities are constant. Possible ecological consequences, especially concerning red tides, are discussed. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Mass. 02543, U.S.A.

81:2015 Isouchi, Tsutomu, Akihiro Imazeki and Isamu

Yamazi, 1980. Distribution of plankton communities around Izu-Oshima Island (Japan) in early summer, 1978. J. Tokyo Univ. Fish., 66(2):87-105. (In Japanese, English abstract.)

Small-scale eddy systems and other variations in near-shore Kuroshio circulation can be detected from microplankton distribution patterns, especially those of Skeletonema, Leptocyfindrus, Nitzschia and Chaetoceros species. Includes extensive species lists. Tokyo University of Fisheries, 5-7, Konan 4, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108, Japan. (fcs)

81:2016 Le Borgne, R. and Ph. Dufour, 1979. Preliminary

results on the excretion and production of zooplankton in the Ebrie Lagoon (Ivory Coast). Doc. scient. Cent. Rech. oc~anogr., Abidjan, 10(1):1-40. (In French, English abstract.)

Acartia clausi dominates the lagoon during the rainy season; the fauna is more diversified during the dry season. High daily productivity indexes (1.2-3.8 day turn-overs) are attributed to high temperatures (26-30°C) and phytoplankton richness (chl a concentrations ~ 4 mg m 3). Centre de Recherches Oc6anographiques - B.P. V18, Abidjan, Ivory Coast. (izs)

81:2017 Lindley, J.A. and R. Williams, 1980. Plankton of the

Fladen Ground during FLEX 76. II. Population dynamics and production of Thysanoessa inerrnis (Crustacea:Euphausiacea). Mar. Biol., 57(2):79- 86.

The population dynamics, vertical distribution, production, and carbon budget of T. inermis in the northern North Sea were investigated as part of an international study. Although T. inermis was one of the major zooplankton species, the T. inermis population consumed only 1.5% of the daily primary production of 0.68 g C/m 2 during the late March through early June period. Natural Environment Research Council, Inst. for Marine Environmental Research; Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PLI 3DH, Devon, England. (mjj)

81:2018 Mayzaud, P., 1980. Some sources of variability in

determination of digestive enzyme activity in zooplankton. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci., 37(9): 1426-1432.

Enzyme activity measurements are sensitive to sources of methodological and environmental variability. To facilitate multiple enzyme determinations on a single sample, a method of acetone extraction from neritic zooplankton followed by 50% glycerol homogenization of the resulting powder was developed. An increase in activity was found compared with that of glycerol homogenates of live zooplankton. The method is repeatable, yielding results little influenced by short-term storage of animals before extraction, but strongly influenced by species composition and to a lesser extent by spatial variability of plankton populations. Biochimie Ma- rine, Station Zoologique, 06230 Villefranche-sur- Mer, France.

81:2019 Nair, V.R., 1980. Organic carbon content of tropical

zooplankton. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9(2): 114-116.

In the Zuari and Mandovi estuaries variations in organic carbon of zooplankton are 26.4-38.8 and 24-39.9% of dry weight, respectively; maximum carbon content is observed in November. Organic carbon in nearshore and oceanic zooplankton is 34.5 and 41% of dry weight, respectively. Variation is attributed to composition. Zooplankton diversity increases seaward with a concomitant rise in organic carbon. Average dry weight for 1 mL of nearshore and oceanic zooplankton is 61.9 and 81.7 rag, respectively. National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India.

81: 2020 Nair, V.R., 1980. Production and associations of

zooplankton in cstuarine and nearsbore waters of Goa. Indian J. mar. Sci, 9(2): 116-119. Includes a species list. National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India.

OLR ( 1981 ) 28 (4) E. Biological Oceanography 295

81:2021 Nair, V.R. and George Peter, 1980. Zooplankton

from the shelf waters off the west coast of India. Mahasagar, 13(1):61-65.

Seventy samples were examined for biomass by the displacement method; major zooplanktonic groups were enumerated. Biomass values were high in the central zone, low in the south. Copepods and chaetognaths had high densities in the northern and central zones; fish eggs and larvae and decapods were highly abundant in the south. National Insti- tute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa-403 004, India. (dme)

81:2022 Qasim, S.Z., 1980. Adaptations in phytoplankton to

changing conditions in tropical estuaries. Mahasagar, 13(2):117-124.

The optimum photosynthetic rate was the basis of assigning an index of adaptability to phytoplankton of the Cochin Backwaters (India), an area with marked hydrographic changes due to the monsoon. Twelve algal species attained maximum photosynthesis at salinities of 10-20 ppt, corresponding to the salinities typical of the monsoon-enriched waters. High light saturation intensity values and no apparent wavelength dependence in saturated light were typical of most species adapting readily to the changing salinity, light and nutrient conditions. National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula- 403 004, Goa, India. (slr)

81: 2023 Roman, M.R., 1980. Tidal resuspension in Buzzards

Bay, Massachusetts. III. Seasonal cycles of nitrogen and carbon: nitrogen ratios in the seston and zooplankton. Estuar. coast, mar. Sci., 11(1):9-16.

Particulate organic N, dissolved organic N, and zooplankton N biomass were measured; the ratio of these N species ranged from 64:32:1 to 5:2:1 whereas the zooplankton C:N (weight) ratio varied only from 3.6 to 4.7. Seston C:N ratios went from 5.1 in summer to 13.6 in winter. Zooplankton averaged 38% C and 10% N except when ctenophores were abundant. Detritus seems to be the major particulate N source for zooplankton since daily N assimilation by phytoplankton was less than the zooplankton daily N ration. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Univ. of Miami, 4600 Ricken- backer Causeway, Miami, Fla. 33149, U.S.A. (mjj)

81:2024 Smith, A.E. and I. Morris, 1980. Pathways of carbon

assimilation in phytoplankton from the Antarctic ocean. Lirnnol. Oceanogr., 25(5):865-872.

As much as 80% of the carbon fixed by (diatom- dominated) phytoplankton was incorporated into lipids and very little into proteins under conditions of low light intensity and low temperature ( ( 0 ° C ) , but ~20% of the fixed carbon was incorporated into lipids above 0°C and at higher light intensities. The high rate of t4C incorporation into lipids is not typical of marine phytoplankton. Phytoplankton with high rates of lipid synthesis had high ratios of PC:Chl and PC:PN and low C-specific rates of t4C assimilation. Bigelow Lab. for Ocean Sciences, McKown Point, West Boothbay Harbor, Maine 04575, U.S.A. (mjj)

81:2025 Teixeira, Clovis, 1979. Primary production and some

ecological considerations from Ubatuba region, Brazil. Bolm Inst. oceanogr., S Paulo, 28(2):23- 28. (In Portuguese, English abstract.) Instituto Oceanogrgffico da Universidade de Silo Paulo, Brazil.

81: 2026 Tseitlin, V.B., 1980. Dependence of the respiration

intensity of pelagic planktophages on depth of dwelling. Dokl. Akacl. Nauk SSSR, 253(5): 1224- 1226. (In Russian.)

81:2027 Williams, R. and J.A. Lindley, 1980. Plankton of the

Fladen Ground during FLEX 76. 1. Spring development of the plankton community. Mar. Biol., 57(2):73-78.

The horizontal and vertical distribution and abundance of plankton in the northern North Sea were investigated as part of an international study. Development of the thermocline and spring plankton bloom was related to physical and chemical factors. Numbers of phytoplankton and zooplankton increased rapidly between 19 April and early June, by which time nutrient levels were depleted. Natural Environment Research Council, Institute for Marine Environmental Research; Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, Devon, England. (mjj)

81:2028 Wooldridge, T. and T. Erasmus, 1980. Utilization of

tidal currents by estuarine zooplankton. Estuar. coast, mar. Sci., 11(1):107-114.

A high zooplankton biomass is characteristic of the Sundays River Estuary (South Africa) in spite of strong tidal currents. Zooplankton apparently mi- grate vertically and laterally in order to utilize or avoid tidal currents, thereby maintaining themselves within the estuary. Different responses to currents were shown by the major species (mysids and


copepods). Dept. of Zoology, Univ. of Port Eliza- beth, P. O. Box 1600, Port Elizabeth 6000, South Africa. (mjj)

El00. Nekton (communit ies; also fish, rep- tiles, mammals)

81:2029 Au, W.W.L. and K.J. Snyder, 1980. Long-range

target detection [and maximum detection range] in open waters by an echolocating Atlantic bet- tlenose dolphin (Turslops truncatus). J. acoust. Soc. Am., 68(4):1077-1084. Naval Ocean Sys- tems Center, Kailua, Hawaii 96734, U.S.A.

81:2030 Campbell, R.A., R.L. Haedrich and T.A. Munroe,

1980. Parasitism and ecological relationships among deep-sea benthic fishes. Mar. Biol., 57(4): 301-313.

An average of 12.5 worms/fish infested 80% of the 1712 fish studied (representing 52 species). Mono- genea infested 12.9% of all fish, Digenea 48%, Cestoda 22.1%, Nematoda 54.5%, Acanthocephala 3.8%, and Copepoda 4.5%. Parasite faunas of specialized feeders were distinct, whereas the faunas of generalized feeders overlapped. Abundance, diversity, and host specificity of deep-sea parasites are similar to those of shallow water faunas, but parasite abundance and diversity decline sharply at the greatest depths. Includes species lists. Depart- ment of Biology, Southeastern Massachusetts Uni- versity, North Dartmouth, Mass. 02747, U.S.A. (mjj)

81:2031 Comparini, Antonio and Emanuele Rodin~5, 1980.

Electrophoretic evidence for two species of An- guilla leptocephali in the Sargasso Sea. Nature, Lond., 287(5781):435-437.

Based on electrophoretic analyses of 4 polymorphic loci (with particular attention to allele frequencies and genotype distribution at the MDH-2 locus) in some 1800 Anguilla leptocephali taken during the spawning season, Schmidt's (1923, 1925) 'theory on the existence of 2 distinct Atlantic Anguilla species' is confirmed. Istituto di Biologia Animale, Uni- versita di Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy. (izs)

81:2032 Frost, K.J. and L.F. Lowry, 1980. Feeding of ribbon

seals (Phoca fasciata) in the Bering Sea in spring. Can. J. Zool., 58(9):1601-1607. Alaska Depart- ment of Fish and Game, Division of Game, 1300 College Road, Fairbanks, Alaska 99701, U.S.A.

81:2033 Ramanenko, E.V., 1980. Some theoretical problems

of fish and porpoise swimming. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 253(5):1082-1085. (In Russian.)

El l0 . Bottom communities

81:2034 Haedrich, R.L., G.T. Rowe and P.T. Polloni, 1980.

The megabenthic fauna in the deep sea south of New England, USA. Mar. Biol., 57(3):165-179.

In this report of data from 105 benthic trawls (40 to 5000 m depth), fauna were zoned with depth; areas of rapid faunal change separated regions of relative homogeneity. Macrofauna (decapod crustaceans, echinoderms, fishes) patterns in and between assemblages, trophic levels, and diversity patterns are considered as factors of benthic faunal zonation. Includes species lists. Memorial Univ. of New- foundland, St. John's, Newfoundland AIB 3X9, Canada. (smf)

81:2035 Harkantra, S.N., Ayyappan Nair, Z.A. Ansari and

A.H. Parulekar, 1980. Benthos of the shelf region along the west coast of India. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9(2):106-110. National Institute of Oceanog- raphy, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India.

81:2036 Highsmith, R.C., A.C. Riggs and C.M. D'Antonio,

1980. Survival of hurricane-generated coral fragments and a disturbance model of reef calcification/growth rates. Oecologia, 46(3):322-329.

Data on the size distribution and size-dependent survivorship of hurricane-generated coral fragments are presented as the basis for a model predicting 'that reefs exposed to moderate wave energy and periodic storms of low to moderate intensity should have the highest calcification rates and growth potential.' High survivorship (39% of fragments and detached colonies) probably increased the number of colonies; redistribution may explain the rapid recovery of reefs from all but the most severe storms. Includes 16 underwater photographs. Smithsonian Tropical Res. Institute, Box 2072, Balboa, Republic of Panama. (smf)

81:2037 Holland, A.F., N.K. Mountford, M.H. Hiegel, K.R.

Kaumeyer and J.A. Mihursky, 1980. Influence of predation on infaunal abundance in Upper Chesa- peake Bay, USA. Mar. Biol., 57(3):221-235.

OLR (1981) 28 (4) E. Biological Oceanography 297

Few species of the infauna were adversely affected by experimental exclusion of predators; some species living near the sediment-water interface characterized by major population pulses fall-spring, increased markedly in abundance. Deeper-burrowing organisms and small infaunal creatures often preyed upon by other members of the infauna were the least affected by predator exclusion. Includes a species list. Environmental Center, Martin Marietta Cor- poration, 1450 South Rolling Road, Baltimore, Md. 21227, U.S.A. (dme)

81:2038 Jacob, P.G., M.A. Zarba and V. Anderlini, 1980.

Biochemical and related features of benthic mud of Kuwaiti waters. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9(2): 100- 105.

Among benthic diatoms in samples from 27 loca- tions collected Jan. to March 1979, Coscinodiscus spp. and Pleurosigma spp. dominated. Chl a, phaeo- pigment, protein, carbohydrate, fat, ash, organic carbon, phosphate, nitrate, silicon, calcium and calorific values are reported. Direct absorption of sedimentary toxicants by commercially important mud-ingesting benthos with possible subsequent transmission to humans is discussed. Marine Pol- lution Program, Environmental Earth Sciences Di- vision, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P. O. Box 12009, Safat, Kuwait.

81: 2039 Lutz, R.A., D. Jablonski, D.C. Rhoads and R.D.

Turner, 1980. Larval dispersal of a deep-sea hydrothermai vent bivalve from the Galapagos Rift. Mar. Biol., 57(2):127-133.

An unclassified mytilid, present at several active vents, is suggested to have a 'planktotrophic larval stage with long-range dispersal capabilities' based on morphological investigations. An as yet unidentified larval settlement stimulus (e.g., elevated water temperatures, H2S concentrations, high microbial densities) is proposed to account for the concentrations of 'relatively sedentary organisms in and around these restricted, geographically isolated regions.' Includes 3 micrographs. Department of Oyster Culture, New Jersey Agric. Exper. Station, Cook College, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N.J. 08903, USA. (izs)

81:2040 Sartori, Renzo, 1980. Factors affecting the distri-

bution of ahermatypic corals on the Mediter- ranean seafloor: a probabilistic study. Deep-Sea Res., 27A(8):655-663. Laboratorio per la Geo-

logia Marina, C.N.R., via Zamboni 65, 40127 Bologna, Italy.

81:2041 Stewart, J.G. and Barbara Myers, 1980. Assemblages

of algae and invertebrates in southern California Phyllospadix-dominated intertidal habitats. Aquat. Bot., 9(1):73-94.

The relative abundances of species of macroalgae and macroinvertebrates in intertidal beds of Phyllospadix species (seagrasses) are presented. These associated species are not restricted to the beds, except for four epiphyte species found only on seagrass blades. Includes a species list. Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of Cali- fornia, La Jolla, Calif. 92093, U.S.A. (mjj)

81:2042 Tsuchiya, Makoto, 1980. Biodeposit production by

the mussel Mytilus edulis L. on rocky shores. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 47(3):203-222.

Toward understanding M. edulis's effects on bottom enrichment and structure and food relationships in intertidal and subtidal communities, seasonal changes in biodeposition were studied in the laboratory. Animal production in the natural habitat was estimated (up to 9.20 kg faeces and 2.71 kg pseudofaeces dry wt. for a population living in 1 m2); the effects of environmental factors (water temperature, light, flow rate, spawning, body size, age, food production) were also investigated. Marine Biolog- ical Station of Asamushi, Trhoku Univ., Aomori, Japan. (smf)

81:2043 Turk, T.R., M.J. Risk, R.W.M. Hirtle and R.K. Yeo,

1980. Sedimentological and biological changes in the Windsor [Nova Scotia] Mudflat, an area of induced siltation. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci., 37(9): 1387-1397. Tetra Tech. Inc., 630 N. Rose- mead Blvd., Pasadena, Calif. 91107, U.S.A.

81:2044 Warwick, R.M. and R.J. Uncles, 1980. Distribution

of benthic macrofauna associations in the Bristol Channel in relation to tidal stress. Mar. Ecol.- Prog. Ser., 3(2):97-103.

Sediment bed types and benthos are shown to be directly related to tidally averaged bed stress as determined from a hydrodynamic numerical model. The correlation provides an understanding of the physical control of community structure and function. Natural Environment Res. Council, Institute for Marine Environmental Res., Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth, England.


El20. Estuarine and marsh communities

81:2045 Katz, L.C., 1980. Effects of burrowing by the fiddler

crab, [/ca pugnax (Smith). Estuar. coast, mar. Sci., 11(2):233-237.

Rate of burrow appearance, average burrow volume and surface area were measured in quadrats. In a year, the crab p o p u l a t i o n ~ 2 crabs m 2--can turn over ~18% of the upper 15 cm of salt marsh. Burrowing increased surface area by 59% and may affect sediment composition and chemistry. Division of Biology 216-76, California Institute of Technol- ogy, Pasadena, Calif. 91125, U.S.A.

81:2046 Linthurst, R.A. and E.D. Seneca, 1980. The effects of

standing water and drainage potential on the Spartina aiterniflora-substrate complex in a North Carolina salt marsh. Estuar. coast, mar. Sci., 11(1):41-52.

Pots filled with natural marsh material were placed at various levels above and below the surface in a salt marsh to examine the effects of standing water and drainage on the growth of Spartina alternifiora. Both raising (10 cm) and lowering (down to -30 cm) substrate with respect to natural marsh levels caused a decrease in density and living aerial biomass; standing water at the -30 cm level caused death eventually, possibly due to the increased levels of free sulfides, soluble salts and Mg and general anaerobiosis, pH decreased and redox potential increased as the substrate was raised from 30 cm below to 10 cm above natural marsh level; the entire 40 cm range represented a 48% change in the soil complex. Department of Botany, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N. C. 27650, U.S.A. (slr)

81:2047 Lopez-Jamar, Eduardo, 1978. [Macrobenthic infauna

of the Pontevedra Estuary, NW Spain.] Boln Inst. esp. Oceanogr., 4(4)(264):111-130. (In Spanish, English abstract.) Laboratorio de La Coruna, Apartado 130, Instituto Espanol de Oceano- grafia, La Coruna, Spain.

81:2048 Lugo, A.E., 1980. Mangrove ecosystems: successional

or steady state? Biotropica, 12(2)(Suppl.):65-72.

Mangrove ecosystems have many properties typical of successional systems, such as high rates of growth, mortality, and dispersal, open matter cycles, P /R

1, and low species diversity. However, these properties are due to the cyclic and stressful mangrove environment which periodically sets back

or arrests succession and limits species diversity. Since mangroves are self-maintaining in the low- energy tropical saline environment, the author considers them to be steady-state, not successional, systems. Institute of Tropical Forestry, P.O. Box A Q, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico 00928, USA. (mij)

81:2049 Montague, C.L., 1980. A natural history of temperate

western Atlantic fiddler crabs (genus [/ca) with reference to their impact on the salt marsh. Contr. mar. Sci. Univ. Texas, 23:25-55.

This review summarizes the literature on temperate western Atlantic fiddler crabs (Uca pugnax, U. pugilator, and U. rninax) with special emphasis placed on physiology, ecology, and the influence of fiddler crabs on their environment. Fiddler crab activities such as burrow excavation, feeding bio- turbation, and fecal pellet production may have significant effects on the salt marsh ecosystem. Many areas for future research are suggested. Includes ca. 160 references. Dept. of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, Fla. 32614, U.S.A. (mjj)

8 !: 2050 Parulekar, A.H., V.K. Dhargalkar and S.Y.S.

Singbal, 1980. Benthic studies in Goa estuaries ]western India]. III. Annual cycle of macrofaunal distribution, production and trophic relations. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9(2):189-200.

Macrobenthos in a physically interconnected tropical estuarine system which undergoes large seasonal changes in salinity distribution due to heavy monsoonal precipitation is very rich (111 species) and varied; six faunal assemblages are identified. Polychaetes and bivalves together contribute 70% of the macrofauna, by number and weight. Estimated annual benthic production, based on standing stock measurements, is 49.95 g m ~. Includes extensive species lists. National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India.

81:2051 Riley, J.L. and S.M. McKay, 1980. The vegetation

and phytogeography of coastal southwestern James Bay [Ontario, Canadal. Contr. Life Sci. Div. R. Ont. Mus., 124:81 pp. Includes extensive species lists, photos, 62 distribution maps and ca. 75 references.

81:2052 Santos, S.L. and S.A. Bloom, 1980. Stability in an

annually defaunated estuarine soft-bottom community. Oecologia, 46(3):290-294.


A working definition of biological stability which can be objectively evaluated and easily tested is proposed: 'the ability of a system once perturbed to return to its previous state.' Bloom's (1980) objective measure of stability based partially on multivariate analysis, coupled with data from an annually naturally defaunated community, is used to establish the utility of the definition and to demonstrate the existence of local stability in the community. 1717 S. George Mason Drive, Arlington, Va. 22204, U.S.A. (m j j)

81:2053 Stoddart, D.R., 1980. Mangroves as successional

stages, inner reefs of the northern Great Barrier Reef. J. Biogeogr., 7(3):269-284.

The distribution of the poorly known mangrove communities of the northern Great Barrier Reef is mapped, and the mangrove floral associates are described. The extent and history of mangrove cover on the reef-tops of low wooded islands are determined by local factors, and vary so markedly between reefs that mangrove development per se cannot be used to calibrate reef-top development. Reef mangroves appear to be, at least in the short-term, opportunistic colonizers patterned in terms of substrate topography. Includes a species list and photographs. Dept. of Geography, Cambridge University, United Kingdom. (mjj)

El30. Fouling and boring organisms and communities

81:2054 Baboian, Robert, G.S. Haynes, B.S. Ryskiewich and

B.J. Freedman, 1980. Biofouling prevention on flat surfaces using in-situ electrolysis of seawater. Mater. Perform., 19(10):42-46.

An electrolysis system is described; anodic reaction products on platinum provide the antifouling protection. Structural orientation and the geometry of electrolysis cells influence antifouling effectiveness. Texas Instruments, Inc., Attleboro, Mass., U.S.A. (smf)

81:2055 Dean, T.A. and L.E. Hurd, 1980. Development in an

estuarine fouling community: the influence of early colonists on later arrivals. Oecologia, 46(3): 295-301.

Seasonal settlement of sessile organisms on experimental test panels was studied. No single type of interaction among the five dominant species controlled community development; rather, a variety of

interactions including both facilitation and inhibition was observed. Inhibition of later arrivals by earlier colonists was much more common than were facilitative interactions, and earlier colonists were not essential for the establishment of later colonists. Marine Science Institute, Univ. of Calif., Santa Barbara, Calif. 93106, U.S.A. (mjj)

81: 2056 Loeb, G.I., 1980. Measurement of microbial marine

fouling films by light section microscopy. Mar. Technol. Soc. J., 14(3):14-19.

A non-destructive optical method of surface in- spection was applied to thickness measurements of slime fouling films on metal heat exchanger pipes in the OTEC program and on antifouling paint samples. Films ~8/~m in thickness may be detected with a precision of 3 /xm. Measurements of surface roughness not amenable to stylus instruments, such as that of soft materials and immersed surfaces, are possible with this method. Naval Research Labo- ratory, Washington, D. C., U.S.A.

El40. Birds

81:2057 Croxall, J.P. and P.A. Prince, 1980. Food, feeding

ecology and ecological segregation of seabirds at South Georgia. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. Lond., 14(1): 103-131.

An examination of the timing of breeding seasons and of diet and feeding ecology is used to reveal the nature of ecological isolating mechanisms. Differ- ences in food and feeding ecology appear to be of primary importance. Niche distinctions, food, feeding zones, feeding methods and areas are considered. Includes species lists. Life Sciences Division, British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 OET, England. (smf)

81:2058 Puttick, G.M., 1980. Energy budgets of curlew

sandpipers at Langebaan Lagoon, South Africa. Estuar. coast, mar. Sci., 11(2):207-215.

Sandpipers' energy intake averaged 180 k J /day; their assimilation efficiency was assumed to be 80%. The birds' energy balance was positive in summer and autumn and negative in overwintering immature birds. The sandpipers consumed only 12.3% of the mean annual production of benthic invertebrates. Percy Fitzpatrick Institute of African Ornithology, Univ. of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa. (mjj)


81:2059 Scolaro, J.A., M.A. Hall, I.M. Ximenez and Ors

Kovacs , 1979. The Magellanic penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus). I. Evaluation and stratification in population densities at Punta Tombo, Chubut, Argentina. II. Biology and incubation. Revta Mus. argent. Cienc. nat. Bern- ardino Rivadavia Inst. nac. lnvest. Cienc. nat., (Ecol.)2(4):89-102; 2 papers. (In Spanish, Eng- lish abstracts.)

Paper 1 reveals nest sites to be dependent on distance to the sea, structure of the land, vegetation, and protection from aerial predation with higher nest densities near the coast and on clay grounds. Paper 2 (which appears in volume 2, number 5, pp. 103-110) reports a 39-42 day incubation period, incubation temperatures 25-29°C, highest chick mortality in areas of high densities, and production averages of 1.88 eggs/nest and 0.94 chicks/nest. Centro Nacional Patagonico, CONICET, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina. (izs)

El50. Microbiology (communities, processes; also bacter ia , fungi, yeasts, viruses, etc.)

81:2060 Coleman, A.W., 1980. Enhanced detection of bacteria

in natural environments by fluorochrome staining of DNA. Limnol. Oceanogr., 25(5):948-951.

The DNA-staining fluorochromes 4'6-diamidino- 2-phenylindole and mithramycin, used in epi-illumination fluorescence microscopy, readily reveal the presence of bacteria, thus simplifying detection of bacterial contaminants in axenic laboratory cultures of eucaryote cells. Both gram-negative and gram-positive cells are stained; aqueous solutions of the dyes penetrate living as well as fixed cells. Epi-illumination enables microflora scans even when thickness of material renders phase and Nomarski optics inadequate. Division of Biology and Medi- cine, Brown University, Providence, R. I. 02912, U.S.A.

81:2061 Conrad, Ralf and Wolfgang Seiler, 1980. Pboto-

oxidative production and microbial consumption of carbon monoxide in seawater. FEMS Micro- biol. Letts, 9(1):61-64.

CO production in the euphotic layer of the oceans is primarily due to photooxidation of dissolved organic matter; CO consumption is due to microbial activity. The dynamic equilibrium between these processes determines the CO concentration in seawater, and

the magnitude of the flux of CO from seawater to the atmosphere. Max-Planck-Inst i tut for Chemic, Saarstrasse 23, D-6500 Mainz, F.R.G. (mjj)

81:2062 Devanas, M.A., C.D. Litchfield, C. McClean and J.

Gianni, 1980. Coincidence of cadmium and antibiotic resistance in New York Bight apex benthic microorganisms. Mar. Pollut. Bull., I 1(9):264-269.

Microorganisms resistant to 1500 ppm cadmium were isolated over an l l-month period from sediments at the sewage sludge, dredge spoils and industrial acid waste disposal sites, and at an estuarine outflow. Tests for antibiotic resistance revealed that 94% of the isolates were resistant to one or more antibiotics and that 91% of the original isolates could be characterized by multiple drug resistance. Different selective pressures may account for the resistance patterns observed. Extra- chromosomal linkage of cadmium and streptomycin resistance is discussed. Litchfield: E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Inc., Haskell Laboratory for Toxicology and Industrial Medicine, Wilming- ton, Del. 19898, U.S.A.

81:2063 Dicker, H.J. and D.W. Smith, 1980. Acetylene

reduction (nitrogen fixation) in a Delaware, U.S.A. salt marsh. Mar. Biol., 57(4):241-250.

Maximum rates of acetylene reduction occurred in September and October, primarily influenced by soil temperature. Rates were highest at 5 cm depth, and were higher in short Spartina alterniflora stands. Increased activity resulted from glucose or mannitol addition. Measured rates of acetylene reduction cannot be uncritically used in extrapolating to in-situ rates of N fixation. Smith: School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Del. 19711, U.S.A. (mjj)

81:2064 Gore, P.S., T.S.G. Iyer, O. Raveendran and R.V.

Unnithan, 1980. Isolation and significance of Salmonella sp. from some beaches of Kerala [western India]. Mahasagar, 13(2):147-152. Re- gional Centre of National Institute of Ocean- ography, Cochin 682018, India.

81:2065 Goreau, T.J., W.A. Kaplan, S.C. Wofsy, M.B.

McElroy, F.W. Valois and S.W. Watson, 1980. Production of NO2- and NzO by nitrifying bacteria at reduced concentrations of oxygen. Appl. environ. Microbiol., 40(3):526-532.


Cultures of the marine nitrifying (ammonium oxidizing) bacterium Nitrosomonas sp. produced NO 2 at markedly decreasing rates, and produced N20 at increasing rates, as the oxygen partial pressure was reduced from 0.2 to 0.005 atm. Similar yields of N20 (1 to 4 × 10 ~2 mmol N/cel l /day) were produced at atmospheric oxygen levels by the genera Nitro- solobus, Nitrosospira, Nitrosomonas, and Nitrosococ- cus but not by Nitrobacter sp. or Exuviaella sp. Nitrification probably is an important source of environmental N20. Wofsky: Center for Earth and Planetary Physics, Div. of Applied Sciences, Har- vard University, Cambridge, Mass. 02138, USA. (mjj)

81:2066 Green, B.L., Warren Litsky and K.J. Sladek, 1980.

Evaluation of membrane filter methods for enu- meration of faecal coliforms from marine water. Mar. environ. Res., 3(4):267-276. Millipore Cor- poration, Bedford, Mass. 01730, U.S.A.

81:2067 Karl, D.M. and D.B. Craven, 1980. Effects of

alkaline phosphatase activity on nucleotide measurements in aquatic microbial communities. Appl. environ. Microbiol., 40(3):549-561.

The presence of the ubiquitous enzyme alkaline phosphatase (APase) interferes with measurements of cellular nucleotides, adenylate energy charge, and GTP/ATP ratios. A new extraction procedure which circumvents APase interference, a sensitive method for measuring APase activity, and data on APase activities in aquatic ecosystems are presented. APase appears to be synthesized by some microorganisms in response to microscale inorganic phosphate limitation. Includes 72 references. Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA. (mjj)

81:2068 Matondkar, S.G.P., S. Mahtani and S. Mavinkurve,

1980. Seasonal variations in the microflora [bacteria, fungil from mangrove swamps of Goa [western India]. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9(2): 119-120. National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India.

81:2069 Morrison, S.J. and D.C. White, 1980. Effects of

grazing by estuarine gammaridean amphipods on the mierobiota of aliochthonons detritus. Appl. environ. Microbiol., 40(3):659-671.

Grazing by gammaridean amphipods at natural population densities on the microbiota of degrading oak leaves caused an increase in the total microbial

biomass, an increase in the respiratory activity and rates of total lipid biosynthesis and poly- fl-hydroxybutyrate synthesis per unit of microbial biomass, and a decrease in alkaline phosphatase activity. Both biochemical data and scanning electron microscopy observations indicated a decreased abundance of fungi and an increased abundance of bacteria as grazing proceeded. Includes 18 micrographs and 52 references. White: Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Talla- hassee, Florida 32306, USA. (mjj)

81: 2070 Natarajan, R. and K. Venkateswaran, 1980. Dis-

tribution of agarolytic bacteria in Porto Novo [eastern India] coastal waters. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9(2):216-218.

Overlying waters exhibited higher counts of agarolytic bacteria as compared to ~ediments. Low salinity (I.5"/oo) and pH 8 seem to be ideal conditions for proliferation of agarolytic bacteria. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai 608 502, India.

81:2071 Nealson, K.H. and Bradley Tebo, 1980. Structural

features of manganese precipitating bacteria. Orig. Life, 10(2): 117-126.

Manganese oxidizing bacteria are highly pleo- morphic depending on age, growth medium, and extent of manganese oxidation; manganese may be deposited intra- or extra-cellularly as revealed by transmission electron microscopy. Under appropri- ate conditions, manganese (and iron) precipitating bacteria are capable of forming indefinitely pre- servable microfossils. Based on laboratory experiments involving microbially-precipitated manganese, the potential use of bacterial morphological information in interpreting ancient and modern manganese deposits is discussed. Includes culture photographs and 15 micrographs. Scripps Institution of Oceanography, A-002, La Jolla, Calif. 92093, USA. (mjj)

81:2072 Porter, K.G. and Y.S. Feig, 1980. The use of DAPI

for identifying and counting aquatic microflora. Limnol. Oceanogr., 25(5):943-948.

A highly specific, sensitive fluorescing DNA stain, 4'6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), was compared with acridine orange for counting aquatic microflora. Use of DAPI improved visualization and counting of (1-/xm bacteria and blue-green algae in seston-rich samples and extended sample storage to at least 24 weeks. Department of Zoology, Univer- sity of Georgia, Athens, Ga. 30602, U.S.A.

302 E. Biological Oceanography OLR (1981) 28 (4)

81: 2073 Rosenberg, M., D. Gutnick and E. Rosenberg, 1980.

Adherence of bacteria to hydrocarbons: a simple method for measuring cell-surface hydrophobicity. FEMS Microbiol. Letts, 9(1):29-33.

A method is described for rapidly and quantitatively assaying the degree of cell-surface hydrophobicity based on the extent of adherence of cells to liquid hydrocarbons; this adherence is not limited to hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria. Potential applica- tions are described. Department of Microbiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel. (mjj)

81: 2074 Santiago, Guillermo, Olvido Chereguini, Puri-

ficacion Mate and Alfonso Perez, 1978. [Bacterial degradation of hydrocarbons.] Boln Inst. esp. Oceanogr., 4(4)(263):95-109. (In Span- ish, English abstract.)

Hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria were observed in the water and sediments (Urquiola oil spill, La Corufia, Spain); degradation rates and volumes were determined. Pseudomonas spp. were particularly efficaceous, and Micrococcus spp. were active in the C7-C18 hydrocarbon range. Nutrient and temperature requirements were noted and taxonomic studies undertaken. Includes a species list. Instituto Espafiol de OceanogrAfia, Alcala, 27, Madrid-14, Spain. (slr)

81:2075 Shiba, Tsuneo and Nobuo Taga, 1980. Heterotrophic

bacteria attached to seaweeds. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 47(3):251-258. Otsuchi Marine Res. Cen- ter, Ocean Res. Institute, Univ. of Tokyo, Akahama, Otsuchi, Iwate, 028-11, Japan.

81: 2076 Spain, J.C., P.H. Pritchard and A.W. Bourquin,

1980. Effects of adaptation on biodegradation rates in sediment/water cores from estuarine and freshwater environments. Appl. environ. Micro- biol., 40(4):726-734.

Rates of degradation of methyl parathion and p-nitrophenol (xenobiotics) were more rapid in cores of water and sediment (taken from a river) which previously had been exposed to low levels of these xenobiotics than were rates in control cores not previously exposed. Adaptation of microbial populations enabling them to metabolize these xenobiotics is presumed; there was a many-fold increase in numbers of nitrophenol-degrading bacteria following exposure. Populations of microbes in salt marsh sediments did not adapt to degrade methyl parathion. University of Texas, Austin, Tex. 78712, U.S.A. (mjj)

81:2077 Willcox, W.R., S.P. Lapage and B. Holmes, 1980. A

review of numerical methods in bacterial identification. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 46(3):233- 299.

This review describes the computer-assisted service for the identification of bacteria operated by the National Collection of Type Cultures in London; discusses the use of probability matrices for identifying bacteria as well as other numerical methods of constructing identification keys and selecting character sets; and assesses the prospects and limitations of applying numerical methods in bacterial identification. National Collection of Type Cultures, Central Public Health Lab., Colindale Ave., London NW9 5HT, England. (mjj)

El80. Biochemistry

81:2078 Jorgensen, N.O.G., 1980. Uptake of glycine and

release of primary amines by the polychaete Nerels virens (Sars) and the mud snail Hydrobia neglecta Muus. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 47(3): 281-297. Institute of Ecology and Genetics, Univ. of Aarhus, NY Munkegade, DK-8000 Aarhus C., Denmark.

E220. Invertebrates (except E230-Crusta- cea, and E240-Protozoa)

81:2079 Buisson, Bernard, 1980. Data on the rhythmic

behavioural activities of a young sea-pen (Veretillum cynomorium). Zoologischer Anz., 205(1/2):20-26. Includes 2 photos. D~partement de Biologic Animale et Zoologic, Universit6 Claude-Bernard, Lyon, France.

81:2080 Grebelnyi, S.D., 1980. On the symmetry of sea

anemones and the significance of symmetry features in the classification of Anthozoa. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 253(4):1022-1024. (In Rus- sian.)

81:2081 Hutchings, Pat and Sebastian Rainer, 1979/80. A

key to estuarine polychaetes in New South Wales. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 104(1):35-48. Depart- ment of Marine Invertebrates, Australian Mu- seum, P. O. Box A285, Sydney South, Australia 2000.


81:2082 Incze, L.S., R.A. Lutz and L. Watling, 1980.

Relationships between effects of environmental temperature and seston on growth and mortality of Mytilus ednlis in a temperate northern estuary. Mar. Biol., 57(3):147-156.

Experimentally rafted M. edulis withstood temperatures of up to 25°C, but showed greatly reduced growth rates above 20°C. Mortality of mussels increased abruptly (35-90%) in late summer, following a rapid decrease in phytoplankton abundance; the extent of the mortality was correlated with the duration of previous exposure to elevated temperatures. The importance of nannoplankton in mussel diets and to the primary production of the Damariscotta River Estuary (Maine) is discussed. Shellfish Unit, College of Fisheries, WH-10, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, Wash. 98195, U.S.A. (mjj)

81:2083 Keene, W.C. Jr., 1980. The importance of a reef-

forming polychaete, Mercierella enigmatica Fauvel, in the oxygen and nutrient dynamics of a hypereutrophic subtropical lagoon. Estuar. coast. mar. Sci., 11(2):167-178.

Lac de Tunis, a poorly flushed, shallow lagoon on the north coast of Tunisia, receives large amounts of sewage effluents. Anoxic conditions develop in the summer, resulting in massive mortality. This eutrophication problem has been worsened during the last 50 years by the introduction and growth of M. enigmatica, which rapidly recycles nutrients and builds reefs restricting water circulation, increases the siltation rate, and acts as substrates for macroalgal attachment. Department of Environ- mental Sciences, Clark Hall, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va. 22901, U.S.A. (mjj)

81:2084 Maurer, D. and W. Leathern, 1980. Dominant species

of polychaetous annelids of Georges Bank. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 3(2):135-144.

Of 333 polychaete taxa (46 families) identified, 10 dominant species ('an important component of macrobenthic infauna from Georges Bank to Chesapeake Bay') were selected and qualitatively examined for their distribution and ecological relationships with environmental variables. Univ. of Delaware, College of Marine Studies, Lewes, Del. 19958, U.S.A. (smf)

81: 2085 Moncaleano, Arturo and Luisa Nifio, 1979.

[Planktonic coelenterates in Cartagena Bay, Colombia: descriptions and ecological notes.]

Boln Mus. Mar, Colomb., 9:37-96. (In Spanish, English summary.)

Ten months of sampling in eleven bay 'zones' revealed half the planktonic coelenterates to be Hydromedusae, ~25% Siphonophora, 18% Scypho- medusae and ~6% Ctenophora. About 12% are reported for the first time from the Caribbean; 3% are Pacific types that have immigrated via the Panama Canal. Chemical, hydrological and biological data are analyzed and integrated. Includes ca. 40 drawings, lnderena, Apar tado a6reo 2459, Cartagena, Colombia. (sir)

81:2086 Newell, R.C. and G.M. Branch, 1980. The influence

of temperature on the maintenance of metabolic energy balance in marine invertebrates. Review. Adv. mar. Biol., 17:329-396.

The metabolic energy available to an organism for growth and reproduction is determined by the energy taken in from food minus the energy lost through respiration, excretion, and dissolved organic carbon loss. Components of this energy balance may be manipulated by marine organisms in response to environmental changes, enabling continued growth and reproduction. This review examines how organisms carry out these adjustments, and considers the effects of temperature on physiological processes, strategies for maintaining energy balance, conservation of energy reserves during periods of reduced food availability, and factors controlling energy expenditure. Includes ca. 300 references. Institute for Marine Environmental Research, Prospect Place, Plymouth, Devon, England. (mjj)

81:2087 Pearre, S. Jr., 1980. Feeding by Chaetognatha: the

relation of prey size to predator size in several species. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 3(2):125-134.

The mean size of prey items, measured as body width, is related to chaetognath predator head width. In general, real differences in the prey/predator size relationship seem to exist between species, and within species in different areas. Because chaetognaths are probably one of the main sources of predation pressure on the copepod community, both the general form of their prey-size selection and differences in this function between species should have considerable influence on the size structures of lower trophic levels. Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S. B3H 4Jl, Can- ada.

81:2088 Tapia, C.M., 1979. [Chaetognatha of the Arosa

Estuary, NW Spain: preliminary data and cultivation experiments.[ Boln Inst. esp. Oceanogr.,


5(1)(271):129-141. (In Spanish, English abstract.) Inst. Esp. Ocean. Laborat. de Santander, Spain.

81:2089 van Soest, R.W.M., 1979. Revised classification of the

order Pyrosomatida (Tunicata, Thaliacea), with the description of a new genus IPyrosomella]. Steenstrupia, 5(11):197-217. Includes 20 micrographs and 2 drawings. Institute of Taxonomic Zoology (Zoological Museum), University of Amsterdam, Plantage Middenlaan 53, 1018 DC Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Distribution, density, and sympatric associations of seven species of fiddler crabs were primarily determined by substrate grain size and secondarily by temperature, tidal wetting, and mangrove vegetation. When sympatric species differed greatly in size their densities tended to be greater; density of the small U. lactea was greater than were the densities of several larger crab species. Interspecific competitive pressures appear likely. Intertidal distribution of some species was correlated with age and size. Males were more abundant than females. "Prionodura', Paluma via Townsville 4810, N. Queensland, Aus- tralia. (mjj)

E230. Crustacea

81:2090 Bulnheim, H.-P. and A. Scholl, 1980. Evidence of

genetic divergence between two brackish-water gammaridean sibling species. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Set., 3(2): 163-165.

Genetic distinctiveness of morphologically similar amphipods Gammarus zaddachi Sexton and G. salinus Spooner was assessed by enzyme electro- phoresis. Baltic Sea samples were used for interspecific comparisons between allele frequencies at three polymorphic loci. Populations of both can be distinguished at the enzyme level. Biologische Anstalt Helgoland (Zentrale); Palmaille 9, D-2000 Hamburg 50, F.R.G.

81:2091 Coleman, Noel and G.C.B. Poore, 1980. The dis-

tribution of Calllanassa species (Crustacea, Decapoda) in Western Port, Victoria [Australia]. Proc. R. Soc. Vict., 91(1/2):73-78. Ministry for Conservation Marine Science Laboratories, P. O. Box 114, Queenscliff, Victoria 3225, Austra- lia.

81:2092 Day, Jennifer, 1980. Southern African Cumacea. 4.

Families Gynodiastylidae [1 n.gen., 7 n.spp.] and Diastylidae [12 n.spp.]. Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 82(6): 187-292. Includes more than 300 drawings and ca. 90 references. Zoology Department, University of Cape Town, South Africa.

81:2093 Frith, D.W. and Susan Brunenmeister, 1980.

Ecological and population studies of fiddler crabs (Ocypodidae, genus Uca) on a mangrove shore at Phuket Island, western peninsular Thailand. Crustaceana, 39(2): 157-184.

81:2094 George, Jacob and V.R. Nair, 1980. Planktonic

ostracods of the northern Indian Ocean. Mahasagar, 13(1):29-44.

Of the 32 species of ostracods in 712 samples, 2 were Cypridinidae and the rest Halocyprididae. The Arabian Sea contains a rich ostracod fauna in general but the only typical Indo-Pacific species were Paraconchoecia decipiens and Orthoconchoecia striola. A salinity range of 32-37 ppt could be tolerated by most of the widely distributed species. Statistical analysis revealed seasonal and diurnal variations for some species. National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa-403 004, India. (dme)

81:2095 Kensley, Brian, 1980. Marine isopods from Marion,

Prince Edward, and Crozet islands (Crustacea, Isopoda) [23 species from 11 families and 20 genera; includes 4 n.spp.]. Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 82(5):155-185. Includes a species list and ca. 50 drawings. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA.

81:2096 Koop, K. and J.G. Field, 1980. The influence of food

availability on population dynamics of a supralittoral isopod, Ligia dilatata Brandt. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 48(1):61-72.

Size frequency analysis of monthly samples from the rocky supralittoral west Cape Peninsula, South Africa, shows that L. dilatata lives for 2 yr; annual recruitment occurs from spring until autumn. Fe- males start reproducing at 12 months but probably do not survive to breed twice. The brood period is 5-6 wk. There is a constant slow mortality for 9 months after recruitment, and a second phase culminating in elimination of the cohort after a further 11 months. Dept. of Zoology, Univ. of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa.


81:2097 Levings, C.D., 1980. The biology and energetics of

Eogammarus confervicolus (Stimpson) (Amphi- poda, Anisogammaridae) at the Squamisb River Estuary, B.C. Can. J. Zool., 58(9):1652-1663.

The gammarid amphipod E. confervicolus, an important food source for juvenile salmon, attains maximum biomass (16.1 to 16.8 g dry wt/m 2) under cover material in the spring. Females >_7 mm bear eggs (up to 75); incubation period is 17 days. Net growth efficiencies range from 22% to 53% depending on diet. Oxygen consumption is a function of both salinity and temperature. Department of Fish- eries and Oceans, West Vancouver Laboratory, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, B.C., Canada V7V 1N6. (mjj)

81: 2098 Lopez, G.W., 1980. Description of the larval stages of

Tisbe cucumariae (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) and comparative development within the genus Tisbe. Mar. Biol., 57(2):61-71. Includes 43 drawings. Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Marine Biology Research Division, A-008; La Jolla, Calif. 92093, USA.

81:2099 Madhupratap, M., 1980. Ecology of the coexisting

copepod species in Cochin [western India] Back- waters. Mahasagar, 13(1):45-51.

Patterns of copepod associations (high, medium and low salinity species) are analyzed; competition appears to be regulated by the monsoons which turn the Cochin Backwaters into an essentially freshwater system May-November. National Institute of Ocean- ography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India. (izs)

81:2100 McKinney, L.D., 1980. The genus Photis

(Crustacea:Amphipoda) from the Texas coast with the description of a new species, Photis melanicus. Contr. mar. Sci. Univ. Texas, 23:57- 61. Includes ca. 10 drawings. Texas A&M University at Galveston, Moody College of Marine Technology, Bldg. 311, Ft. Crockett, Galveston, Texas 77550, USA.

81:2101 Milstein, Ana, 1979. Vertical distribution of Para-

calanus crassirostds (Copepoda, Calanoidea) [off Ubatuba, Brazil]: analysis by the general linear model. Bolm Inst. oceanogr., S Paulo, 28(2):65- 78. Museo Nacional de Hist6ria Natural, Casilla 399, Montevideo, Uruguay.

81:2102 Morgan, M.D., 1980. Grazing and predation of the

grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio. LimnoL Oceanogr., 25(5):896-902.

Although the grass shrimp did not consume live seagrass (Halodule wrightii), they did consume seagrass epiphytes with assimilation efficiencies of 83%. The relationships between shrimp body size and both epiphyte assimilation and predation on mysids were also investigated. Univ. of Texas Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas Marine Lab., Port Aransas, Tex. 78373, U.S.A. (mjj)

81:2103 Mulley, J.C. and B.D.H. Latter, 1980. Genetic

variation and evolutionary relationships within a group of thirteen species of penaeid prawns. Evolution, 34(5):904-916. Department of Agri- cultural Genetics and Biometry, Univ. of Sydney, 2006, Australia.

81:2104 Ooishi, Shigeko and P.L. Illg, 1977. Haplostominae

(Copepoda, Cyclopoida) [13 n. spp.] associated with compound ascidians from the San Juan Archipelago [northwestern U.S.] and vicinity. Spec. Pubis Seto mar. biol. Lab., (Set. 5):!55 pp. Includes ca. 300 drawings, 2 micrographs, 1 photo, species lists, an index and ca. 50 references. Faculty of Fisheries, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514, Japan.

81:2105 Palmer, M.A. and B.C. Coull, 1980. The prediction of

development rate and the effect of temperature for the meiobenthic copepod, Microarthridiou littorMe (Poppe). J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 48(1): 73-84.

A technique for culturing benthic copepods is described. Number of clutches a female carried had no effect on egg development time. The relationship between temperature and development time for egg, naupliar, and copepodite stages could be described by both B61ehr~idek's temperature function and by a curvilinear model. Generation times were 29.6 days at 25°C and 21.6 days at 33°C. Life history parameters for M. littorale differed significantly from those of the closely related Tachidius discipes. Belle W. Baruch Institute for Marine Biology and Coastal Research, University of South Carolina, Columbia, S.C. 29208, U.S.A. (mjj)

81:2106 Rajaram, L.K. and S. Krishnaswamy, 1980. A note

on the similarity in the distribution of Sapphirina (Copepoda, Crustacea) and Salpa (ThaUacea,

306 E. Biological Oceanography OL R ( 1981 ) 28 ~4)

Tunicata) in the north-western Indian Ocean. Mahasagar, 13(1):71-72. School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai-625 021, India.

81:2107 Rajaram, L.K. and S. Krishnaswamy, 1980. Distri-

bution of Sapphirina (Copepoda, Crustacea) in the northwestern Indian Ocean. Mahasagar, 13(2):153-163.

Based on the analysis of 203 samples of zooplankton, the distribution of various species of Sapphirina is discussed in relation to the distribution of total zooplankton biomass. Highest volumes of zooplankton biomass in the Indian Ocean were found near the Somali coast and the coast of Saudi Arabia, where various species of the epiplanktonic Sap- phirina occur abundantly. School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai- 625 021, India.

81:2108 Reaka, M.L., 1980. Geographic range, life history

patterns, and body size in a guild of coral-dwelling mantis shrimps. Evolution, 34(5): 1019-1030.

Correlations between increases in body size and extent of geographical range are consistent with the interpretation that large species disperse more widely and are relatively more opportunistic colonizers than small species; it is predicted that rates of evolutionary change are higher in small than in large stomatopod species. Dept. of Zoology, Univ. of Maryland, College Park, Md. 20742, U.S.A. (smf)

81:2109 Sarala Devi, K. and T.S.S. Rao, 1980. Genus

Haloptilus (Copepoda: Calanoida) 18 species] from the equatorial region of the Indian Ocean. Mahasagar, 13(1):67-70. Regional Centre of National Institute of Oceanography, Cochin-682 018, India.

81:2110 Shafir, A. and J.G. Field, 1980. Population dynamics

of the isopod Cirolana imposita Barnard in a kelp-bed. Crustaceana, 39(2): 185-196.

Data are presented on the population structure, growth, and mortality of C. imposita based on laboratory and field studies. C. imposita is restricted to kelp holdfasts, and occurs at depths of 2 to 200 m on rocky areas of the west coast of South Africa. The life span is two years, females outnumber males, and juveniles account for 15 to 52% of the population. Females carry 15 to 33 eggs for a 4-month brood period; there is no planktonic larval stage. Growth

rates are rapid (0.57 mm/month). Mortality ranges from 70%/month (juveniles) to 16% (adults). De- partment of Zoology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel. (mjj)

81:2111 Shornikov, E.I., 1980. Ostracodes of the genus

Jonesia of the White and Barents seas [including Jonesia arctica n.sp. and Jonesia barentsovensis n.sp.l. Zoologicheskii Zh., 59(8):1123-1129. (In Russian, English abstract.) Includes 24 drawings. Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Science Center of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, U.S.S.R.

81:2112 Stoner, A.W., 1980. Abundance, reproductive sea-

sonality and habitat preferences of amphipod crustaceans in seagrass meadows of Apalachee Bay, Florida. Contr. mar. Sci. Univ. Texas, 23:63-77.

A fifteen-month survey of amphipod fauna produced 31 species, mostly associated with vegetation. Data analysis shows abundances of the 14 nu- merically dominant species were most closely related to reproductive processes in individual species and in some cases to predator (fish) abundances. Abun- dance regulating mechanisms varied with season, species and locality. Harbor Branch Institution, Inc., RR 1, Box 196-A, Fort Pierce, Fla. 33450, U.S.A. (smf)

81:2113 Stoner, A.W., 1980. Perception and choice of sub-

stratum by epifaunal amphipods associated with seagrasses. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Set., 3(2): 105-111.

Three species of epifaunal amphipods were able to detect small differences in seagrass blade density and actively selected areas with the greatest surface area regardless of seagrass species. When a highly branched red alga was offered, the same response to surface area held for one of the amphipod species. The degree of habitat selectivity was related to vulnerability to predation by major amphipod consumers. Harbor Branch Institution, Inc., RR 1, Box 196-A, Fort Pierce, Fla. 33450, U.S.A. (mjj)

81:2114 Telford, Malcolm, 1980. Two new species of

Speloeophorus (Brachyura, Lencosiidae) [Speloeoplmrus microspeos n.sp., Speloeophorns inIlatus n.sp.I from Barbados and a revised key to the genus. Crustaceana, 39(2):209-217. Includes 13 drawings. Department of Zoology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S lA1.


81:2115 Wildish, D.J., 1980. Reproductive bionomics of two

sublittoral amphipods in a Bay of Fundy estuary. Int. J. Invert. Reprod., 2(5):311-320.

Both the semelparous Casco bigelowi and the itero- parous Leptocheirus pinguis have a biannual life history and high reproductive potentials (12.5 and 25.5 young per year, respectively); reproductive potentials are compelled by sediment washout and predation. Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Biological Station, St. Andrews, New Brunswick, E0G 2X0, Canada. (mjj)

81:2116 Yamazaki, Makoto and Akira Fuji, 1980. Repro-

ductive cycle of the mantis shrimp, Sqnilla oratoria de Haan, in Mutsu Bay [Japan]. Bull. Fac. Fish. Hokkaido Univ., 31(2):161-168 + 4 plates. (In Japanese, English abstract.) Includes 26 micrographs. Laboratory of Marine Culture, Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University, Japan.

E250. Foraminifera, Radiolaria, Tin- tinnida, e tc . (see also D - s u b m a r i n e ge- ology)

81:2117 Boltovskoy, Demetrio and W.R. Riedel, 1980.

Polycystine Radiolaria from the southwestern Atlantic Ocean plankton. Revta esp. Micro- paleont., 12(1):99-146.

Low radiolarian densities and diversity characterized the 47 samples taken; 98 species were identified in all, mostly spumellarians. A new species, Acantho- sphaera pinchuda n.sp., is proposed, as are new names for two actinommid species. Previous sediment studies (Goll and Bjorklund, 1974) showed little species overlap with this planktonic study, perhaps indicating selective dissolution; however, the authors propose that, in addition, there is great temporal variability in population composition. Includes drawings, 87 micrographs and ca. 100 references. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina. (sir)

81:2118 Dalai, S.G., 1980. Relationship between benthic

Foraminifera and sediment in the estoarine complex of Goa [western India]. Mahasagar, 13(1):77-79. National Institute of Oceanogra- phy, Dona Paula, Goa-403 004, India.

81:2119 Paranjape, M.A., 1980. Occurrence and significance

of resting cysts in a hyaline tintinnid, Helicostomella subulata (Ehre.) Jorgensen. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 48(1):23-33.

H. subulata, a dominant member of the summer-fall microzooplankton community in Bedford Basin, Nova Scotia, when cultured in the laboratory over 10 months on a diet of microflagellates, produced resting cysts in ~ 2 months, although temperature, light, food type and concentration had not been altered. The field population produced cysts con- temporaneously. Field-collected cysts and those produced in the laboratory excysted in 8 to 10 wk at warmer temperature after simulated winter conditions. Cyst formation provides a mechanism for repopulation in inshore areas after unfavorable winter conditions. Includes 4 micrographs. Marine Ecology Lab., Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada B2Y 4A2.

E 2 6 0 . Macrophytes (algae, grasses, etc.)

81:2120 Clough, B.F. and P.M. AttiwiU, 1980. Primary

productivity of Zostera muelleri Irmisch ex Aschers, in Westernport Bay (Victoria, Australia). Aquat. Bot., 9(1):1-13.

Primary production of Z. muelleri (seagrass) was estimated based on in-situ measurements of gas exchange under both exposed and submerged conditions, coupled with simultaneous measurements of photosynthetically active radiation. Since photosynthesis is often light-saturated, production tends to be dependent on day length. Annual net production was 4.3 g dry matter/g dry wt of plant. Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB No. 3, Townsville, M.S.O., 4810 Queensland, Australia. (mjj)

81:2121 Hillis-Colinvaux, LleweUya, 1980. Ecology and tax-

onomy of Hailmeda: primary producer of coral reefs. (Review.)Adv. mar. Biol., 17:1-327.

Halimeda spp. are green, calcareous marine algae; Halimeda tuna is the only species of this tropical genus that grows in the Mediterranean, and was described by naturalists as early as 1599. This paper reviews Hafimeda morphology and the history of Halimeda studies, as well as the taxonomy, culture, growth and calcification, reproduction, biogeo- graphy, phylogeny, productivity, and distribution of the genus in two reef systems. A taxonomic key to all species and a key to Atlantic species are included. This review is copiously illustrated with underwater


photos, reef panoramas, specimen photos, micrographs and 16th and 17th century drawings. Includes more than 300 references. Department of Zoology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA. (mjj)

81:2122 Phillips, R.C., 1980. Responses of transplanted and

indigenous ThalasMa testudinnm Banks ex KSnig and Halodnle wrightii Ascbers to sediment load- ing and cold stress. Contr. mar. Sci. Univ. Texas, 23:79-87. School of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, WA 98119, USA.

81:2123 Saraya, A. and G.C. Trono Jr., 1979. The marine

benthic algae of Santiago Island and adjacent areas in Bolinao, Pangasinan [Philippines]. I. Cyanophyta, and Phaeophyta. Nat. appl. Sci. Bull., 31(1):59pp. Includes 40 photos. Depart- ment of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperative, Bangkok, Thailand.

81:2124 Yarish, Charles, Peter Edwards and Stephen Casey,

1980. The effects of salinity and calcium and potassium variations on the growth of two estuarine red algae [Bostryehia radicans and Calogios.~ lepdeud~. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 47(3):235-249. Biological Science Group, Univ. of Connecticut, Scofieldtown Rd., Stamford, Conn. 06903, U.S.A.

E270. Microphytes (coccolithophores, diatoms, flagellates, etc.)

81:2125 Antia, N.J., B.R. Berland, D.J. Bonin and S.Y.

Maestrini, 1980. Ailantoin as nitrogen source for growth of marine benthic microalgae. Phycologia, 19(2):103-109.

The diatom Nitzschia acicularis grew well in the light with 0.125 mM allantoin as the sole N source compared to control growth on hypoxanthine; two other diatoms and one prasinophyte grew adequately at 1.25 mM allantoin. Eighteen species of marine microalgae (including both holoplanktonic and benthic species) were tested, but all of the four species able to utilize allantoin were 'benthic-types.' Pacific Environment Institute, Dept. of Fisheries and Oceans, 4160 Marine Drive West, Vancouver, B.C., Canada V7V 1N6. (mjj)

81:2126 Balech, Enrique, 1979. Three new or interesting

dinoflagellates [Protoperidinium steidingerae n.sp., Gonyaulax kutnerae n.sp., and P. norpacense n.sp.] from Brazilian waters. Bolm Inst. oceanogr., S Paulo, 28(2):55-64. (In Por- tuguese, English abstract.) Includes 37 drawings. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales 'Bernardino Rivadavia', Argentina.

81:2127 Ferreyra, G.A. and A.P. Tomo, 1980. [Seasonal

variation in Puerto Paraiso, western Antarctica, planktonic diatoms. I.] Contrnes Inst. antart. argent., 3:149-184. (In Spanish, English abstract.) Includes extensive species lists. Instituto Antartico Argentino, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

81:2128 Hitchcock, G.L., 1980. Influence of temperature on

the growth rate of Skeletonema costatnm in response to variations in daily light intensity. Mar. Biol., 57(4):261-269.

When transferred to saturating light intensities, log phase cultures of S. costatum attained maximum growth rates within 2 days at 2°C, and within 1 day at 20°C. Growth rates of natural populations appeared controlled by temperature rather than by light, at least during the winter-spring bloom. Cultures of three other algal species (Detonula confervacea, Thalassiosira nordenskiOldii, Ditylum brightwellii) showed positive relationships between temperature and time required to attain maximum daily division rates at saturating light intensities; T. pseudonana showed no correlation. Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, R. I. 02881, U.S.A. (mjj)

81:2129 Hitchcock, G.L., 1980. Diel variation in chlorophyll a,

carbohydrate and protein content of the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum. Mar. Biol., 57(4): 271-278.

Levels of cellular chlorophyll a in S. costatum cultures increased with time at light intensities (0 .040 ly/min; the rate of increase was positively correlated with temperature. The increase in cellular carbohydrate was positively correlated with light intensity and occurred at 2 °, 10 °, and 20°C whereas cellular protein increased only at 10 ° and 20°C at all light intensities (0.008, 0.040 and 0.075 ly/min). Diel variation in the protein:carbohydrate ratio (ranging from 0.5 to 2.0) could affect use of the ratio as an index to phytoplankton physiological state. Grad- uate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, R. I. 02881, U.S.A. (m~)


81:2130 Kamykowski, Daniel, 1980. Sub-thermocline max-

imums of the dinoflagellates Gynmodinium simplex (Lolunann) Kofoid and Swezy and Gonyaulax polygramma Stein. NE Gulf Sci., 4(1):39-43.

Blooms of both dinoflagellates occurred below the thermocline and halocline at a site off Panama City, Florida. Cell concentrations of Gonyaulax polygramma were <600/mL; Gymnodinium simplex, < 1690/mL. The former showed a classical phase relationship with respect to daylight during its diurnal vertical migrations between 15 m and 32 m depth. North Carolina State Univ., Dept. of Marine Science and Engineering, P.O. Box 5923, Raleigh, N. C. 27650, U.S.A. (mjj)

81:2131 Olson, R.J., J.B. SooHoo and D.A. Kiefer, 1980.

Steady-state growth of the marine diatom Tha/as- siosira pseudonana: uncoupled kinetics of nitrate uptake and nitrite production. PI. Physiol., Lan- caster, 66(3):383-389.

Rates of nitrite production by T. pseudonana in turbidostat cultures increased with increasing light intensity and increasing nitrate concentrations. Nitrite production was only loosely coupled with nitrate assimilation. A model developed to describe the growth and nitrogen metabolism of T. pseudonana was tested using tSN-labelled nitrite added to cultures, and was used to examine nitrite distribution patterns in the Antarctic ocean and the Sargasso Sea. Institute of Marine Resources, A-018, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, Calif. 92093. (mjj)

E300. Effects of pollution (also uptake, trace accumulat ions, etc.; see also C210- Chemical pollution, and F250-Was te disposal)

81:2132 Augenfeld, J.M., 1980. Effects of Ih'udhoe Bay crude

oil contamination on sediment working rates of Abarenicola pacifica [Polychaeta]. Mar. environ. Res., 3(4):307-313. Batelle Pacific Northwest Lab., Marine Res. Lab., Route 5, Box 1000, Sequim, Wash. 98382, U.S.A.

81:2133 Dafni, Jacob, 1980. Abnormal growth patterns in the

sea urchin Ttipneustes cf. gratilla (L.) under [thermohaline and heavy metal] pollution

(Echinodermata, Echinoidea). J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 47(3):259-279. Includes several photographs. The Hebrew Univ. of Jerusalem, H. Steinitz Marine Biology Lab., P. O. Box 469, Eilat, Israel.

81:2134 Denton, G.R.W., H. Marsh, G.E. Heinsohn and C.

Burdon-Jones, 1980. The unusual metal status of the dugong Dugong dngon. Mar. Biol., 57(3): 201-219.

Unusually high levels (compared with reported concentrations in marine mammals from other areas) of Fe and Zn, and to a lesser extent also of Cu, Cd, Co, and Ag were found in the livers of Dugong dugon from north Queensland (uncontaminated waters, remote from anthropogenic sources). Concentrations of some of the metals were positively correlated with the age of the animal. High concentrations of iron were found in seagrasses, the major food of dugongs. School of Biological Sci- ences, James Cook Univ. of North Queensland, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia. (mjj)

81:2135 Fisher, N.S., B.L. Olson and V.T. Bowen, 1980.

Plutonium uptake by marine phytoplankton in culture. Limnol. Oceanogr., 25(5):823-839.

Initial Pu uptake appeared to be a passive phe- nomenon since live or dead cells of Thalassiosira pseudonana, Thalassiosira sp., and Platymonas sp., and glass particles all accumulated Pu at similar rates. Rapidly growing cells took up Pu faster than did senescent cells. The nature of particle surfaces strongly affected Pu uptake; composition of the medium affected uptake to a lesser extent. Very little of the Pu taken up was removable in tracer-free medium after 3 days of uptake. Marine Science Laboratories, Ministry for Conservation, P. O. Box 114, Queenscliff, Victoria 3225, Australia. (mjj)

81:2136 Hose, J.E. and D.V. Lightner, 1980. Absence of

formaldehyde residues in penaeid shrimp exposed to formalin. Aquaculture, 21(2):197-201. Moore Laboratory, Occidental College, Los Angeles, Calif. 90041, U.S.A.

81:2137 Icely, J.D. and J.A. Nott, 1980. Accumulation of

copper within the 'hepatopancreatic' caeca of Corophium volutator (Crustacea: Amphipoda). Mar. Biol., 57(3):193-199. N.E.R.C. Unit of Marine Invertebrate Biology, Marine Science Laboratories; Menai Bridge LL59 5EH, Gwynedd, North Wales, U.K.


81:2138 Jagtap, T.G. and A.G. Untawale, 1980. Effect of

petroleum products on mangrove seedlings. Mahasagar, 13(2): 165-172. National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula-403 004, Goa, India.

81:2139 Johansson, Sif, Ulf Larsson and Paul Boehm, 1980.

The Tsesls oil spill: impact on the pelagic ecosystem. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 11(10):284-293.

Effects on the pelagic ecosystem (northern Baltic Sea) of a 1000 t spill (all but ~300 t was recovered) of No. 5 fuel oil were studied for a one-month period. A substantial decline in the zooplankton biomass (which re-established within 5 days) in the immediate vicinity was probably responsible for observed increases in phytoplankton biomass and primary production; rapid bacterial degradation of hydrocarbons occurred in the water column; and sedimentation of oil appeared to be 'a rapid and quantitatively important pathway in the distribution of spilled oil.' Ask6 Lab., Institute of Marine Research, Univ. of Stockholm, Box 58, S-15013 Trosa, Sweden. (smf)

81:2140 Karinen, J.F., 1980. Petroleum in the deep sea

environment: potential for damage to biota. Environment int., 3(2): 135-144.

Hydrocarbons are accumulating in deep ocean sediments and may be disturbing natural processes. The sensitivity of deep-sea organisms (adapted to the special conditions of high pressure, low temperature, and total darkness) to petroleum in their environment may be greater than that of shallow water biota. The transport and deposition of hydrocarbons and their biological impact in the deep sea should be studied further; literature pertaining to these sub- jects is reviewed. Northwest and Alaska Fisheries Center, Auke Bay Lab., NMFS, NOAA, P. O. Box 155, Auke Bay, Alaska 99821, U.S.A. (dme)

81:2141 Kusk, K.O., 1980. Effects of crude oils and aromatic

hydrocarbons on the photosynthesis of three species of Acrosiphonia grown in the laboratory. Botanica mar., 23(9):587-593. Institute of Plant Physiology, University of Copenhagen, 0, Farimagsgade 2 A, DK-1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark.

81:2142 Landau, Matthew and K. Ranga Rao, 1980. Toxic

and sublethal effects of precocene II on the early developmental stages of the brine shrimp Artemla salina (L.) and the barnacle Balanus eburueus

Gould. Crustaceana, 39(2):218-221. Department of Oceanography, Florida Institute of Technol- ogy, Melbourne, Fla. 32901, U.S.A.

81:2143 Lee, Wen Yuh and J.A.C. Nicol, 1980. Toxicity of a

fuel oil to the eggs of Parhyale hawaiensis and Amphithoe valida (Amphipoda). Mar. environ. Res., 3(4):297-305. The Univ. of Texas, Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas Marine Lab., Port Aransas, Tex. 78373, U.S.A.

81:2144 Loya, Y. and B. Rinkevich, 1980. Effects of oil

pollution on coral reef communities. Review. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 3(2):167-180.

Research conducted after 1975 is reviewed with a focus on crude-oil effects on scleractinian corals and octocorals; the small amount of work conducted on other reef organisms is summarized. Despite little laboratory research (and contradictory reports) on coral-reef organisms and oil pollution, growing evidence indicates oil pollution's detrimental effects on these communities. An urgent need exists for long term field and laboratory studies; suggestions are made as to the types of studies required for a better understanding of the problems. Includes ca. 100 references. Dept. of Zoology, The George S. Wise Centre for Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv Univ., Tel-Aviv, Israel. (smf)

81:2145 Lucu, C., J. Pavicic, M. Skreblin and M. Mastrovic,

1980. Toxicological effects of biocide Slimicide C-30 on some marine invertebrates [Mytilus gMIoprovincialis and Leptomysis mediterranea]. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 11(10):294-296.

Biocide at a concentration as low as 0.02 m g L ' affected the embryonic development of mussels where a decreased number of normal larvae was evident. Slimicide C-30 effective concentration (EC50/96) was 0.07 mgL '. In the mysids median lethal concentration (96 h LCs0 ) was 0.11 mgL '. Previous incubation of Slimicide C-30 at 38°C effected a small delay in mortality time but did not cause marked change in acute toxicity to mysids. Center for Marine Research, 'Rudjer Boskovic' Institute, 52210 Rovinj, Yugoslavia.

81:2146 Madeley, J.R. and R.D.N. Birtley, 1980. Chlorinated

paraffins and the environment. 2. Aquatic and avian toxicology. Environ. Sci. Technol., 14(10): 1215-1221.

No short-term acute toxicity of the chlorinated paraffin (CP) 'Cereclor 42' to rainbow trout (Salmo

O LR (1981) 28 (4) E. Biological Oceanography 311

gairdneri) or to mussels (Mytilus edulis) could be demonstrated. Trout apparently metabolized the CP but mussels expelled the material unaltered. Micro- bial breakdown of CP's occurs only under aerobic conditions, and is the most rapid for short-chain compounds containing less than 60% C1 (w/w). Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., Research and Development Dept., Mond Div., The Heath, Run- corn, Cheshire, P. O. Box No. 8, WA7 4QD, United Kingdom. (mjj)

81:2147 Orren, M.J., G.A. Eagle, H.F.-K.O. Hennig and A.

Green, 1980. Variations in trace metal content of the mussel Choromytilus meridionalis (Kr.) with season and sex [western South Africa]. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 11(9):253-257. National Res. Insti- tute for Oceanology, P. O. Box 320, Stellen- bosch, 7600, South Africa.

81:2148 Popham, J.D., D.C. Johnson and J.M. D'Auria,

1980. Mussels (Mytilus edulls) as 'point source' indicators of trace metal pollution. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 11(9):261-263.

Using x-ray energy spectroscopy, trace metal concentrations (including Pb, Cu and Zn) were studied in M. edulis. These organisms, sampled at intervals of 1 km and less for a transect study of the port of Vancouver, Canada, exhibited dramatic concentration variations. Mussels only 30 m from a point source of lead displayed essentially base-line concentrations, a decline of two orders of magnitude. Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6.

81:2149 Pulich, W,M. Jr., 1980. Heavy metal accumulation by

selected Halodule wrightii Asch. populations in the Corpus Christi Bay area. Contr. mar. Sci. Univ. Texas, 23:89-100.

Concentrations of Cd, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn and Ni in the leaves and 'roots + rhizomes' of the seagrass H. wrightii were positively correlated with metal levels in the sediment, and were two- to five-fold higher in plants growing in metal-contaminated areas of Corpus Christi Bay as compared to plants in uncontaminated Redfish Bay. Implications relative to food chain transfer of metals are discussed. The Univ. of Texas Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas Marine Lab., Port Aransas, Tex. 78373, U.S.A. (mjj)

81:2150 Shaw, D.G. and J.N. Wiggs, 1980. Hydrocarbons in

the intertidal environment of Kachemak Bay, Alaska. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 11(10):297-300.

Animals and sediment were analyzed to determine hydrocarbon concentrations. At Coal Point the herbivorous Collisella pelta contained petroleum within its tissues; intertidal algae had a petroleum surface coating. At Coal Bay, where petroleum and coal are present, the filter feeding Mytilus edulis contained petroleum hydrocarbons; the deposit feeding Macoma balthica, an array of hydrocarbons. Animals higher in the food web showed no evidence of petroleum. All samples contained hydrocarbons of algal and planktonic origin. Includes species lists. Institute of Marine Science, Univ. of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska 99701, U.S.A.

81:2151 Weis, J.S., 1980. Effect of zinc on regeneration in the

fiddler crab Uca pugilator and its interactions with methyimercury and cadmium. Mar. environ. Res., 3(4):249-255. Dept. of Zoology and Phys- iology, Rutgers, The State University, Newark, N. J. 07102, U.S.A.

81:2152 Wyman, K.D. and H.B. O'Connors Jr., 1980.

Implications of short-term PCB uptake by small estuarine copepods (genus Acartia) from PCB- contaminated water, inorganic sediments and phytoplankton. Estuar. coast, mar. Sci., 11(2): 121-131.

PCB uptake followed an asymptotic function, with apparent equilibrium after 36 h. Copepods fed PCB-contaminated phytoplankton showed significantly greater mortality and a substantial increase in PCB accumulation relative to unfed copepods, despite similar PCB concentrations in the water. Marine Sciences Research Center, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Long Island, N. Y. 11794, U.S.A.

E330. Laboratory culture (rearing experiments, etc.)

81:2153 New, M.B., 1980. A bibliography of shrimp and prawn

nutrition. Aquaculture, 21(2): 101-128.

New's 1976 review on shrimp and prawn nutrition identified ~150 relevant papers; this bibliography consisting of 'internationally available' papers through early March 1980 contains 499 citations including 14 review papers. Peripheral topics such as the nutrition of other Crustacea, natural food of the organisms, metabolism and physiology are selec- tively covered. There is a subject index, but no author index. Wroxton Lodge, Institute Road, Marlow, Bucks, SL7 1BJ, Great Britain. (izs)


E340. Aquaculture (commercial)

81:2154 Alava, Rosario and J.H. Primavera, 1979. Effect of

different sex ratios of ablated wild-stock Penaeus monodon Fabricius on maturation, fecundity and hatching rates. SEast Asian Fish. Dev. Cent. (SEAFDEC) q. Res. Rept, 3(2):15-18.

81:2155 Asare, S.O., 1980. Animal waste ]from sheep and

rabbits] as a nitrogen source for Gracilaria tlkvahiae and Neoagardhiella baileyi in culture. Aquaculture, 21(1):87-91. Dept. of Botany, Univ. of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana, West Africa.

81:2156 Kelemec, J.A. and I.R. Smith, 1980. Induced ovarian

development and spawning of Penaeus plebejus in a recireulating laboratory tank after unilateral eyestalk enucleation. Aquaculture, 21(1):55-62. New South Wales State Fisheries Res. Station, Salamander Bay, N.S.W., 2301, Australia.

81:2157 Laing, Ian and S.D. Utting, 1980. The influence of

salinity on the production of two commercially important unicellular marine algae. Aquaculture, 21(1):79-86.

When grown in artificial seawater medium, the optimum salinity range of Isochrysis galbana is 15 to 25%0; for Tetraselmis suecica, 25 to 30%°. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Fisheries Exper- iment Station, Benarth Road, Conwy, Gwynedd, Great Britain. (mjj)

81:2158 Primavera, J.H., Thomas Young and Carol de los

Reyes, 1979. Survival, maturation, fecundity and hatching rates of unablated and ablated Penaeus indicus H. M. Edwards from brackishwater ponds. SEast Asian Fish. Dev. Cent. (SEA FDEC) q. Res. Rept, 3(3):14-17.

81:2159 Van Wormhoudt, Alain, H.J. Ceccaldi and B.J.

Martin, 1980. Adaptation of the level of hepatopancreatic digestive enzymes in Palaemon serratus (Crustaeea, Decapoda) to the composition of experimental diets. Aquaculture, 21 (1): 63 - 78. (In French, English abstract.) Laboratoire de Biologic Marine, 29110, Concarneau, France.

81:2160 Yap, Wilfredo, Hideo Mochizuki and Flor Apud,

1979. Transport of sugpo, Penaeus monodon

juveniles. SEast Asian Fish. Dev. Cent. (SEAFDEC) q. Res. Rept, 3(2):8-9.

Air transportation of P22 juveniles in iced, oxygen- ated bags of filtered seawater is described; prawns up to 40 mg size can be packed 3000 per 8L bag. Density of individuals per bag, temperature, oxygen content, packing and travel times are given. (smf)

E370. Theoretical biology and ecology

81:2161 Buss, L.W., 1980. Competitive intransitivity and

size-frequency distributions of interacting populations. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 77(9): 5355-5359. Dept. of Biology, Yale Univ., 260 Prospect St., P. O. Box 6666, New Haven, Conn. 06511, U.S.A.

81:2162 Morowitz, H.J., 1980. The dimensionality of niche

space. J. theor. Biol., 86(2):259-263.

Just 4 to 6 environmental parameters serve to define the niche space. The number and distribution of extant species determine 'the useful dimensionality of niche description.' Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Conn., USA. (mjj)

81:2163 Namba, Toshiyuki, 1980. Density-dependent dis-

persal and spatial distribution of a population. J. theor. Biol., 86(2):351-363.

The models of Gurney and Nisbet (1975) are examined from the often-neglected points of view of habitat size and boundary conditions. A population dispersing in a density-dependent manner is shown to establish a stationary distribution irrespective of boundary conditions, even when confined in a habitat of limited size. In contrast, a randomly dispersing population either 'grows explosively or goes to extinction.' Department of Biophysical Engineering, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan. (m~)

81:2164 Pinto, J.P., G.R. Gladstone and Y.L. Yung, 1980.

Photochemical production of formaldehyde in Earth's primitive atmosphere. Science, 210 (4466): 183-185.

Prior to the origin of life the Earth's atmosphere is believed to have consisted mainly of molecular N2, water vapor, and CO2 plus traces of H: and CO.

OLR ( 1981) 28 (4) E. Biological Oceanography 313

Under these weakly reducing conditions, formaldehyde could have been produced photochemically. Precipitation would have washed formaldehyde into the oceans where it could have played a key role in the abiotic synthesis of organic molecules which led to the origin of life. Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, 10025, N.Y., USA. (mjj)

(especially Tubificidae, all of which inhabit sediments of every continent and ocean, and the cosmopolitan Naididae and Enchytraeidae); 'there really is no practical barrier to the use of sludge worms in practical biology.' Ocean Ecology Lab., Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, B.C., Canada. (smf)

E400. Books, collections (general)

81:2165 Goucha, M. et al., 1979. IMarine vertebrates and

cephalopods.] Rapp. P.-v. R~un. Commn int. Explor. scient. Mer m~dit., 25/26(10):287pp; 45 papers. (English or French text.)

Fish papers dominate this part French-part English collation; less than a third are devoted to mammals and cephalopods. Topics include: otolith ultra- structure, migrations, fisheries mapping, trophic dynamics, demographics, abundance and distribution, population dynamics, histochemistry, parasitism, production, development, exploitation, ichthyoplanktonic and larval mortalities, morphology, reproduction, and meteorological and hydrological effects on fish catches. Research was conducted in the Black, Catalan, Adriatic and Medi- terranean seas; the gulfs of Corinth, Izmir, Tunis and Trieste; the Straits of Messina; and off the coasts of Turkey, Algeria, France, Greece, Tunisia, Sardinia, Romania, Sicily, and Spain. (izs)

E410. Miscellaneous

81:2166 Bienfang, P.K., 1980. Herbivore diet affects fecal

pellet settling. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci., 37(9): 1352-1357. The Oceanic Institute, Waimanalo, Hawaii 96795, U.S.A.

81:2167 Brinkhurst, R.O., 1980. Taxonomy, pollution and the

sludge worm. (Viewpoint.) Mar. Pollut. Bull., 11 (9):248-25 I.

Recent progress in taxonomy and statistical evaluation relative to the concept of indicator species suggests that marine oligochaete species are likely to be of significant value in pollution biology research. Included is a zoogeographic account of members of ten fresh- and marine-water oligochaete families

81:2168 Kat, Marie, 1980. Preliminary note on dinoflagellate

cysts in the Oosterschelde (The Netherlands) in relation to shellfish poisoning. Aquaculture, 21(1):97-100.

Initial investigations on silt samples revealed small amounts of dinoflagellate cysts. Very few cysts of Diplopeltopsis minor were observed, even though the motile stage of this species occurs in June every year. Polykrikos cysts were present only rarely. Nether- lands Institute for Fishery Investigations, Haringkade 1, IJmuiden, The Netherlands.

81:2169 Lagard~re, J.-P. and M.R. R6gnault, 1980. Influence

of sound level of ambient noise on the metabolism of Crangon crangon (Decapoda: Natantia) in culture. Mar. Biol., 57(3):157-164. (In French, English abstract.)

Oxygen consumption and NH4 excretion were 1.2-1.4 times higher under 'normal' rearing conditions than in a sound-proofed tank; influence of the ambient noise on the shrimp's metabolism lasted longer than a month. Station Marine d'Endoume, Antenne de la Rochelle, Compagnie de Recherches et d'Etudes Oc6anographiques, All6e des Tamaris, F-17000 La Rochelle, France. (sir)

81:2170 Rao, P.S., S.J. Tarwade and K.S.R. Sarma, 1980.

Seaweed as a source of energy. 1. Effect of a specific bacterial strain on biogas production. Botanica mar., 23(9):599-602.

Only agar and alginate digesting bacteria can hydrolyze the carbohydrates in seaweeds, thereby producing simple organic molecules which can be utilized by methane-producing bacteria. Bacteria used in this study were obtained from decomposing seaweeds. Biogas production was enhanced by the addition of cow dung (a source of methane bacteria), Ulva, or water hyacinth, and inhibited by the addition of cellulose or urea. Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364002, India. (mjj)

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